Who ruled

And beyond the steppe

  • China Northern Wei Emperor Wencheng 452–465
  • Iran Sasanian Hormizd III 457–459
  • Korea Goguryeo Jangsu 413–491
  • Byzantium Leonid Leo I 457–474

Eastern steppe

  • The emperor Wencheng crosses the desert with a hundred thousand horse and a hundred and fifty thousand carts; Tuhezhen flees

    Tuhezhen Khan · Northern Wei

Western steppe

  • Culture · Sogdian colonists found the first towns of Semirech'e, Suyab and Navaket among them, as estates of nobles (450–600)

    Suyab · Sogdians

Tarim and Sogdiana

  • Culture · Towns founded and walls built in Sogdiana under the Kidarites: Panjikent, Paikent, Bukhara; the citadel of Samarkand raised (440–470)

    Sogdiana · Samarkand · Paikent · Bukhara