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Years · 7th century

630

Year of the tiger bars yıl

10 entries in Eastern steppe, Western steppe, Tarim and Sogdiana, China and Caucasus and Crimea.

Map of Eurasia in 630: Li Jing's attack on Dingxiang and his victory at the Iron Mountain north of the Yin Mountains, the Göktürks under Tang protectorates along the Yellow River, the Xueyantuo north of the Gobi, Yiwu with the Tang, the western Göktürk khaganate under Si Yabgu Khan and the battle at Lake Sevan — 630: Li Jing falls on Dingxiang by night and destroys the eastern khaganate at the Iron Mountain. The Göktürks are settled under Tang protectorates along the Yellow River; north of the Gobi the Xueyantuo hold the steppe, and Yiwu goes over to the Tang. In the west Si Yabgu Khan rules; in the Caucasus the northern army wins at Lake Sevan. Modern map; the borders in the steppe are approximate.

Who ruled

Byzantium Heraclius 610–641
First Göktürk Khaganate Ilig Khan 620–630 · Töles Khan 620–630
Western Göktürk Khaganate Tong Yabgu 618–630 · Baghatur Khan 628–630 · Si Yabgu Khan 628–632
Xueyantuo Khaganate (Syr Tardush) Yinan Khan 628–645

And beyond the steppe

China Tang Taizong 626–649
Iran Sasanian Ardashir III 628–630 · Boran 630–631
Korea Goguryeo Yeongnyu 618–642
Byzantium Heraclian Heraclius 610–641

Eastern steppe

Environment · Late Antique Little Ice Age: the cold phase the Altai tree rings define from 536 to about 660 (536–660)

Climate and the steppe empires · First Göktürk Khaganate · Avars

The coldest decade in the Altai is the 540s
Environment · Lake Telmen stands 4.8 metres above its present level, a humid phase before the drying that follows (600–700)

Climate and the steppe empires · Orkhon valley
March · Taizong reaches the Iron Mountain; Ilig is handed to the Tang by his own uncle; the eastern khaganate falls

Tang conquest of the eastern Khaganate, 626–630 · Ilig Khan · First Göktürk Khaganate · Tang · Xueyantuo Khaganate (Syr Tardush) · Hegemony Wars in Northern China · Night Attack on Dingxiang (630) · Battle of the Iron Mountain (630) · Capture of Ilig Khan (630)

The Jiu Tang Shu has Ilig flee to the Iron Mountain in the second month and taken in the third in the camp of his kinsman Shaboluo by Zhang Baoxiang; the hand-over by an uncle is the literature's account
The Sui princess Yicheng, katun of four khans in turn, is killed when the Tang take Ilig's court

Princess Yicheng · Ilig Khan · First Göktürk Khaganate · Tang

Western steppe

Tong Yabgu is murdered by his uncle, who briefly rules as Mohedu; civil war, and the west dissolves into the Ten Arrows

Tong Yabgu · On Oq · Western Göktürk Khaganate · Murder of Tong Yabgu (630)

Also dated 627 (Cefu yuangui 974): The death and Taizong's mourning stand under the first year of Zhenguan. Also dated 628 (Zizhi tongjian 193): The murder at the end of the second year of Zhenguan; the Tiele chapter of the Jiu Tang Shu has the same year.

Tarim and Sogdiana

After Ilig's fall the lord of Yiwu comes to the Tang court and gives up his seven towns, which become a prefecture

Submission of Yiwu (630) · Yiwu · Tang

China

Kang Sumi surrenders to the Tang with the last Sui princes from the Göktürks; An Tuhan with 5,000 men; the Sogdian settlement of the Ordos begins

Sogdians · Ordos · Night Attack on Dingxiang (630)
Economy · The Tang cavalry grows from five thousand horses to more than seven hundred thousand, supplied by the Göktürks (618–650)

Sogdians
The Tang settle the surrendered Göktürks on the Ordos loop in protectorates after the debate of Wen Yanbo and Wei Zheng

Ordos · Ilig Khan · Tang · The Court Debate of 630

Caucasus and Crimea

Čorpan Tarxan's vanguard draws a Persian army of ten thousand into an ambush by Lake Sevan and destroys it

Battle of Lake Sevan (629–630) · The Caucasus campaign, 627–629