Who ruled

And beyond the steppe

  • China Northern Wei Emperor Wencheng 452–465
  • Iran Sasanian Yazdegerd II 438–457 · Hormizd III 457–459
  • Korea Goguryeo Jangsu 413–491
  • Byzantium Theodosian Marcian 450–457 · Leonid Leo I 457–474

Western steppe

  • Culture · Sogdian colonists found the first towns of Semirech'e, Suyab and Navaket among them, as estates of nobles (450–600)

    Suyab · Sogdians

Tarim and Sogdiana

  • A Xiongnu king, Huni, third of his line, holds Samarkand when Sogdian embassies to the Wei resume; the Kidarites in Sogdiana

    Samarkand · Sogdiana · Sogdians

    Wei Shu 102, as the literature on Sogdian trade quotes it; the source is not registered here

  • Culture · Towns founded and walls built in Sogdiana under the Kidarites: Panjikent, Paikent, Bukhara; the citadel of Samarkand raised (440–470)

    Sogdiana · Samarkand · Paikent · Bukhara