53 artículos
Estados
Kaganatos, imperios y confederaciones.
Esta página y el menú están en español. De 53 artículos, 19 existen en español; el resto está en inglés y así se indica.
Los kaganatos göktürk y uigur
-
552–630 Primer Kaganato göktürk El primer Estado de la historia que llevó el nombre «Türk», fundado en 552 en Ötüken por Bumin, de los türk Ashina. Dividido por la guerra civil después de 584 y destruido por las invasiones chinas y las rebeliones internas en 630/656.
-
682–744 Segundo Kaganato göktürk El segundo imperio encabezado por los Ashina, restaurado por Ilterish en 682. Sin alcanzar nunca la gloria del primer imperio, fue destruido en 744 por una coalición de la China Tang, los basmil y los uigures.
-
744–840 Kaganato uigur Infames destructores y sucesores de los göktürk, gobernados por los Yaglakar de los Nueve Oguz. Aliados de la dinastía Tang y señores de la estepa oriental hasta que los kirguises arrasaron Ordu-Balık en 840.
Los demás imperios de la estepa
-
209 a. C.–155 Xiongnu La primera entidad política unificada de la estepa oriental en la historia, de c. 221 a. C. a 89 d. C. Su estructura estatal y su lengua sirvieron de base a muchos grupos túrquicos, entre ellos los huna de Asia Central y los hunos de Europa.
-
400–554 Kaganato rouran El imperio de la estepa que gobernó del Khingan a los Siete Ríos durante siglo y medio. Tuvo a los Ashina por súbditos y cayó ante Bumin en 552.
-
Fechas sin fijar Yenisei Kirghiz Misterioso pueblo de lengua túrquica del alto Yeniséi, conocido por el hierro y el oro. Parte del Imperio göktürk durante la mayor parte del tiempo, pusieron fin al Kaganato uigur y al mandato de gobierno centrado en Ötüken.
Vecinos y otros reinos 48
- Antigua Gran Bulgaria 635–660
-
Bizancio 330–1453
- Bulgaria danubiana 681
- Bulgaria del Volga 900–1240
- Buyeo 494
- Califato abasí 750–1258
- Confederación pechenega 890–1091
- Dinastía Han 202 a. C.–220
- El interregno göktürk, 630–682 630–682
- Estado del yabgu karluk 745
- Estado gaoche 487–541
- Estado karajánida 840–1212
- Estado yabgu de los oghuz 850–1042
- Former Yan 337–370
- Goguryeo 668
- Han Posterior 947–951
-
Imperio huno 370–469
- Imperio kushán 232
- Imperio romano de Occidente 395–476
-
Imperio tibetano 618–842
- Jin Posterior 936–946
-
Kaganato de los kirguises del Yeniséi 840–924
- Kaganato göktürk occidental 552–657
-
Kaganato jázaro 650–969
- Kaganato kimek 850–1050
- Kaganato türgesh 699–744
- Kaganato xueyantuo (Syr Tardush) 628–646
- Las cinco divisiones de los xiongnu 216–304
- Later Yan 384–407
-
Persia sasánida 224–651
-
Qi del Norte 550–577
- Reino de Shanshan 77 a. C.
- Reino uigur de Ganzhou 902–1028
- Reino uigur de Qocho 856–1209
- Samanids 819–999
-
Sui 581–618
-
Suo
-
Tang 618–907
- Tang Posterior 923–936
- The Umayyad Caliphate 661–750
- Turk Shahi de Kabul y Kapisa 625–843
-
Wei del Norte 386–534
-
Wei Occidentales 535–557
- Wei oriental 534–550
- Xiongnu Han 304–329
- Xiongnu meridionales 48–216
- Yabgus del Tojaristán 625–759
-
Zhou del Norte 557–581
Créditos de las imágenes
- Bizancio: Gold solidus of the Byzantine empire, struck between 565 and 578. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 04.35.3353, Gift of Darius Ogden Mills, 1904, Open Access, public domain (CC0).
- Bulgaria danubiana: The Madara Rider, a rock relief of the eighth to ninth century near Shumen in north-eastern Bulgaria. Photograph: G. Nockemann, 2011, CC BY-SA 3.0.
- Wei oriental: 545: Yuwen Tai, chancellor of the Western Wei, sends An Nuopantuo, a Sogdian of Jiuquan, to the Göktürks in the Altai, who are still subjects of the Rouran. It is the first embassy of a Chinese state to the Ashina. Modern map; the road is drawn, the source names no route. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
- Primer Kaganato göktürk: 552: after the victory over the Rouran, Bumin takes the title of khan and founds the First Göktürk Khaganate in their lands. The Tiele are his subjects, and the remnant of the Rouran holds out in the east. Modern map. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
- Han dynasty: Wuzhu coins of the Western Han in the coin gallery of the Shanghai Museum. Photograph: Gary Lee Todd, 2010, CC0.
- Kaganato jázaro: The so-called Moses coin, a Khazar silver coin from the Spillings hoard on Gotland, in the museum at Visby. Photograph: W. Carter, 2015, CC BY-SA 4.0.
- Kushan Empire: Gold coin of the Kushan king Kanishka, struck about 130 CE in the region of Gandhara. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 99.35.3024, Bequest of Joseph H. Durkee, 1898, Open Access, public domain (CC0).
- Qi del Norte: 552: after the victory over the Rouran, Bumin takes the title of khan and founds the First Göktürk Khaganate in their lands. The Tiele are his subjects, and the remnant of the Rouran holds out in the east. Modern map. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
- Wei del Norte: Limestone relief of Emperor Xiaowen and his entourage worshipping the Buddha, Northern Wei dynasty, about 522–23. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 35.146, Fletcher Fund, 1935, Open Access, public domain (CC0).
- Zhou del Norte: The stone gate and the funerary couch from the tomb of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao under the Zhou who died in 579, as shown at the Shaanxi History Museum in Xi'an. The painted and gilded reliefs of the couch show scenes from his life, among them his dealings with the nomads. Photograph: Deadkid dk, 2010, CC BY-SA 3.0.
- Kaganato rouran: c. 402: Shelun leads the Rouran, whose land reaches from Karashahr to Goguryeo, and raids the frontier of the Northern Wei. In the south the Wei, the Later Qin, the Liang states, the Yan states and the Eastern Jin divide China. Modern map; the borders in the steppe and some borders in China are approximate. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
- Samanids: The mausoleum of Ismail Samani at Bukhara, a monument of the Samanid dynasty. Photograph: Adam Jones, 2012, CC BY-SA 2.0.
- Persia sasánida: Silver drachm of the Sasanian empire, about 629 CE. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 36.30.306, Rogers Fund, 1936, Open Access, public domain (CC0).
- Segundo Kaganato göktürk: 682: After Funian's defeat Gudulu gathers the fugitives at Zongcai Mountain and Heisha, raids the Nine Oguz and makes himself Ilterish Khan. Ashide Yuanzhen goes over to him. In the tenth month the Göktürks raid Bingzhou, Lanzhou and Dingzhou. The numbers follow the order of events. Modern map; the roads are drawn, not recorded. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
- Tang: Copper cash coins of the Tang with the legend Kaiyuan tongbao. Photograph: Gary Lee Todd, 2007, CC0.
- El interregno göktürk, 630–682: The Göktürk interregnum, 630–682 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
- Imperio tibetano: The army of Zhang Yichao on the march, with its banners, its cavalry and dancers between the columns, from the wall painting in Cave 156 at Mogao near Dunhuang. The painting commemorates the rising of 848, in which Zhang Yichao drove the Tibetan garrison out of Dunhuang. Wall painting: unknown painter, late Tang period; Mogao Cave 156, Dunhuang. Public domain.
- The Umayyad Caliphate: Gold dinar dated 79 AH (698–99 CE), with an Arabic inscription. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 99.35.2386, Bequest of Joseph H. Durkee, 1898, Open Access, public domain (CC0).
- Kaganato uigur: Uyghur Khaganate in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
- Reino uigur de Qocho: Uyghur donor, wall painting from Cave 17 at Bezeklik, about the tenth to eleventh century, photographed in Berlin in 2006. Photograph: Gryffindor, 2006, public domain.
- Kaganato göktürk occidental: Western Göktürk Khaganate in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
- Wei Occidentales: Horsemen in armour on armoured horses ride down robbers on foot in the story of the Five Hundred Robbers, a wall painting in Cave 285 at Mogao near Dunhuang. The cave was painted under the Western Wei and carries dedications of 538 and 539. Wall painting: unknown painter, Western Wei period (535–557); Mogao Cave 285, Dunhuang. Public domain.
- Xiongnu: Bronze belt plaque with a tiger devouring a ram, Xiongnu, about second century BC. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 49.132, Rogers Fund, 1949. Open Access, public domain (CC0).
- Kaganato xueyantuo (Syr Tardush): 628: In the west Tong Yabgu is murdered by his uncle, and two khans fight over the realm; Yinan leads the Xueyantuo east from the Altai. In the east the Tiele fall away from Ilig Khan, and Töles submits to the Tang. In the Caucasus Jebu Xak'an storms Tiflis in 628 or 629. Modern map; the borders in the steppe are approximate. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
- Kaganato de los kirguises del Yeniséi: The Ujuk-Archan inscription from the upper Yenisei in runiform script, with transcription, as Wilhelm Radloff printed it in 1895. W. Radloff, Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, St Petersburg 1895, p. 305. Public domain.