Who ruled
- Byzantium Heraclius 610–641
- First Göktürk Khaganate Chula Khan 619–620 · Ilig Khan 620–630 · Töles Khan 620–630
- Western Göktürk Khaganate Tong Yabgu 618–630
And beyond the steppe
Eastern steppe
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Environment · Late Antique Little Ice Age: the cold phase the Altai tree rings define from 536 to about 660 (536–660)
Climate and the steppe empires · First Göktürk Khaganate · Avars
The coldest decade in the Altai is the 540s
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Environment · Lake Telmen stands 4.8 metres above its present level, a humid phase before the drying that follows (600–700)
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Chula dies, perhaps poisoned; Ilig Khan takes the throne
Tarim and Sogdiana
China
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Economy · The Tang cavalry grows from five thousand horses to more than seven hundred thousand, supplied by the Göktürks (618–650)
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Chula fetches the Sui empress Xiao and Yang Zhengdao and sets him up as king of Sui at Dingxiang with ten thousand followers
Chula Khan · Sui · The Sui Court in Exile at Dingxiang (620)
