Ways in

Atlas

Maps of the steppe empires and their neighbours as plates, in the order of time. 68 maps from 215 BC to 842. A plate opens at full width, with its caption, its years and the articles in which the map appears.

The Turkic statesTable below the plates

The Xiongnu and the Xianbei

c. 215 BC – c. 1557 maps

The Rouran, the Huns and the Northern Wei

395–396 – 523–52811 maps

The rise of the Göktürks

c. 542 – 55610 maps

The First Göktürk Khaganate

557 – 5767 maps

Division and civil war

581 – c. 6039 maps

The Tang and the rise of the Second Göktürk Khaganate

627 – 68210 maps

The Second Göktürk Khaganate

691 – 7348 maps

The Uyghurs and the Kirghiz

744 – 8426 maps

The Turkic states

The states founded or ruled by Turkic peoples, 24 in all, from 209 BC to 1240, in the order of their founding. Each row is drawn from its article and leads to it.

No.	State	Years	Duration	Ruling house	Founder	Capital	Title of the ruler
1	Xiongnu 匈奴	c. 209 BC–155	c. 364 years	Luandi	Bagatur (Modu Chanyu)	–	Chanyu
2	Hunnic Empire	c. 370–469	c. 99 years	–	–	–	King
3	Gaoche 高車	c. 487–541	c. 54 years	Fufuluo	Afuzhiluo	–	Great son of heaven, King
4	First Göktürk Khaganate 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 突厥	552–630	78 years	Ashina	Bumin Khan, Istemi	Ötüken	Khan (Khagan)
5	Western Göktürk Khaganate on oq 西突厥	c. 552–657	c. 105 years	Ashina	Istemi	Suyab	Yabgu
6	Xueyantuo Khaganate (Syr Tardush) Sır Tarduš 薛延陀	628–646	18 years	–	Yinan Khan	Ötüken	Khan (Khagan)
7	Old Great Bulgaria	c. 635–660	c. 25 years	–	Kubrat	–	–
8	Khazar Khaganate *Qazar 可薩	c. 650–969	c. 319 years	Ashina	–	Itil	Khan (Khagan)
9	Danube Bulgaria	681–?	–	Dulo	Asparuch	Pliska	Khan (Khagan)
10	Second Göktürk Khaganate 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 突厥	682–744	62 years	Ashina	Ilterish Khan, Tonyukuk	Ötüken	Khan (Khagan)
11	Türgesh Khaganate 突騎施	c. 699–744	c. 45 years	–	Wuzhile	Suyab	Khan (Khagan)
12	Uyghur Khaganate 回紇	744–840	96 years	Yaglakar	Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan	Ordu-Balık	Khan (Khagan)
13	Karluk Yabgu State	c. 745–?	–	–	–	Suyab	Yabgu
14	Kara-Khanid Khanate	c. 840–1212	c. 372 years	–	–	–	Khan (Khagan)
15	Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate 黠戛斯	c. 840–924	c. 84 years	Are	Are Khan	Kemijkat	Khan (Khagan), Aco

16	Kimek Khaganate	c. 850–1050	c. 200 years	–	–	–	Khan (Khagan), Yabgu
17	Oghuz Yabgu State	c. 850–1042	c. 192 years	–	–	–	Yabgu
18	Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho 高昌	c. 856–1209	c. 353 years	–	–	Gaochang, Beshbalik	Idiqut
19	Pecheneg Confederation	c. 890–1091	c. 201 years	–	–	–	Grand prince
20	Volga Bulgaria	c. 900–1240	c. 340 years	–	–	Bulgar city, Bilyar	Ilteber
21	Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom	c. 902–1028	c. 126 years	Yaglakar	–	Ganzhou	Khan (Khagan)
22	Later Tang 後唐	923–936	13 years	–	–	–	–
23	Later Jin 後晉	936–946	10 years	–	–	–	–
24	Later Han 後漢	947–951	4 years	–	–	–	–
25	Ghaznavid Empire	977–1186	209 years	–	–	–	–
26	Great Seljuk Empire	1037–1194	157 years	–	–	–	–
27	Khwarazmian Empire	1077–1231	154 years	–	–	–	–
28	Sultanate of Rum	1077–1308	231 years	–	–	–	–
29	Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi	1206–1290	84 years	–	–	–	–
30	Mamluk Sultanate	1250–1517	267 years	–	–	–	–
31	Ottoman Empire	1299–1922	623 years	–	–	–	–
32	Timurid Empire	1370–1507	137 years	–	–	–	–
33	Kara Koyunlu	1375–1468	93 years	–	–	–	–
34	Ak Koyunlu	1378–1503	125 years	–	–	–	–

It is not the time, yet...

The steppe before the Göktürks

Peoples and empires of the steppe before 552, down to the Rouran, whom the Göktürks overthrew. The Scythians, the Saka and the Sarmatians spoke Iranian languages. For the others the language is unknown or disputed.

No.	State	Years	Duration	Ruling house	Founder	Capital	Title of the ruler
1	Cimmerians	c. 1000 BC–600 BC	c. 400 years	–	–	–	–
2	Saka 塞	c. 800 BC–100 BC	c. 700 years	–	–	–	–
3	Scythians	c. 800 BC–300 BC	c. 500 years	Royal Scythians	–	–	–
4	Sarmatians	c. 400 BC–400	c. 800 years	–	–	–	–
5	Donghu 東胡	c. 300 BC–206 BC	c. 94 years	–	–	–	King
6	Yuezhi 月氏	c. 209 BC–130 BC	c. 79 years	–	–	–	King
7	Wusun 烏孫	c. 130 BC–?	–	–	–	Red valley city	Kunmo
8	Xianbei 鮮卑	c. 87–235	c. 148 years	–	–	–	Chief
9	Rouran Khaganate Apar 柔然	c. 400–554	c. 154 years	Yujiulü	Shelun Khan	Mumocheng	Khan (Khagan)