Who ruled
- Byzantium Heraclius 610–641
- First Göktürk Khaganate Ilig Khan 620–630 · Töles Khan 620–630
- Western Göktürk Khaganate Tong Yabgu 618–630
And beyond the steppe
Eastern steppe
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Environment · Late Antique Little Ice Age: the cold phase the Altai tree rings define from 536 to about 660 (536–660)
Climate and the steppe empires · First Göktürk Khaganate · Avars
The coldest decade in the Altai is the 540s
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Environment · Lake Telmen stands 4.8 metres above its present level, a humid phase before the drying that follows (600–700)
Western steppe
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Tong Yabgu asks the Tang for a princess, as he had in 622; the emperor agrees and sends Daoli, Prince of Gaoping, to his court
Tong Yabgu · Western Göktürk Khaganate
The advice to agree is Pei Ju's in the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui, Feng Deyi's in the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian
China
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Economy · The Tang cavalry grows from five thousand horses to more than seven hundred thousand, supplied by the Göktürks (618–650)
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Ilig plunders Shuozhou with a hundred thousand men and destroys Zhang Jin's army at Taiyuan
Persia
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Tong Yabgu campaigns against the Hephthalites, reaches the Indus and subdues most of Bactria; his son becomes the first yabgu of Tokharistan
