Who ruled

And beyond the steppe

  • China Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen 471–499
  • Iran Sasanian Kavad I 488–496
  • Korea Goguryeo Jangsu 413–491
  • Byzantium Leonid Zeno 474–491

Eastern steppe

  • Economy · The khan of the Gaoju at Beshbalik sends a hu merchant, Yuezhe, to the Wei court against the Rouran

    Sogdians

  • Afuzhiluo sends the merchant Yuezhe to the Wei with two arrows and an offer to destroy the Rouran

    Afuzhiluo · Sogdians

Western steppe

  • Culture · Sogdian colonists found the first towns of Semirech'e, Suyab and Navaket among them, as estates of nobles (450–600)

    Suyab · Sogdians