Who ruled
- First Göktürk Khaganate Tulan Khan 588–599
- Western Göktürk Khaganate Tardush 576–603 · Niri Khan 587–603
And beyond the steppe
- China Sui Emperor Wen 581–604
- Iran Sasanian Khosrow II 591–628
- Korea Goguryeo Yeongyang 590–618
- Byzantium Justinian Maurice 582–602
Eastern steppe
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Environment · Late Antique Little Ice Age: the cold phase the Altai tree rings define from 536 to about 660 (536–660)
Climate and the steppe empires · First Göktürk Khaganate · Avars
The coldest decade in the Altai is the 540s
Western steppe
Byzantium
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A Göktürk embassy brings the emperor Maurice the khan's letter of victory, in which he calls himself lord of seven races; Theophylact tells it under the summer of 595
The khan's letter to Maurice · Revolt of Turum · Theophylact Simocatta
Also dated 582 (One reading): Soon after Maurice's accession. Also dated 598 (A second reading): The embassy belongs to the last years of the century.