Name index

Latin script 318

Lemmata, transcriptions and the forms of the western sources

Old Turkic runiform 12

The script of the Orkhon and Yenisei inscriptions

• 𐰀𐰯𐰺 Old Turkic Avars Peoples Apar, among the mourners in the Kül Tegin inscription; whether the word means the Rouran, the European Avars or both is argued.
• 𐰃𐰑𐰸 𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃 𐰽𐰆𐰉𐰃 Old Turkic Tengrism Religions ıduq yiri subı, the sacred Earth-and-Water, in the same line as Türük Teŋrisi.
• 𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰼𐰃𐰾: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Old Turkic Ilterish Khan Persons Ilteriš Kagan, lines 7, 48, 54 and 59–61 of the Tonyukuk inscription; the Kül Tegin inscription writes the same name.
• 𐰃𐰤𐰠: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Old Turkic Inel Khan Persons Inel Kagan, lines 31 and 45 of the Tonyukuk inscription, sent with the Tardush Shad at the head of the army; the equation with the Lesser Khan is an inference.
• 𐰃𐰾𐱅𐰢𐰃 Old Turkic Istemi Persons istemi, in the phrase 'Bumın kagan, Istemi kagan' of the east face.
• 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰲𐰆 Old Turkic Battle of Bolchu Battles & Events Bolču, line 35 of the Tonyukuk inscription and E37 of the Kül Tegin inscription.
• 𐰋𐰆𐰢𐰤 Old Turkic Bumin Khan Persons Runiform spelling in the Kül Tegin inscription, 732.
• 𐰋𐰏 Old Turkic Beg Institutions and Titles The runiform spelling of the Orkhon and Yenisei inscriptions.
• 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Old Turkic Khan (Khagan) Institutions and Titles kagan, the runiform spelling; read qaġan in most editions.
• 𐰴𐰯𐰍𐰣: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Old Turkic Kapgan Khan Persons Kapgan Kagan, lines 51 and 60–61 of the Tonyukuk inscription; Qapγan in Turkological spelling, Qapaghan in Golden.
• 𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸 Old Turkic Tonyukuk Persons The name as the stone writes it, normalised Tuñuquq or Toñuquq; the vowels are argued over.
• 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 Old Turkic Tengrism Religions Runiform spelling t²ŋr²i, read off the inscription text.

Chinese characters 160

The forms of the dynastic histories

• 丁零 Chinese Tiele Peoples Dingling, the name of a people north of the Xiongnu from the third century BC, from whom the Tiele are held to descend.
• 不卒祿 Chinese Ilterish Khan Persons Buzulu, 'not finishing his fortune', the name Empress Wu ordered written for him after 687.
• 丘豆伐可汗 Chinese Shelun Khan Persons Qiudoufa Khan, his title, glossed in the Wei Shu as 'to drive and to open out'.
• 乙息記可汗 Chinese Issik Khan Persons Yixiji kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
• 予成 Chinese Yucheng Khan Persons
• 五原 Chinese Ordos Places Wuyuan, the Han and Tang commandery on the northern edge of the loop, north of which Ilig had his camp as a shad.
• 他汗可汗 Chinese Futu Khan Persons Tahan Khan, his title, glossed 'succession'.
• 伊利可汗 Chinese Bumin Khan Persons Illig Khan, the title assumed in 552.
• 伊然可汗 Chinese Yiran Khan Persons Yiran Kehan; the Turkic name behind it is not known.
• 伏古敦可汗 Chinese Tulun Khan Persons Fugudun Khan, his title, glossed 'constant'.
• 伏圖 Chinese Futu Khan Persons Peter B. Golden writes Fu-t'ou; this work calls him Tahan Khan, after his title.
• 伯 Chinese Beg Institutions and Titles Bo, an older brother and a rank of nobility. Proposed as the source of the Turkic word; the derivation is one of three that compete.
• 佗鉢可汗 Chinese Taspar Khan Persons Tuobo kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
• 俟利弗設 Chinese Chula Khan Persons Silifu Shad, his title before his accession.
• 俟斤 Chinese Mukan Khan Persons Sijin, given as his personal name; the same characters render the title irkin elsewhere.
• 候其伏代庫者可汗 Chinese Nagai Khan Persons Houqifudaikuzhe Khan, his title, glossed 'joyful'.
• 候婁匐勒 Chinese Afuzhiluo Persons Houloufule, his title, glossed 'great son of heaven'.
• 先窟 Chinese Cave of the ancestors Places Xian ku, the cave of the forebears, in the Zhou Shu's account of Göktürk custom.
• 先窟 Literary Chinese Cave of the ancestors Places The Bei Shi repeats the Zhou Shu's wording; it is not a second witness.
• 匈奴 Chinese Xiongnu Peoples
• 匐俱 Chinese Inel Khan Persons Fuju, his name in the Tang history at his appointment in 699.
• 北周 Chinese Northern Zhou Polities
• 北庭 Chinese Dzungaria Places Beiting, the Northern Court: the Tang protectorate at Jimsar on the northern slope of the Tian Shan, and in the Xin Tang Shu the seat of the Duolu Khan west of the Zuhe mountain.
• 北魏 Chinese Northern Wei Polities The usual modern name; the dynasty called itself Wei 魏.
• 北齊 Chinese Northern Qi Polities
• 北齊書 Chinese Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) Sources
• 十箭 Chinese On Oq Peoples Shi jian, the Chinese rendering of the name as reported in the literature
• 受羅部真可汗 Chinese Yucheng Khan Persons Shouluobuzhen Khan, his title, glossed 'gracious'.
• 可汗 Chinese Khan (Khagan) Institutions and Titles kehan, the Chinese transcription used for the Rouran and the Türk rulers alike.
• 可薩 Chinese Khazar Khaganate Polities Kesa; Golden gives Ho-sa and K'o-sa and holds the Chinese forms to have come through an Iranian intermediary.
• 史記 Chinese Shiji Sources
• 吐務 Chinese Tuwu Persons Tuwu, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürk: grandson of Nadulu 訥都陸, titled Great Yabgu, father of Tumen Ilig Khan and Shidianmi; the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi do not give the name.
• 吐賀真 Chinese Tuhezhen Khan Persons
• 吳提 Chinese Wuti Khan Persons
• 周 Chinese Northern Zhou Polities Zhou; the Zhou Shu, its own history, speaks of 'the court' and 'us'.
• 咄吉世 Chinese Shibi Khan Persons Duojishi, his personal name in the Sui Shu; the Jiu Tang Shu writes Duoji 咄吉.
• 咄苾 Chinese Ilig Khan Persons Duobi, his personal name in the Jiu Tang Shu.
• 嚈噠 Chinese Hephthalites Peoples Chinese Yeda; the form Hua is also given.
• 回紇 Chinese Uyghur Khaganate Polities The form of the Tang histories; the later spelling 回鶻 is also used.
• 土門 Chinese Bumin Khan Persons
• 大可汗 Chinese Shegui Khan Persons Great Khan, the title the Sui court proposed to confer on him in Pei Ju's plan.
• 大檀 Chinese Datan Khan Persons
• 大葉護 Chinese Tuwu Persons The Great Yabgu, the title under which the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi say the stock grew strong before Bumin; the identification with Bumin's father is the literature's.
• 大邏便 Chinese Töremen Apa Persons Daluobian, the personal name in the Chinese histories; Golden writes Ta-lo-pien.
• 大隋 Chinese Sui Polities The Great Sui, as Qimin Khan's memorials call it.
• 天元上皇太后 Chinese Empress Ashina Persons Tianyuan Shang empress dowager, the title Xuandi gave her in 580.
• 太祖 Chinese Yuwen Tai Persons Taizu, his temple name as founder of the Northern Zhou, under which the Zhou Shu records his dealings with Bumin and Mukan.
• 始畢可汗 Chinese Shibi Khan Persons Shibi Khan, the Chinese form of his title, and the form this work writes. No Turkic form is recorded.
• 婆羅門 Chinese Poluomen Khan Persons The Chinese transcription of Brahman, used as a personal name; Golden does not treat him. No Rouran form is recorded.
• 孤塗 Chinese Kut Institutions and Titles Gutu, in the Xiongnu ruler's title Chengli Gutu Chanyu; glossed 'son' by the Han Shu, read as Kut in this work.
• 宇文泰 Chinese Yuwen Tai Persons The Zhou Shu, the history of his house, calls him Taizu, the founding ancestor, throughout.
• 安祿山 Chinese An Lushan Persons Lushan transcribes the Sogdian Rōxšan, the luminous; Golden gives the Sogdian as rwxšn and compares Persian rōšan.
• 安諾槃陀 Chinese An Nuopantuo Persons So the Zhou Shu; the last character is written with a variant.
• 室點密 Chinese Istemi Persons Shidianmi, the Chinese transcription
• 射匱可汗 Chinese Shegui Khan Persons Shegui kehan, in the Sui Shu and the Xin Tang Shu; Édouard Chavannes writes Che-koei, Peter B. Golden Shih-kuei, and this work Shegui. No Turkic form of the name is attested.
• 小可汗 Chinese Inel Khan Persons The Lesser Khan, his rank; the Xin Tang Shu uses the same term for the man Kül Tegin killed.
• 小殺 Chinese Bilge Khan Persons Xiaosha, 'the Little Shad', what his own people called him by the Tang history, from the office he held under his uncle.
• 左殺 Chinese Ozmish Khan Persons The Left Shad, his office before he took the throne.
• 左賢王 Chinese Kül Tegin Persons Prince of the Left, the Han-period title the Tang history gives his office after 716; his own inscription does not use it.
• 康 Chinese Samarkand Places Kang, the Chinese name of Samarkand and the surname taken by its émigrés in China; Sute in the Wei Shu names the country.
• 彌偶可社句可汗 Chinese Poluomen Khan Persons Mi'oukesheju Khan, his title, glossed 'tranquil'.
• 後漢書 Chinese Hou Han Shu Sources
• 意利珍豆啟民可汗 Chinese Yami Khan Persons Yilizhendou Qimin Khan, the title the Sui conferred in 599, glossed 'wise and strong'; Qimin Khan is the name the Chinese histories use. Yami is the Turkic reading of the Chinese Yami and Rangan adopted in this work.
• 懷荒 Chinese Huaihuang Places Huaihuang, 'cherishing the wastes', the garrison's name; the Zhou Shu locates the battle of 552 'north of Huaihuang'.
• 拓西可汗 Chinese Inel Khan Persons Tuoxi Kehan, 'Khan Who Expands the West', his title over the Ten Surnames.
• 拓跋 Chinese Northern Wei Polities Tuoba, the ruling clan; Golden writes Tabgač, the form the Orkhon inscriptions use for China.
• 拔悉密 Chinese Basmïl Peoples Baximi, the Tang form; the Uyghur chapter writes 拔悉蜜.
• 拔曳固 Chinese Bayirku Peoples Bayegu; the Xin Tang Shu writes 拔野古.
• 撑犁 Chinese Tengrism Religions Chengli, in the Xiongnu ruler's title as the Han Shu transcribes it; equated with Teŋri in the literature.
• 攝圖 Chinese Ishbara Khan Persons Shetu, the personal name in the Chinese histories.
• 敕連可汗 Chinese Wuti Khan Persons Chilian Khan, his title, glossed 'divine'.
• 斛律 Chinese Hulü Khan Persons Also the name of a Gaoche tribe in the same chapter.
• 新唐書 Chinese Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang) Sources Xin Tangshu; Mackerras writes Hsin T'ang-shu.
• 是豆渾地萬 Chinese Diwan Persons Shidouhun Diwan; the Wei Shu gives her as the wife of Fushengmou of the Wuyin clan. Yıldırım writes Shidouhundiwan as one name.
• 暾欲谷 Chinese Tonyukuk Persons Tunyugu, the Tang form of the name.
• 暾欲谷 Chinese Tonyukuk inscription Sources The name of the man in the Tang history, not of the monument, which the Chinese sources do not mention.
• 曷薩那可汗 Chinese Heshana Khan Persons Heshana kehan, the title the Sui conferred in 611; Golden writes Ho-sa-na.
• 木末城 Chinese Mumocheng Places The form the name implies, 'the walled town of Mumo'; not found in the Wei Shu 103, Zhou Shu 50, Sui Shu 84 or Bei Shi 99 as read here.
• 木杆可汗 Chinese Mukan Khan Persons Mugan kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
• 木骨閭 Chinese Mugulü Persons Glossed in the Wei Shu as 'bald head'; the clan name Yujiulü is said to be a near-homophone of it.
• 染干 Chinese Yami Khan Persons Rangan, his personal name in the Sui Shu.
• 柔然 Chinese Rouran Peoples The name Cheluhui, son of Mugulü, gave his following; the neutral Chinese form.
• 柔然 Chinese Rouran Khaganate Polities The usual Chinese form; the Wei Shu also writes 蠕蠕, a graph chosen to demean.
• 步鹿真 Chinese Buluzhen Khan Persons The Wei Shu gives him no khan's title of his own.
• 武帝阿史那皇后 Chinese Empress Ashina Persons Empress Ashina of the emperor Wu, the heading of her biography; her personal name is not recorded.
• 毗伽可汗 Chinese Bilge Khan Persons Pijia Kehan, the Chinese rendering of Bilge Kagan.
• 沙鉢略可汗 Chinese Ishbara Khan Persons Shabolüe kehan, the title as the Sui Shu gives it
• 沙鉢羅可汗 Chinese Ashina Helu Persons Shaboluo Khan, the title he took for himself at the Thousand Springs; the same title the Sui histories give to Ishbara in the east.
• 河南 Chinese Ordos Places Henan, 'south of the river', the Chinese name for the land inside the bend in the Shiji and the Tang histories; not the modern province.
• 河套 Chinese Ordos Places Hetao, 'the river loop', the later name; this work writes of the Hetao plain.
• 波斯 Chinese Sasanian Persia Polities Bosi, Persia, in the Xin Tang Shu: the power Tong Yabgu brought low in the west, and the western limit of the Tang prefectures after Helu.
• 漢書 Chinese Han Shu Sources
• 烏蘇米施可汗 Chinese Ozmish Khan Persons Wusumishi Kehan; read as Turkic Ozmïš, 'he who has escaped'.
• 牟汗紇升蓋可汗 Chinese Datan Khan Persons Mouhan Heshenggai Khan, his title, glossed 'victorious'.
• 登利可汗 Chinese Tengri Khan Persons Dengli Kehan; the Tang history glosses the name as 'recompense', which is a folk-etymology of Turkic teŋri, Heaven.
• 石 Chinese Chach Places Shi, the Chinese name; the Shi of Guyuan, however, took their surname from Kesh.
• 碎葉 Chinese Suyab Places Suiye, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürk: the line between the Duolu and the Nushibi, the river of Helu's last defeat, and the Tang garrison.
• 社崘 Chinese Shelun Khan Persons The Wei Shu's form; also written 社崙, and Shelün in part of the literature. No Rouran form of the name is recorded.
• 科羅 Chinese Issik Khan Persons Keluo, the personal name; also written Kulo.
• 移涅可汗 Chinese Inel Khan Persons Yinie Kehan, the name under which Kapgan's son leads the attack on Beiting in 714; taken as the same man and as the Chinese form of Inel.
• 突利可汗 Chinese Yami Khan Persons Tuli Khan, his title as a lesser khan in the north under Tulan; not to be confused with his grandson Tuli, Shibi's son.
• 突厥 Chinese First Göktürk Khaganate Polities Tujue, the Chinese name of the people and, by extension, of the state.
• 突厥 Chinese Göktürk Peoples
• 突厥 Chinese Second Göktürk Khaganate Polities Tujue; the Tang histories do not distinguish the restored state from the old one by name.
• 突騎施 Chinese Türgesh Peoples Tuqishi; Golden writes Tu-ch'i-shih.
• 粟特 Chinese Sogdiana Places Sute; the Wei Shu places it west of the Pamirs and identifies it with the old Yancai.
• 粟特 Chinese Sogdians Peoples Sute, the Chinese name of the country and its people; the Wei Shu equates it with the old Yancai.
• 素葉水城 Chinese Suyab Places The city of the Suye river, in the Tang description of the western regions that draws on Xuanzang, as Chavannes translates it; the chapter on the western Göktürk writes 碎葉.
• 索國 Chinese Suo Polities Suo guo, the state of Suo, in the second of the Zhou Shu's origin stories.
• 索虜 Chinese Suo Polities Suo lu, 'the Suo barbarians', the name by which the Tuoba were called; the commentary that identifies Suo with the old Xianbei homeland rests on it.
• 統葉護可汗 Chinese Tong Yabgu Persons Tong yehu kehan, the title in the Chinese histories; Golden writes Tung shê-hu and reconstructs the reading.
• 聖女 Chinese Diwan Persons The Holy Woman, the title Chounu gave her.
• 胡 Chinese Sogdians Peoples Hu, the Chinese word for western Iranian-speakers, which in the Türk and Tang period mostly means Sogdians; the Zhou Shu calls An Nuopantuo a hu of Jiuquan.
• 舊唐書 Chinese Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) Sources Jiu Tangshu; Golden writes Chiu T'ang-shu.
• 茹茹 Chinese Rouran Peoples The form of the Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu.
• 莫何可汗 Chinese Bagha Khan Persons Mohe kehan, Baga Khan, the title.
• 莫賀咄設 Chinese Ilig Khan Persons Moheduo Shad, his title before his accession, with a camp north of Wuyuan.
• 菴羅辰 Chinese Anluochen Persons The Zhou Shu's form; the Bei Shi writes 庵羅辰. The lemma follows the Zhou Shu's reading Anluochen; the file name keeps the earlier spelling.
• 菴邏 Chinese Amrak Persons Anluo, the personal name in the Chinese histories; Golden writes An-lo.
• 葛邏祿 Chinese Karluk Peoples Geluolu
• 藹苦蓋可汗 Chinese Hulü Khan Persons Aikugai Khan, his title, glossed 'of fine appearance and disposition'; part of the literature uses Aikugai as his name.
• 處可汗 Chinese Tuhezhen Khan Persons Chu Khan, his title, glossed 'only' or 'sole'.
• 處羅侯 Chinese Bagha Khan Persons Chuluohou, the personal name in the Chinese histories; this work writes Bagha after his title.
• 處羅可汗 Chinese Chula Khan Persons Chuluo Khan, the Chinese form; the lemma follows the Turkic reading Çula.
• 處羅可汗 Chinese Heshana Khan Persons Chuluo kehan; Golden gives Ho-sa-na or Ch'u-lo as one ruler. Not to be confused with the eastern Chula Khan of 619 to 620.
• 蠕蠕 Chinese Rouran Peoples 'Wriggling', the graph the emperor Taiwu substituted to demean them; the Wei Shu writes its whole chapter under it.
• 西域 Chinese Tarim Basin Places Xiyu, the Western Regions: the Chinese term for the basin and the lands beyond it, under which the Tang histories describe it.
• 西州 Chinese Gaochang Places Xizhou, the Tang prefecture from 640; the Xin Tang Shu measures Helu's seat from it.
• 西突厥 Chinese Western Göktürk Khaganate Polities Xi Tujue, the Western Türk of the Chinese histories.
• 西魏 Chinese Western Wei Polities
• 豆崘 Chinese Tulun Khan Persons Doulun, the Chinese transcription; Golden writes Tou-lun. The lemma Tulun is the Turkic form set by this work.
• 豆羅伏跋豆伐可汗 Chinese Chounu Khan Persons Douluofubadoufa Khan, his title, glossed 'manifesting control'.
• 達頭可汗 Chinese Tardush Persons Datou kehan, the title in the Chinese histories; Golden writes Ta-t'ou.
• 遷善可汗, 立功報國可汗 Chinese Kapgan Khan Persons Titles conferred by Empress Wu in 694 and 696; Chinese honorifics, not Göktürk names.
• 那蓋 Chinese Nagai Khan Persons Golden writes Na-kai.
• 郁久閭 Chinese Yujiulü Lineages Glossed in the Wei Shu as a near-homophone of Mugulü, 'bald head', the name of the eponymous ancestor.
• 都斤山 Chinese Ötüken Places Dujin shan, the mountain at which the Zhou Shu places the khan's habitual seat. Identified with Ötüken in this work, as in the standard literature; the passage has been checked at the text.
• 都藍可汗 Chinese Tulan Khan Persons Dulan kehan, the title in the Chinese histories; Golden writes Tu-lan and gives the reign as 587 to 603 by implication.
• 鄧叔子 Chinese Dengzhu Persons Dengshuzi, the form of the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi; the lemma keeps the shorter form.
• 醜奴 Chinese Chounu Khan Persons Golden writes Ch'ou-nu.
• 鐵勒 Chinese Tiele Peoples Tiele, the usual form in the Sui and Tang histories.
• 長樂公主 Chinese Princess Changle Persons
• 闕特勒 Chinese Kül Tegin Persons Que Tele, the Tang form; the second element renders tegin. The Chinese face of his monument is said to write 闕特勤.
• 闕特勤 Chinese Kül Tegin inscription Sources Chinese form on the monument's own Chinese face; not checked here.
• 阿伏至羅 Chinese Afuzhiluo Persons Golden writes A-fu-chih-lo.
• 阿史德元珍 Chinese Tonyukuk Persons Ashide Yuanzhen, the Chinese-trained Göktürk who joined Ilterish in 682; the identification with Tonyukuk is Hirth's and is not secure.
• 阿史那 Chinese Ashina Lineages The Chinese form of the name.
• 阿史那賀魯 Chinese Ashina Helu Persons Ashina Helu; Chavannes writes Ho-lou, Golden A-shih-na Ho-lu. No Turkic form of the name is attested.
• 阿波可汗 Chinese Töremen Apa Persons Apo kehan, Apa Khan, the title he was given in 581.
• 阿那瓌 Chinese Anagui Persons The Chinese form of the name
• 隋 Chinese Sui Polities
• 頡利可汗 Chinese Ilig Khan Persons Xieli Khan, the Chinese form of the title; Ilig, 'the one who has a realm', is the Turkic reading, the same title the Chinese give Bumin as Yili Khan.
• 頡利發 Chinese Ilteber Institutions and Titles Xielifa, the title Tong Yabgu gave to all the kings of the western states; Chavannes writes hie-li-fa. The equation with the Turkic word is itself disputed.
• 骨咄祿 Chinese Ilterish Khan Persons Gudulu, the Tang form of his personal name, read as Turkic Kutluk, 'possessed of Kut'.
• 高昌 Chinese Gaochang Places Gaochang, in the Sui Shu's origin legend and its account of Heshana's flight, and in the Xin Tang Shu.
• 高車 Chinese Tiele Peoples Gaoche, 'high carts', the form of the Wei Shu; named from their wagons.
• 魏 Chinese Western Wei Polities Wei, as the Zhou Shu calls the state whose princess Bumin married and whose emperor died in 551.
• 魏書 Chinese Wei Shu Sources
• 默啜 Chinese Kapgan Khan Persons Mochuo, the Tang form; taken to render a Turkic title Bögü Čor.
• 默棘連 Chinese Bilge Khan Persons Mojilian, his personal name in the Tang history; the Turkic behind it is unknown.

Greek 9

Byzantine historians and envoys

• Ἄβαροι Greek Avars Peoples The Greek form in the Byzantine historians.
• Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάττης Greek Theophylact Simocatta Sources Peter B. Golden writes Theophylaktos Simokattes; this work gives Theophylact Simocatta.
• Μανιάχ Greek Maniakh Persons Menander's form; de la Vaissière takes the name for Buddhist.
• Οὖννοι Greek Huns Peoples The Greek form used by the Byzantine historians.
• Πέρσαι Greek Sasanian Persia Polities The Persians, in Menander.
• Ῥωμαῖοι Greek Byzantium Polities Romaioi, the Romans, the empire's own name for its people; Menander writes of the Romans and the Türk, never of Byzantines.
• Σιλζίβουλος Greek Istemi Persons Silziboulos, also Dizaboulos, the ruler of the Türk in Menander; the equation with Istemi and the reading as Sir Yabgu are modern.
• Τούρξανθος Greek Türk-shad Persons Turxanthos, Menander's form; read in the literature as Türk-šad, 'the shad of the Türk', which this work writes Türk-shad.
• Χοσρόης Greek Khosrow I Persons Chosroes, in Menander and the other Greek historians.

Arabic and Persian script 1

The Muslim geographers and historians

• ديوان لغات الترك Arabic Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Sources

Other scripts 1

• ათაბაგი Georgian Atabeg Institutions and Titles Atabagi, the Georgian form, carried into the kingdom's own order of rank in the thirteenth century.