Who ruled
- Byzantium Justin II 565–578
- First Göktürk Khaganate Taspar Khan 572–581
- Northern Zhou Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou 560–578
- Sasanian Persia Khosrow I 531–579
- Western Göktürk Khaganate Istemi 552–576
And beyond the steppe
- China Northern Zhou Emperor Wu 560–578 · Northern Qi Gao Wei 565–577
- Iran Sasanian Khosrow I 531–579
- Korea Goguryeo Pyeongwon 559–590
- Byzantium Justinian Justin II 565–578
Eastern steppe
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Environment · Late Antique Little Ice Age: the cold phase the Altai tree rings define from 536 to about 660 (536–660)
Climate and the steppe empires · First Göktürk Khaganate · Avars
The coldest decade in the Altai is the 540s
Western steppe
China
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Economy · The Zhou give Taspar a hundred thousand pieces of silk a year and the Qi empty their treasury to match; the surplus goes west with the Sogdians (572–581)
Persia
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After taking Dara, Khosrow I sends two thousand captive maidens to the Göktürks; on the road they drown themselves in a river
Khosrow's gift of maidens (573) · Khosrow I · John of Ephesus
