Who ruled

And beyond the steppe

  • China Sui Emperor Wen 581–604
  • Iran Sasanian Khosrow II 591–628
  • Korea Goguryeo Yeongyang 590–618
  • Byzantium Justinian Maurice 582–602

Eastern steppe

Western steppe

  • Suyab · Sogdians

Byzantium

  • The khan's letter to Maurice · Revolt of Turum · Theophylact Simocatta

    Also dated 582 (One reading): Soon after Maurice's accession. Also dated 598 (A second reading): The embassy belongs to the last years of the century.