Who ruled

And beyond the steppe

  • China Tang Wu Zetian 690–705
  • Iran Umayyad Abd al-Malik 685–705
  • Korea Silla Seongdeok 702–737
  • Byzantium Tiberios III 698–705

Eastern steppe

  • An Lushan · Sogdians

  • Climate and the steppe empires · Orkhon valley