Who ruled

And beyond the steppe

  • China Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen 471–499
  • Iran Sasanian Peroz I 459–484 · Balash 484–488
  • Korea Goguryeo Jangsu 413–491
  • Byzantium Leonid Zeno 474–491

Western steppe

  • Culture · Sogdian colonists found the first towns of Semirech'e, Suyab and Navaket among them, as estates of nobles (450–600)

    Suyab · Sogdians

Persia

  • Economy · Peroz falls to the Hephthalites; the Sasanians pay them a colossal tribute in silver for decades

    Hephthalites · Sogdians