States

The Göktürk and Uyghur khaganates

• 552–630 First Göktürk Khaganate The first state in history carrying the ‘Türk’ name, founded in 552 by Bumin of the Ashina Türks in Ötüken. Divided by civil war after 584 and destroyed by Chinese invasions and internal rebellions in 630/656.
• 682–744 Second Göktürk Khaganate The second Ashina-led Empire, restored by Ilterish in 682. Never reaching the glory of the first empire, it was destroyed in 744 by a coalition of Tang China, Basmyls and the Uyghurs.
• 744–840 Uyghur Khaganate Infamous destroyers and successors of the Göktürks, ruled by the Yaglakar of the Nine Oguz. Allied with the Tang Dynasty and rulers of the eastern steppe until the Kirghiz devastated Ordu-Balık in 840.

The other steppe empires

• 209 BC–155 Xiongnu First united eastern steppe polity in history from c. 221 BC to 89 AD. Their state structure and language served as the basis for many Turkic groups, including the Huna people of Central Asia and the Huns of Europe.
• 400–554 Rouran Khaganate Steppe empire that ruled from the Khingan to the Seven Rivers for a century and a half. It held the Ashina as subjects until Bumin ended it in 552.
• Dates not settled Yenisei Kirghiz Mysterious Turkic-speaking people of the upper Yenisei, known for iron and gold. Part of the Göktürk Empire for most of the time, they ended the Uyghur Khaganate and the Ötüken-centered ruling mandate.

Neighbours and other realms 48

• Buyeo 494
• Byzantium 330–1453
• Danube Bulgaria 681
• Eastern Wei 534–550
• Five Divisions of the Xiongnu 216–304
• Former Yan 337–370
• Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 902–1028
• Gaoche 487–541
• Goguryeo 668
• Han dynasty 202 BC–220
• Hunnic Empire 370–469
• Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212
• Karluk Yabgu State 745
• Khazar Khaganate 650–969
• Kimek Khaganate 850–1050
• Kushan Empire 232
• Later Han 947–951
• Later Jin 936–946
• Later Tang 923–936
• Later Yan 384–407
• Northern Qi 550–577
• Northern Wei 386–534
• Northern Zhou 557–581
• Oghuz Yabgu State 850–1042
• Old Great Bulgaria 635–660
• Pecheneg Confederation 890–1091
• Samanids 819–999
• Sasanian Persia 224–651
• Shanshan 77 BC
• Southern Xiongnu 48–216
• Sui 581–618
• Suo
• Tang 618–907
• The Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258
• The Göktürk interregnum, 630–682 630–682
• The Tibetan Empire 618–842
• The Umayyad Caliphate 661–750
• Türgesh Khaganate 699–744
• Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa 625–843
• Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho 856–1209
• Volga Bulgaria 900–1240
• Western Göktürk Khaganate 552–657
• Western Roman Empire 395–476
• Western Wei 535–557
• Xiongnu Han 304–329
• Xueyantuo Khaganate (Syr Tardush) 628–646
• Yabgus of Tokharistan 625–759
• Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate 840–924