Who ruled

And beyond the steppe

  • China Tang Xuanzong 712–756
  • Iran Umayyad Umar II 717–720 · Yazid II 720–724
  • Korea Silla Seongdeok 702–737
  • Byzantium Isaurian Leo III 717–741

Eastern steppe

  • Environment · Central Mongolia turns drier, by the lake record, and stays so to 1300; the droughts of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (700–1300)

    Climate and the steppe empires · Orkhon valley

  • Culture · The Tonyukuk inscription is raised at Bain Tsokto on the upper Tola, by its author in his own lifetime

    Tonyukuk inscription · Tonyukuk

    Also dated 716 (Wilhelm Radloff): Read from the stone's silence about Bilge Khan's reign; Thomsen's later dating of about 720 is preferred.