Map of East Asia about 402: the Rouran from Karashahr to Goguryeo, Shelun's raid on the Northern Wei, and in China the Wei, the Later Qin, the Liang states, the Yan states and the Eastern Jin, with the Tuyuhun, the Tarim oasis states, the Wusun and the Kidarites
c. 402: Shelun leads the Rouran, whose land reaches from Karashahr to Goguryeo, and raids the frontier of the Northern Wei. In the south the Wei, the Later Qin, the Liang states, the Yan states and the Eastern Jin divide China. Modern map; the borders in the steppe and some borders in China are approximate.
Plate IX in the Atlas → © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

Who ruled

And beyond the steppe

  • China Northern Wei Emperor Daowu 386–409
  • Iran Sasanian Yazdegerd I 399–420
  • Korea Goguryeo Gwanggaeto 391–413
  • Byzantium Theodosian Arcadius 395–408

Eastern steppe

  • Shelun raids the Wei frontier while Daowu campaigns against Yao Xing; ten thousand Wei horse fail to catch him

    Shelun Khan · Northern Wei