Who ruled

And beyond the steppe

  • China Northern Wei Emperor Mingyuan 409–423
  • Iran Sasanian Yazdegerd I 399–420
  • Korea Goguryeo Gwanggaeto 391–413
  • Byzantium Theodosian Theodosius II 408–450

Eastern steppe

  • Shelun dies on the road in flight before Mingyuan's campaign; his brother Hulü becomes khan

    Shelun Khan · Hulü Khan

    A second reading: of wounds in battle in May 410