Taihe was a sister of the Tang emperor Muzong.[1] She was the last Chinese bride of a Uyghur khan in the years of the empire.[2] Of the more than twenty women whom the Tang gave as brides to foreign rulers, only three were daughters of emperors: the princesses of Ningguo, Xian’an and Taihe.[3] Ningguo went to the Uyghurs in the first year of Qianyuan, 758, and Xian’an in the fourth year of Zhenyuan, 788.[4] Taihe went in 821 and was still among the Uyghurs when their empire fell in 840.[5]

Family

Taihe was a daughter of the emperor Xianzong.[6] The Xin Tang Shu lists eighteen daughters of Xianzong and puts her seventeenth. The sixteenth had died unmarried.[6] The Tang Huiyao lists nineteen and puts her eighteenth.[4] Her year of birth is not recorded. Muzong was born in 795. She was younger than he.[7]

The texts also disagree on her rank among Muzong’s sisters. The Jiu Tang Shu and the Cefu yuangui call her his tenth younger sister.[8] The Tang Huiyao calls her the fifth.[4] The Xin Tang Shu and the Tang Huiyao name another princess Taihe, a daughter of Daizong, who died young.[9] The era name Taihe is written the same way. Dates such as “in the first year of Taihe” in the Jiu Tang Shu belong to that era, not to her.[1]

The marriage

The Uyghurs had asked for a Tang bride since 813.[8] Xianzong had the officials work out the cost, about 5,000,000 strings. The empire was at war, and he refused.[8] At the end of his reign the Uyghur envoy Hedagan pressed the request harder, and Xianzong agreed.[10] The Jiu Tang Shu gives his reasons. The Uyghurs had rendered services to the Tang house, and the western peoples had troubled the border for years.[1] He died soon after. His son Muzong arranged the marriage.[1]

Muzong first chose another sister, the princess of Yongan, for the Uyghur khan Baoyi.[11] Baoyi died before she left.[6] The Jiu Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian enter his death in the second month of 821, the Tang Huiyao in the third.[12] His successor, whom the Chinese call Chongde, asked for Yongan all the same. The court refused and sent Taihe.[4] The Chinese write the successor’s name in several forms. One sentence of the Tang Huiyao gives the groom the name of Baoyi.[13] Chongde reigned from 821 to 824.[14] A modern work gives Hasar Tegin as another name of the khan of 821 and calls him a younger brother of an earlier khan.[15]

Muzong enfeoffed his tenth younger sister as Princess Taihe in 821.[1] In the fifth month the Uyghurs sent 573 chief ministers, governors-general, princesses and Manichaeans to Chang’an to fetch her. The court lodged them at the Court of State Ceremonial.[8] The Xin Tang Shu gives the envoys’ names: Yinanzhu, Julu and the governor-general Sijie. It adds a Yehu princess, 2,000 men of the tribes, 20,000 horses and 1,000 camels.[16][17] The Jiu Tang Shu mentions the princesses and gives the camels and horses as “over a thousand”.[1] The court let 500 men come on to Chang’an and kept the rest at Taiyuan.[16] The Uyghur chancellors and princesses presented the court with camel-hair cloth, white brocade, white silk, sable-mouse furs, jade belts, 1,000 horses and 50 camels.[18] In the Linde Hall the emperor received the Uyghur envoys and princesses, fifty people in all. He gave them brocade and silverware.[18]

An edict read out to the envoys named her khatun.[1] The drafter Wang Qi was to announce it at the Court of State Ceremonial.[1] The general Hu Zheng was to escort her and to invest the khan. Li Xian was his deputy, and the erudite Yin You was the judge.[1] Most texts name Li Rui as the envoy for the marriage rites. The Xin Tang Shu names Li Yue.[19] The texts give Li Rui’s office in three ways: head of the Court of the Treasury, head of the Court of the Imperial Regalia, or head of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.[20] The Tang Huiyao adds that the chancellors Cui Zhi and Du Yuanying were named envoy of investiture and envoy of the five rites.[4]

Her household was set up like that of a prince, with officials on the princely scale. A seal was cast for the office of her fief.[21] In the seventh month the court invested her as khatun at the palace. The Xin Tang Shu gives the title as Renxiao Duanli Mingzhi Shangshou Katun and says that the rite was announced in the ancestral temple.[22] Muzong watched her leave from the Tonghua Gate while the city turned out to see.[1] The officials had stood in line before the Zhangjing Monastery for the farewell.[8] She remained among the Uyghurs until their empire collapsed, more than twenty years.[23] She left Chang’an on 28 August 821 with several thousand Chinese and Uyghur attendants and reached Karabalghasun early in 822. She may well have been the wife of more than one khan.[24]

The marriage was followed by a Tibetan raid. Tibetan troops attacked Qingsai fort in the sixth month. The Jiu Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian name the alliance as the cause.[25] The Uyghurs answered that they would send 10,000 horse out by Beiting and 10,000 by Anxi, to keep the Tibetans off and bring the princess in.[25] In the tenth and eleventh months the border commands reported on the escort. Zhenwu was to send 3,000 men to Weizhou. Of these, 1,000 were already on the road, and the other 2,000 were to follow when she had crossed the frontier.[8] A body of 760 Uyghurs with camels, horses and carts waited for her at Huanglu Spring. At Liuquan, 3,000 Uyghur horse camped.[8]

Among the Uyghurs

The Chinese envoys who took her north reported in the intercalary tenth month of 822 how she was made khatun.[26] Hu Zheng’s party was a day or two from the camp when the khan sent several hundred riders. They asked that she go ahead by another road. Hu Zheng refused, because the emperor had ordered him to hand her over to the khan in person. The Uyghur envoy answered that the princess of Xian’an had gone ahead when she came, a few hundred li from the camp.[5] The Xin Tang Shu puts the meeting at a hundred li from the camp.[16] A day was chosen. She took off Tang dress, put on the dress of the Uyghurs and bowed to the khan.[1] The khan had taken his seat first in the upper chamber, facing east. A felt tent stood below it for her, and Uyghur princesses taught her the manners of the steppe. As khatun she wore a long red skirt, a wide red robe and a golden hat shaped like a horn that pointed forward.[1][27] Then a minister of each of the nine Uyghur clans carried her chair. They turned nine times around the court, following the sun.[1][27] The Göktürk rite of raising a khan on the felt is told in Raising on the Felt.

From then on the subjects bowed to the khatun as well.[1] She had her own camp, and two ministers went in and out of her tent.[5] When Hu Zheng’s party was about to leave, she held a great feast for them in her tent and wept at the parting. The khan gave the Chinese envoys rich gifts.[5] In the fifth month of 822 the court sent an envoy to invest the khan. He brought twelve cartloads of gifts for the khan and for her.[1]

Chongde died in the third year of Changqing.[18] A modern estimate ends his reign in 824.[14] A younger cousin succeeded him, and the Tang invested him as Zhaoli Khan.[18] Zhaoli was killed by his subordinates in the sixth year of Taihe. His nephew then took the throne and was invested as Zhangxin Khan.[18] In 835 Uyghur envoys brought to the Tang court seven women who shot from horseback and two Shatuo boys. They were gifts of the princess.[1] The shooting is told in Mounted Archery.

The Kirghiz and the escort

In 840 the Kirghiz broke the Uyghur khaganate. They burned the royal camp at Ordu-Balık and took Taihe among the spoils.[16] Are, their khan, led the attack himself.[16] He burned the camp and the golden tent, where the princess lodged and where the Uyghur khan used to sit. He took all the treasure, and the princess with it.[16] The fall of Ordu-Balık is told in its own article.

Are sent her home. The Xin Tang Shu gives two reasons. She was a noble daughter of the Tang, and the Kirghiz held themselves to be of the same clan as the Tang.[16] The claim of kinship is told in The Kirghiz descent from Li Ling.

The sources do not agree on the escort. The Jiu Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian have ten dagan.[28] The title is the one that the tarkhan bears in other transcriptions.[29] At the frontier, the Kirghiz envoy named a general, Du-lü-shi Alp, whom the Chinese write Dulüshihe, “and the others”.[30] The two accounts need not exclude each other.

The escort did not arrive. The Uyghur prince Ögä, whom the Chinese write Wujie, was a brother of Zhaoli Khan. He was also an uncle of the Hu-tegin whom the Tang had invested as Zhangxin Khan.[18] He met the Kirghiz envoys on the road and killed them. He took the princess south across the desert as a hostage.[31] The court’s letter to the Kirghiz khan says that the Uyghurs seized her five days after she left the Kirghiz khan and killed all the envoys. It adds that she then wandered for two years in the desert.[32] Thirteen clans of the khan’s camp raised Ögä as khan. They camped at Cuozi Mountain.[33]

At the Tang frontier

In the autumn of 841 Ögä’s envoy told the Tang that the Kirghiz had destroyed his country and killed its khan. The envoy added that the people had made Ögä khan and that Ögä was bringing Taihe south to the great state.[34] His minister Jiegan Jiasi asked to borrow a city for the princess and the khan to live in. He also asked for grain, cattle and sheep.[35] The Jiu Tang Shu names the city Tiande.[36] The Zizhi tongjian, the Xin Tang Shu and the court’s own letter name Zhenwu.[37]

The princess wrote to the court as well. Her envoy said that Ögä had styled himself khan and asked for his investiture. Since the Uyghurs had only just reached the south of the desert, the envoy also asked that an envoy be sent to console them.[38] The edict that sent the court’s envoys to Ögä starts from this. It says that the princess had lately sent an envoy to court, and that the court therefore knew that a new khan lived by the frontier.[39] The court sent Wang Hui and Li Shiyan with 20,000 measures of grain and a letter. It ordered them to have the princess released to come to court.[40] The Jiu Tang Shu enters Ögä’s appeal and the mission under the eighth month and the princess’s envoy under the eleventh. The Zizhi tongjian puts the princess’s envoy, Ögä’s appeal and the mission together under the twelfth month.[38] The edict agrees with the order of the Zizhi tongjian.[39]

The court’s letter to Ögä refused the loan of a city. It told the khan to lead his people back toward their old lands, or at least to stay south of the desert.[41] The emperor would then allow the princess to come to court.[41] The letter says that it was the princess who had brought the khan’s sincere message.[42] The Jiu Tang Shu enters the sending of an envoy to invest Ögä in the third month of 842. The Xin Tang Shu says that the envoys carried the document but were told to delay on the road until things changed.[35] The Tang Huiyao names Miao Zhen as the envoy who waited at Hedong with the credentials until the Uyghurs had settled.[18] Her request for the investiture was thus met in form only.

In the eighth month of 842 the commander at Taiyuan reported that the Uyghurs had moved their camp forty li closer and were demanding a rebel officer back.[34] He added that the princess had sent a memorial saying their food was gone and asking for cattle and sheep.[34] Wuzong’s letter to Ögä of that time reproaches the khan for the raids on Yunzhou and Shuozhou and the killing at Hengshui fort. It says that Ögä seems to rely on the marriage tie.[34]

In the winter of 842 the emperor sent her winter clothes and a letter that Li Deyu drafted.[43] The letter calls her the emperor’s aunt and says that she had been married out to a far country for more than twenty years.[42] It reports that the Grand Empress Dowager, now aged, had hoped to see her at court and that the year was ending without news.[42] It then turns to the khan. As the mother of the Uyghur nation, she could command them. If they would not obey, they were abandoning the marriage ties, and from now on they could not use her name as a pretext.[42] She was to show the letter to the Uyghur ministers and generals.[42]

Late in 842 the first Kirghiz envoy, Ta-bu-he-zu, reached Tiande with a petition.[44] A modern account places his arrival between 6 November and 5 December 842.[45] The envoy said that the Kirghiz had sent the princess back with Dulüshihe. No news had come, and they were now sending out an army to find her, “up to heaven and down into the earth”.[30] Li Deyu drafted the Tang reply in the name of the military governor Liu Mian, addressed to the Uyghur chancellor. The reply repeats the figure of 400,000 men.[46] It urges the Uyghurs to send the princess back and to hide in the mountains. It says that the Kirghiz meant to settle in the old Uyghur land.[46] The embassies are told in Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang and the first envoy in Ta-bu-he-zu.

The debate in Chang’an

The court’s first move was to find out where she was. Wumosi, a brother of the dead khan, had come to the frontier at Tiande in 840 with his people and asked to submit.[44] In the eleventh month of 841 Li Deyu proposed to send a messenger, because her place was unknown.[47] Without a messenger, the steppe peoples would say that the Tang had married her out without caring for her. They would never respect the Tang again, and the Tang would wrong her.[48] A messenger named Miao was to take ten or twenty light horse and an edict to Wumosi. Wumosi was to pass it on to the princess.[48] If Wumosi accepted, that would show his obedience. If he refused, it would show his defection.[48] An edict of the same month named the court messenger Miao to ask after her. The texts write his name in three ways.[49]

A second memorial treats her as a political asset. In 842 Li Deyu wrote that he had heard that she and the khan lived in separate tents. He had also heard that she saw the Chinese envoys by herself.[48] He proposed to have the frontier commanders let her know in secret that a descendant of the imperial house should live and die for the state. She was to find a way out and come over to the Tang.[48] If she were recovered, she should not be sent to the capital at once but kept on the frontier. The Tang should use her name to bring the steppe peoples to heel.[48]

The princess was a reason for restraint. Liu Mian told his deputy Shi Xiong that the court did not want to press the Uyghurs because of her.[50] The emperor asked Li Deyu repeatedly how she could be taken.[51] Li Deyu answered that the Uyghurs were cavalry, strong in the open and weak against walls. They had neither patrols nor ambushes, and they did not know how to raid a camp.[51] Shi Xiong, he said, should take the camp by night with 1,000 cavalry from Yiwu, 1,000 Tuyuhun horse and picked foot soldiers.[51] Another memorial put the plan aside for the moment, in order to watch how things stood.[51] The Cefu yuangui reports Li Deyu’s argument that Ögä relied on the princess. If a brave man took her by surprise, the Uyghurs would defeat themselves.[52] In a memorial Li Deyu asked that Liu Mian be told to move and advance as he saw fit, without waiting for orders.[53] The Cefu yuangui has the emperor agree and put Liu Mian in charge. It also has Liu Mian send Shi Xiong against the khan at Shahu.[52]

Shahu Mountain

In the first month of 843 Ögä came with his people to the walls of Zhenwu.[54] Liu Mian sent Shi Xiong and the commander Wang Feng against the khan’s camp with 3,000 horse: Shatuo, Qibi and Tuoba.[54] Liu Mian’s plan was to strike the Uyghurs so fast that they would abandon the princess and run.[50] The Zizhi tongjian puts three Shatuo tribes under Zhuye Chixin in the force. The Jiu Tang Shu puts them under Li Guochang.[54] These are two names of one man.[55]

Shi Xiong went up on the wall of Zhenwu and looked at the camp. He saw felt carts, tens of them. The people with the carts wore red and green clothes of a Chinese cut.[54] His spies learned that these were the princess’s tent.[56] He sent her word that the Tang would take the khan. She should look for her way home, and she should not move her tent when the troops came together.[54] He had ten or more breaches cut in the wall.[56] In the Zizhi tongjian his troops went out by night and stood at the khan’s tent before the Uyghurs noticed them.[57] In the Jiu Tang Shu, by contrast, he set banners and torches on the walls at dawn. He drove cattle and horses out through the breaches to the sound of drums, and the troops followed.[58] The Jiu Tang Shu adds that Ögä was terrified and rode off.[58]

At Shahu Mountain, the Mountain of Killing the Foreigners, Shi Xiong caught up with the Uyghurs and defeated them.[56] The annals of the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian and the Tang Huiyao place the fight in the first month of 843.[59] The Jiu Tang Shu reports Liu Mian’s memorial under the second month.[34] A modern dating puts the battle on 13 February 843.[60] The Zizhi tongjian and the Jiu Tang Shu give 10,000 killed.[54] The Jiu Tang Shu has 5,000 taken alive. The Zizhi tongjian has more than 20,000 of the tribe submitting. The Xin Tang Shu has several tens of thousands.[61] Ögä was wounded and fled to the Black Carts.[62] By one count he took a few hundred riders with him. By another count he took a hundred.[63]

Shi Xiong brought the princess home.[64] The Jiu Tang Shu puts her first at Yunzhou, but in Shi Xiong’s biography at Taiyuan.[65] Liu Mian’s victory report reached the court six days after the battle. The emperor received the congratulations of the officials in the Xuanzheng Hall.[66] The proclamation that Li Deyu drafted says of her that she had lived apart from the khan, with the bond long cut.[67] She had now escaped from the jackals and wolves and could see the palace again. This relieved the old anger of the ancestral temple and consoled the Grand Empress Dowager.[67] The Jiu Tang Shu gives Shi Xiong the prefecture of Fengzhou for the deed.[34]

The Jiu Tang Shu has a different account of the camp. In the third year of Huichang the Uyghur minister Pugu Yi came to Youzhou and agreed to bring the princess there. Ögä camped eighty li from the Youzhou frontier.[1] That night Liu Mian’s army fell on the camp. Ögä fled some four hundred li to the north-east and did not take the princess with him.[1] Shi Xiong’s troops met her tent and brought her home.[1] A further account, written by a Li Qi for the spy Cai Xi, claims the rescue for Cai Xi.[60] The rescue made Zhang Zhongwu of Youzhou jealous. The quarrel between him and Liu Mian was the reason for Liu Mian’s transfer to another command.[57] The campaign is told in Rescue of Princess Taihe and in the articles on Shi Xiong and Li Deyu.

Return to Chang’an

At Taiyuan the court sent envoys along the road to comfort her. They carried a white sable pelt and a jade ring that the Kirghiz had presented to the throne.[6] The clan minister Li Rengshu and the head of the palace library Li Jianfang announced her rescue at Jingling.[6] Jingling was the tomb of her father Xianzong.[68] A Kirghiz envoy, Zhuwuhesu, came to court with two famous horses. He reported that his khan had destroyed the Uyghurs, taken the princess and sent people to bring her to court. He worried that the Uyghur remnants would seize her on the way.[34] The emperor sent a eunuch to go with him to Taiyuan to meet her.[34]

She entered Chang’an on the twenty-fifth day of the second month, in the third year of Huichang.[4] The Zizhi tongjian gives only a cyclical day for her arrival.[57] By the calendar that day is the first day of the third month.[68] The Jiu Tang Shu enters it under the third month.[34] The monk Ennin, then in China, gives the same day in his diary.[68] He also wrote that none of the Uyghurs in her train were let into the city and that she had killed a Uyghur prince on the road. This is gossip, and unlikely.[68]

The court received her with the honours of a returning bride. The guards of the left and right Shence armies, 200 men each, and the regalia of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices escorted her from Changle Station into the city.[11] The officials stood in line at the gate of the Zhangjing Monastery.[69] The Office of Ritual had settled a point of protocol beforehand. By custom the officials of a princess’s household carried the court’s commands and returned the bows. Their ranks were mostly very low, so the Office asked that one of the princess’s attendants, in headband silk and a sleeveless jacket, take their place.[11] The Xin Tang Shu reports that she rode in a state carriage to the ancestral temple. She stood in the chambers of Xianzong and Muzong and wept.[6]

At the Guangshun Gate she took off her fine dress, her hairpins and her earrings. She asked pardon for the Uyghurs’ ingratitude and for the failure of the marriage alliance.[70] The emperor sent a eunuch to console her. Only then did she enter the palace.[71] The officials congratulated the emperor.[9] She went to the Xingqing Palace. The next day she saw the Grand Empress Dowager.[6]

On the day of her return an edict changed her title to Dingan Grand Senior Princess and abolished the household of the princess of Taihe.[11] The Zizhi tongjian writes the title Anding.[57] On the twenty-seventh day Wuzong fined the princesses who had not come to greet her. Six princesses were named in the edict, among them Xuancheng and Yang’an. The Xin Tang Shu counts seven.[11] Each was fined 100 rolls of silk. Yang’an, a senior princess, was fined 300.[4] The Xin Tang Shu says that Wuzong was angry.[6] The chancellors asked that the court’s treatment of her be entered in the history, as an example of the correct ordering of the household. The emperor agreed.[11]

The court’s letter to the Kirghiz khan of 843, which Zhao Fan carried, tells the same events in Tang terms.[72] It says that the khan’s soldiers took the princess and sent her back as a country of the same surname.[32] The Uyghurs robbed her of them and killed the envoys. Tang troops then routed the Uyghurs and brought her to court.[32] The emperor writes that he was glad to see her again. He was moved to tears by what the khan had done.[32] A Kirghiz envoy of the spring of 844 still asked about her fate, although the court’s letter had already told the khan of her return.[73] The embassies and letters that followed are told in Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang.

Names and titles

The Chinese call her 太和公主, the princess of Taihe. The Cefu yuangui calls her 太和長公主. Taihe is the name with which she was first enfeoffed.[6] No given name of hers survives in the texts read here.

As a bride she bore the title of khatun, which the Chinese write 可敦. The Xin Tang Shu gives the full title of her investiture as 仁孝端麗明智上壽可敦.[16] After her return the Tang Huiyao calls her 定安大長公主, and the Xin Tang Shu calls her 定安公主.[11] The Zizhi tongjian and the edict of the twenty-seventh day in the Tang Huiyao write 安定.[74]

The texts read here record no further act of hers after the audience at the Xingqing Palace, and no year of her death.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195
  2. ^ Mackerras 1972, p. 44
  3. ^ Sinor 1990, p. 325–326
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6
  5. ^ a b c d Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 83
  7. ^ Mackerras 1972, p. 177
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195; Cefu yuangui, juan 979
  9. ^ a b Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 83; Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6
  10. ^ Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 241; Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 83
  12. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 16; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 241; Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6
  13. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 16; Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 241; Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6
  14. ^ a b Mackerras 1972, p. 44,46
  15. ^ İzgi 1989, p. 24
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217
  17. ^ Jagchid 1989, p. 160
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 98
  19. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 16; Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195; Cefu yuangui, juan 979; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217
  20. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 16; Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6
  21. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195; Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6
  22. ^ Cefu yuangui, juan 979; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217
  23. ^ Mackerras 1972, p. 47
  24. ^ Sinor 1990, p. 325,339
  25. ^ a b Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 241
  26. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195; Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 16
  27. ^ a b Jagchid 1989, p. 161
  28. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246
  29. ^ Drompp 2005, p. 38
  30. ^ a b Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246; Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 8
  31. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246
  32. ^ a b c d Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 6
  33. ^ Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 18
  35. ^ a b Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 18; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217
  36. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 18; Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 195
  37. ^ Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217; Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 5
  38. ^ a b Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 18; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246
  39. ^ a b Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 3
  40. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 18; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246; Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 3
  41. ^ a b Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 5; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246
  42. ^ a b c d e Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 5
  43. ^ Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246; Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 5
  44. ^ a b Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246
  45. ^ Drompp 2005, p. 103
  46. ^ a b Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 8
  47. ^ Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 13; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246
  48. ^ a b c d e f Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 13
  49. ^ Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 246; Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 13
  50. ^ a b Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 161; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 171
  51. ^ a b c d Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 17
  52. ^ a b Cefu yuangui, juan 994
  53. ^ Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 14
  54. ^ a b c d e f Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247; Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 161
  55. ^ Drompp 2005, p. 41
  56. ^ a b c Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247; Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 161; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 171
  57. ^ a b c d Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247
  58. ^ a b Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 161
  59. ^ Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 8; Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 98
  60. ^ a b Drompp 2005, p. 114
  61. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 161; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217
  62. ^ Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217
  63. ^ Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247; Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 98
  64. ^ Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 217; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 171
  65. ^ Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 18; Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 161
  66. ^ Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247; Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 18
  67. ^ a b Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang), juan 18; Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 3
  68. ^ a b c d Drompp 2005, p. 120
  69. ^ Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247
  70. ^ Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 83; Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6
  71. ^ Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247; Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang), juan 83
  72. ^ Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz, juan 6; Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247
  73. ^ Drompp 1999, p. 395
  74. ^ Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance), juan 247; Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang), juan 6

Sources

Literature

  • Colin Mackerras, The Uighur Empire According to the T'ang Dynastic Histories (1972)
  • Michael R. Drompp, Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History (2005)
  • Michael R. Drompp, Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A.D. 840 (1999)
  • Denis Sinor (ed.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (1990)
  • Sechin Jagchid; Van Jay Symons, Peace, War, and Trade Along the Great Wall. Nomadic-Chinese Interaction through Two Millennia (1989)
  • Özkan İzgi, Çin Elçisi Wang Yen-te'nin Uygur Seyahatnamesi (1989)

Related

What links here23

Persons
Are Khan · Du-lü-shi Alp · Emperor Wuzong of Tang · Külüg Bagha · Ögä Khan · Shi Xiong · Tatik Iznanchu · Zhu-wu Alp Sol
States
Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate
Conflicts
Uyghur–Kirghiz War
Battles & Events
Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang (842–848) · Rescue of Princess Taihe (840–843)
Peoples
Heichezi · History of the Turkic peoples · Shiwei · The Great Empires of the Steppe
Lineages
Are
Institutions and Titles
Furs and Musk among the Turkic Peoples · Raw Materials and Trade among the Turkic Peoples · Trade Routes of the Steppe · Women among the Turkic Peoples
Sources
Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz
Controversies
The Kirghiz descent from Li Ling

Cite this article

Yavuz, Emre-E. “Princess Taihe.” Turkic Atlas, revised 8 November 2026. https://turkicatlas.org/persons/princess-taihe/

Last revised: 8 November 2026