Map of Asia in 691: the Second Göktürk Khaganate in Mongolia under Kapgan Khan, the Türgesh around Suyab, the Tarim under Tibet, the Tang and the Umayyad Caliphate
691: Kapgan Khan takes the throne of the Second Göktürk Khaganate. In the west the Türgesh hold the Chu valley around Suyab. Modern map; the borders are drawn, not recorded.
Plate LV in the Atlas → © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

Who ruled

And beyond the steppe

  • China Tang Wu Zetian 690–705
  • Iran Umayyad Abd al-Malik 685–705
  • Korea Silla Sinmun 681–692
  • Byzantium Heraclian Justinian II 685–695

Eastern steppe