Who ruled
- Byzantium Heraclius 610–641
- First Göktürk Khaganate Ilig Khan 620–630 · Töles Khan 620–630
- Western Göktürk Khaganate Tong Yabgu 618–630
And beyond the steppe
Eastern steppe
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Environment · Late Antique Little Ice Age: the cold phase the Altai tree rings define from 536 to about 660 (536–660)
Climate and the steppe empires · First Göktürk Khaganate · Avars
The coldest decade in the Altai is the 540s
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Environment · Lake Telmen stands 4.8 metres above its present level, a humid phase before the drying that follows (600–700)
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Environment · A large eruption in 626; a dimmed sky recorded in 626 and 627; the summer of 627 among the four coldest of fifteen hundred years
Climate and the steppe empires · Ilig Khan
From the ice cores; one line of argument leads from it to the fall of 630
China
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Economy · The Tang cavalry grows from five thousand horses to more than seven hundred thousand, supplied by the Göktürks (618–650)
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Eighteen days after Taizong takes the throne, Ilig stands before Chang'an with a great army and withdraws
Ilig Khan · Tang · First Göktürk Khaganate · Hegemony Wars in Northern China · The Wei bridge, 626 · Battle of Jingyang (626)
Byzantium
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The Avars and the Persians besiege Constantinople together and fail; Heraclius is in the east and does not come back for it
Byzantium · Avars · Sasanian Persia · The Caucasus campaign, 627–629
