Turkic Atlas

Authority on Turkic History

Was ist neu
Projekt unterstützen

Quellen

Überlieferung

Jede Quelle steht dort, wo sie entstanden ist, in der Bahn ihrer Überlieferung. Die dünne Linie nach links führt zu den frühesten Ereignissen, von denen sie berichtet; ihre Länge ist der Abstand zwischen Text und Geschehen. Die geschwungenen Linien verbinden eine Kompilation mit den Werken, die sie ausschreibt: wo sie sich treffen, erzählen zwei Bücher einen Bericht.

Diese Seite und das Menü sind deutsch. Ein Teil der Artikel gibt es auch auf Deutsch, die übrigen sind englisch und als englisch gekennzeichnet.

90 Quellenwerke auf der Zeitachse, 39 davon mit der Reichweite ihrer Berichte, 20 Abhängigkeiten.

Die Quellen in der Zeit

600 v. Chr. 400 v. Chr. 200 v. Chr. 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Shiji · -91 Shiji Han Shu · 111 Han Shu Song Shu · 487–488 Song Shu Nan Shi · 659 Nan Shi Nan Qi Shu · early 6th century, under the Liang Nan Qi Shu Wei Shu · 554 Wei Shu Bei Shi (History of the Northern Dynasties) · 659 Bei Shi Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance) · 1084 Zizhi tongjian Liang Shu · presented in 636 Liang Shu Sui Shu (Book of Sui) · 636 (annals); 656 (treatises) Sui Shu Tongdian · 766–801 Tongdian Zhou Shu (Book of Zhou) · 636 Zhou Shu Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) · 636 Bei Qi Shu Cefu yuangui · 1013 Cefu yuangui Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) · 945 Jiu Tangshu Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang) · 1060 Xin Tangshu Sanguozhi · 3rd century; commentary 429 Sanguozhi Hou Han Shu · 445 Hou Han Shu Tomb of Princess Linhe · 550 Tomb of Princess Linhe Record of the Western Regions · 646 or 648 Record of the Western Regions Life of Xuanzang · 688, in Yancong's edition Life of Xuanzang Fengshi Wenjian Ji · late 8th century Fengshi Wenjian Ji Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz · 843 to 845 Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang) · 961 Tang Huiyao Issyk inscription · disputed: between the fifth and the third century BC Issyk inscription Bugut inscription · about 584 Bugut inscription Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 · undated; the finder of one text proposes about 630 to 680 Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 Begre inscription (E 11) · disputed: from the seventh century to the ninth or later Begre inscription Runiform inscriptions of the Khazar lands · seventh to tenth century, by the position of the finds; no inscription is dated by its own text Runiform inscriptions of the Khazar lands Yenisei inscriptions · disputed: from the seventh century to the tenth; no inscription is dated Yenisei inscriptions Afrasiab paintings · 660 Afrasiab paintings South Yenisei inscriptions · The eighth to the tenth century by the graves and stelae that carry the texts. No text gives a date. South Yenisei inscriptions Szarvas needle case inscription · about the eighth century Szarvas needle case inscription Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós · the vessels in the eighth and ninth centuries by their style; the inscriptions disputed Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós Ulaangom inscription · Placed in the first half of the eighth century by its first reader, on the strength of one word that a second reader reads differently. The other study gives no date. Ulaangom inscription Altın Köl Inscriptions · undated; the year 711 follows if the dead man is the Kirghiz khan Bars Beg; the letter forms have led others to date both stones to the end of the ninth century Altın Köl Inscriptions Ongi inscription · disputed, between 716 and 740 Ongi inscription Küli Čor inscription · disputed, between 719 and 725 Küli Čor inscription Tonyukuk inscription · about 720 to 725, or 732 to 734 on a second dating Tonyukuk inscription Nalaikh Inscription · about 730, by estimate; no dated find supports it, and the authenticity of the piece is itself questioned Nalaikh Inscription Kül Tegin inscription · 732 Kül Tegin inscription Bilge Khan inscription · 735 Bilge Khan inscription Suji inscription · disputed: before 780, or after 840 Suji inscription Tariat inscription · 750–756 Tariat inscription Hoyto Tamir inscriptions · Three texts carry animal-year dates, which one reckoning sets in 753 and 756. The editors place at least two further texts in the Uyghur age by the tamga cut at their end. The other texts have no stated date. Hoyto Tamir inscriptions Šine-Usu inscription · 759–761 Šine-Usu inscription Tes inscription · Placed at about 750, at about 761 or 762, or after 760–761. No year is legible in a form that all readers accept. Tes inscription Karabalghasun inscription · 800–830 Karabalghasun inscription Protobulgarian sign corpus · mostly the ninth century, above all under Omurtag (814 to 831) Protobulgarian sign corpus Murfatlar inscriptions · second half of the ninth century to the first half of the tenth Murfatlar inscriptions Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus · third to fifth century; a few before the Ancient Letters, most not before the fifth century, none after the beginning of the seventh Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus Sogdian Ancient Letters · 313 by the prevailing reckoning; 196 by another Sogdian Ancient Letters Mount Mugh documents · the decade after 710 Mount Mugh documents Sogdian inscriptions of the Talas valley · beginning of the tenth to beginning of the eleventh century; the last February–March 1026 Sogdian inscriptions of the Talas valley Priscus · after 472; published soon after 476 Priscus Theophylact Simocatta · begun after 610 and before 638, probably in the late 620s, under Heraclius Theophylact Simocatta Theophanes the Confessor · c. 810–814 Theophanes the Confessor Procopius · the 550s Procopius Theophanes of Byzantium · after 581, probably in the last years of Maurice Theophanes of Byzantium Menander Protector · after 582, under the emperor Maurice Menander Protector Nikephoros · probably the 780s Nikephoros De administrando imperio · about 948 to 952 De administrando imperio Ammianus Marcellinus · completed most probably in the winter of 392/393 Ammianus Marcellinus Jordanes · 551 Jordanes Sebeos · c. 655, with notices added down to 661 Sebeos Movsēs Dasxurancʿi · 10th century, drawing on seventh-century material Movsēs Dasxurancʿi Ibn Rusta · about 290 AH (903), using older material Ibn Rusta al-Iṣṭakhrī · about 320 AH (932) al-Iṣṭakhrī aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī · between 408 and 412 of the hijra, about 1017 to 1021 aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī Tabari · early 10th century Tabari Ibn Fadlan · after 922 Ibn Fadlan al-Masʿūdī · the Meadows of Gold in the 940s; al-Tanbīh in 956 al-Masʿūdī Marvazī (Ṭabāʾiʿ al-ḥayawān) · about 1120 (514 AH) Marvazī Narshakhī, History of Bukhara · 943 or 944 (Arabic original); Persian version 1128; abridged and enlarged 1178 Narshakhī, History of Bukhara Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam · 982 Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam Shahnameh · completed about 1010 Shahnameh Gardīzī (Zayn al-akhbār) · about 1050 (about 440 AH) Gardīzī Irk Bitig · 930 Irk Bitig Kutadgu Bilig · 1069–1070 Kutadgu Bilig Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk · 1073–1077 Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Tomb of Kang Ye · 571 Tomb of Kang Ye John of Ephesus · Part III begun before 578 and carried to 588; book VI, chapter 23 written before 581 John of Ephesus Tomb of An Jia · 579 Tomb of An Jia Tomb of Shi Jun · 580 Tomb of Shi Jun Tomb of Yu Hong · 592 Tomb of Yu Hong Old Tibetan report on the northern kings · mid-8th century, soon after the founding of the Uyghur khaganate Old Tibetan report on the northern kings The Kievian letter · about 930; the tenth and the eleventh century are both argued The Kievian letter The Schechter letter · middle of the tenth century The Schechter letter The Khazar correspondence · Hasdai's letter after 954 and before 961; Joseph's reply about 960 The Khazar correspondence Russian Primary Chronicle · about 1113, revised in the twelfth century Russian Primary Chronicle
entstanden früheste berichtete Ereignisse schreibt aus Die Zeitachse lässt sich seitlich verschieben.

Die Quellen in Zahlen

WerkÜberlieferungEntstandenFrüheste EreignisseAbstandSchöpft aus
Shiji Chinesisch 91 v. Chr.
Han Shu Chinesisch 111 Shiji
Song Shu Chinesisch 487–488 420 67 Jahre
Nan Shi Chinesisch 659 420 239 Jahre Song Shu, Nan Qi Shu, Liang Shu
Nan Qi Shu Chinesisch 500–530 479 21 Jahre
Wei Shu Chinesisch 554 386 168 Jahre
Bei Shi Chinesisch 659 Wei Shu, Zhou Shu, Sui Shu
Zizhi tongjian Chinesisch 1084 Wei Shu, Zhou Shu, Sui Shu, Bei Shi
Liang Shu Chinesisch 636 502 134 Jahre
Sui Shu Chinesisch 636
Tongdian Chinesisch 766–801 Sui Shu, Zhou Shu
Zhou Shu Chinesisch 636
Bei Qi Shu Chinesisch 636 532 104 Jahre Bei Shi
Cefu yuangui Chinesisch 1013 Tongdian, Jiu Tangshu
Jiu Tangshu Chinesisch 945 618 327 Jahre
Xin Tangshu Chinesisch 1060 618 442 Jahre Jiu Tangshu
Sanguozhi Chinesisch 429
Hou Han Shu Chinesisch 445
Tomb of Princess Linhe Chinesisch 550 542 8 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
Record of the Western Regions Chinesisch 646 629 17 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
Life of Xuanzang Chinesisch 688
Fengshi Wenjian Ji Chinesisch 770–800
Li Deyu's Letters to the Kirghiz Chinesisch 843–845 843 0 Jahre
Tang Huiyao Chinesisch 961 618 343 Jahre
Issyk inscription Steppe 500 v. Chr.–200 v. Chr. (Augenzeuge)
Bugut inscription Steppe 584 552 32 Jahre
Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 Steppe 600–900
Begre inscription Steppe 650–950
Runiform inscriptions of the Khazar lands Steppe 650–950
Yenisei inscriptions Steppe 650–1000
Afrasiab paintings Steppe 660 650 10 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
South Yenisei inscriptions Steppe 700–1000 (Augenzeuge)
Szarvas needle case inscription Steppe 700–800
Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós Steppe 700–850
Ulaangom inscription Steppe 700–750 (Augenzeuge)
Altın Köl Inscriptions Steppe 711
Ongi inscription Steppe 716–740 (Augenzeuge)
Küli Čor inscription Steppe 719–725 (Augenzeuge)
Tonyukuk inscription Steppe 720 679 41 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
Nalaikh Inscription Steppe 730
Kül Tegin inscription Steppe 732 552 180 Jahre
Bilge Khan inscription Steppe 735
Suji inscription Steppe 745–900
Tariat inscription Steppe 750–756 741 9 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
Hoyto Tamir inscriptions Steppe 753–756 (Augenzeuge)
Šine-Usu inscription Steppe 759–761 744 15 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
Tes inscription Steppe 760–761 (Augenzeuge)
Karabalghasun inscription Steppe 800–830 744 56 Jahre
Protobulgarian sign corpus Steppe 800–900
Murfatlar inscriptions Steppe 850–950
Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus Sogdisch 250–450 (Augenzeuge)
Sogdian Ancient Letters Sogdisch 313 311 2 Jahre
Mount Mugh documents Sogdisch 710–722 710 0 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
Sogdian inscriptions of the Talas valley Sogdisch 900–1026 (Augenzeuge)
Priscus Griechisch 434–472 433 1 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
Theophylact Simocatta Griechisch 610 582 28 Jahre
Theophanes the Confessor Griechisch 810–814 284 526 Jahre Theophylact Simocatta
Procopius Griechisch 550–559 527 23 Jahre
Theophanes of Byzantium Griechisch 581 566 15 Jahre
Menander Protector Griechisch 582 557 25 Jahre
Nikephoros Griechisch 780–789 602 178 Jahre
De administrando imperio Griechisch 948–952
Ammianus Marcellinus Lateinisch 392 375 17 Jahre
Jordanes Lateinisch 551 370 181 Jahre Priscus, Ammianus Marcellinus
Sebeos Armenisch 655 572 83 Jahre
Movsēs Dasxurancʿi Armenisch 900–1000
Ibn Rusta Arabisch 290
al-Iṣṭakhrī Arabisch 320
aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī Arabisch 408
Tabari Arabisch 900–930
Ibn Fadlan Arabisch 921–922 921 0 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
al-Masʿūdī Arabisch 940–949
Marvazī Arabisch 1120
Narshakhī, History of Bukhara Persisch 943 673 270 Jahre
Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam Persisch 982 982 0 Jahre
Shahnameh Persisch 1010
Gardīzī Persisch 1050
Irk Bitig Türkisch 930
Kutadgu Bilig Türkisch 1069–1070
Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Türkisch 1073–1077
Tomb of Kang Ye Sonstige 571 571 0 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
John of Ephesus Sonstige 578 571 7 Jahre
Tomb of An Jia Sonstige 579 579 0 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
Tomb of Shi Jun Sonstige 580 580 0 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
Tomb of Yu Hong Sonstige 592 592 0 Jahre (Augenzeuge)
Old Tibetan report on the northern kings Sonstige 700–800
The Kievian letter Sonstige 930
The Schechter letter Sonstige 950
The Khazar correspondence Sonstige 954–961
Russian Primary Chronicle Sonstige 1113

Fünf Sprachen

Der Atlas in deiner Sprache

Menüs, Chronologien und bewegte Karten stehen in allen fünf Sprachen, dazu 304 Artikel.

Neu, Grundstufe:OʻzbekchaҚазақшаКыргызча