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Jedes Bild, das in einem Artikel oder auf einer Seite des Atlas steht, steht hier beisammen. Die erste Spalte zeigt Fotos und historische Darstellungen: Wandmalereien, Stelen, Münzen, Funde und Landschaften. Die Karten stehen vorn, für sich. Die zweite Spalte zeigt moderne Darstellungen: Illustrationen, Rekonstruktionen und Gemälde. Jeder Kasten nennt den Artikel, in dem das Bild steht, und ein Klick zeigt es groß, mit seiner Unterschrift.

Diese Seite und das Menü sind deutsch. Ein Teil der Artikel gibt es auch auf Deutsch, die übrigen sind englisch und als englisch gekennzeichnet.

340 Bilder: 68 Karten, 188 Fotos und historische Darstellungen, 84 moderne Darstellungen.

Karten

Karten der Steppenreiche und ihrer Nachbarn, jede mit ihrem Zeitschnitt. Eine Karte zeigt, was Quellen und Forschung hergeben; Grenzen und Zonen sind ungefähr, wo die Unterschrift es sagt.

  • c. 215 BCc. 215 BC: Qin takes the Ordos

    Map of East Asia around 215 BC: Qin with the Ordos taken by Meng Tian, the Xiongnu under Duman north of the Yellow River, the Donghu in the east and the Yuezhi between Dunhuang and the Qilian mountains, with a second reading in the Tian Shan © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Um 215 v. Chr.: Der Erste Kaiser von Qin schickt Meng Tian nach Norden. Er nimmt den Ordos im großen Bogen des Gelben Flusses und macht den Fluss zur Grenze. Der Chanyu der Xiongnu, Duman, weicht nach Norden aus; wie weit, sagt die Quelle nicht. Im Osten stehen die Donghu, zwischen Dunhuang und dem Qilian-Gebirge die Yuezhi; eine zweite Lesart setzt sie in den Tian Shan. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr -215, Duman (Touman), Xiongnu

  • 209–200 BC209–200 BC: Bagatur unites the steppe

    Map of East Asia from 209 to 200 BC: the Xiongnu under Bagatur from the Ordos to Lake Baikal, the Wuhuan, Dingling and Gekun as their subjects, the campaigns against the Donghu, the Yuezhi and the northern peoples, the Han in China and the siege of Baideng © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    209–200 v. Chr.: Modu Chanyu (Mete Han) tötet seinen Vater Duman und wird Chanyu. Er vernichtet den König der Donghu, drängt die Yuezhi zurück, holt das Land, das Meng Tian genommen hatte, bis Chaona und Fushi zurück und unterwirft die Dingling, die Gekun und die übrigen Völker des Nordens; die Wuhuan zahlen ihm Tribut. 200 v. Chr. schließt er den Han-Kaiser Gaozu bei Baideng nahe Pingcheng ein. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, die Grenzen in der Steppe ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr -209, Bagatur (Modu Chanyu), Die Kriege zwischen Xiongnu und Han

  • 176–174 BC176–174 BC: The Xiongnu at their height

    Map of East Asia from 176 to 174 BC: the Xiongnu at their greatest extent from the Tarim to the land of the Donghu, the oasis states, Jushi, the Hujie, Dingling, Gekun and Wuhuan as their subjects, the Wise King of the Right against the Yuezhi and the Yuezhi moving west to the Ili, with the Han and Gojoseon © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    176–174 v. Chr.: In einem Brief von 176 v. Chr. meldet Modu Chanyu (Mete Han) dem Han-Hof, der Weise König der Rechten habe die Yuezhi vernichtet, und Loulan, die Wusun, die Hujie und sechsundzwanzig Staaten um sie seien alle Xiongnu geworden. Die Yuezhi ziehen nach Westen an den Ili. 174 v. Chr. stirbt Modu Chanyu, sein Sohn Laoshang folgt ihm. Moderne Karte; den Nordrand des Reichs beschreibt keine Quelle, die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr -177, Bagatur (Modu Chanyu), History of the Turkic peoples

  • 133 BC133 BC: The Mayi ambush

    Map of East Asia in 133 BC: the Xiongnu under Junchen with the Ordos and the Hexi corridor, their subjects from the Tarim to the Wuhuan, the Yuezhi on the Ili, the Han, and the march of the chanyu towards Mayi, where three hundred thousand Han lie in ambush, and his withdrawal © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    133 v. Chr.: Die Han verbergen dreihunderttausend Mann um die Grenzstadt Mayi und bieten die Stadt dem Chanyu Junchen an. Er kommt mit hunderttausend Reitern über die Grenze, sieht hundert li vor der Stadt das Vieh ohne Hirten weiden, erfährt von einem gefangenen Offizier vom Hinterhalt und kehrt um. Die Heqin-Regelung endet, und sechzig Jahre offener Krieg beginnen. Moderne Karte; der Weg des Chanyu ist gezeichnet, die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr -133, Der Hinterhalt von Mayi

  • c. 100 BCc. 100 BC: The Xiongnu north of the Gobi

    Map of East Asia around 100 BC: the Xiongnu north of the Gobi with the Tarim oasis states, Jushi, the Hujie, Dingling and Gekun as their subjects, the Han with the Ordos and the Hexi corridor, the Wuhuan subject to the Han, the Wusun and the Da Yuezhi, and the campaigns of 119 BC © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Um 100 v. Chr.: Nach den Feldzügen von Wei Qing und Huo Qubing 119 v. Chr. gibt es südlich der Gobi keinen Hof der Xiongnu mehr. Die Han halten den Ordos und den Hexi-Korridor von Wuwei bis Dunhuang, und die Wuhuan bewachen für sie die Xiongnu; bis 105 v. Chr. ist der Chanyu weiter nach Nordwesten gezogen. Die Oasenstaaten des Tarim und die Völker des Nordens sind den Xiongnu weiter untertan. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, die Grenzen in der Steppe ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr -100, Xiongnu, Die Kriege zwischen Xiongnu und Han

  • 8989: Dou Xian’s campaign against the Northern Xiongnu

    Map of Dou Xian’s campaign in 89: the Northern Xiongnu in the Mongolian steppe, the Southern Xiongnu subject to the Eastern Han, the march from the Jilu pass to the battle at Mount Jiluo in the Altai and the Yanran inscription, with the Xianbei in the east and the Wusun, the oases of the Tarim and the Kushans in the west © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    89: Dou Xian zieht mit den Südlichen Xiongnu vom Jilu-Pass aus und schlägt den nördlichen Chanyu am Berg Jiluo im Altai; eine Inschrift am Berg Yanran hält den Sieg fest. Die Südlichen Xiongnu sind den Han untertan, im Osten sitzen die Xianbei. Moderne Karte; der Weg ist gezeichnet, die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 89, Xiongnu, Han campaigns against the Northern Xiongnu, Die Kriege zwischen Xiongnu und Han

  • c. 155c. 155: The Xianbei in the old Xiongnu land

    Map of the Xianbei about 155: the realm of Tanshihuai over the Mongolian steppe, the Southern Xiongnu inside the frontier of the Eastern Han, the protectorate of the Western Regions, the Wusun and the Kushans, and Northern Xiongnu north-west of Kangju as a second reading © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Um 155: Unter Tanshihuai halten die Xianbei das alte Land der Xiongnu in der mongolischen Steppe. Die Südlichen Xiongnu leben innerhalb der Han-Grenze, und die Han verwalten die Oasen im Westen durch das Protektorat der Westlichen Gebiete. Eine zweite Lesart setzt Nördliche Xiongnu nordwestlich von Kangju. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 155, Tanshihuai

  • 395–396395–396: The Hunnic raid through the Caucasus

    Map of the Hunnic raid of 395–396: the Huns north of the Caucasus, the main raid over the Darial pass to Melitene, Antioch and Edessa, the raid of Basich and Kursich down the Tigris to Ctesiphon and back through Derbent, and the find area of the runic fragments in Syria © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    395–396: Die Hunnen überqueren den Kaukasus und fallen in Armenien, Melitene, Antiochia und Edessa ein. Basich und Kursich reiten den Tigris hinab bis Ktesiphon und kehren durch die Kaspischen Tore zurück. Das Jahr ihres Zugs ist umstritten. Das Fundgebiet der Runenfragmente in Syrien ist schraffiert. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 395, Hunneneinfall von 395

  • c. 402c. 402: Shelun and the Northern Wei

    Map of East Asia about 402: the Rouran from Karashahr to Goguryeo, Shelun's raid on the Northern Wei, and in China the Wei, the Later Qin, the Liang states, the Yan states and the Eastern Jin, with the Tuyuhun, the Tarim oasis states, the Wusun and the Kidarites © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Um 402: Shelun führt die Rouran, deren Land von Karaschahr bis Goguryeo reicht, und fällt in das Grenzland der Nördlichen Wei ein. Im Süden teilen sich die Wei, die Späteren Qin, die Liang-Staaten, die Yan-Staaten und die Östlichen Jin China. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen in der Steppe und manche Grenzen in China sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 402, Shelun Khan, Rouran-Khaganat, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 439439: The Wei take the Northern Liang

    Map of East Asia in 439: the Rouran in the steppe, the Northern Wei with the Northern Liang they took in 439, the march of the Wei from Pingcheng to Guzang, the flight of the Ashina to the Rouran, and the Liu Song in the south © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    439: Die Nördlichen Wei ziehen gegen Guzang, und die Nördlichen Liang kapitulieren. Die Ashina fliehen mit fünfhundert Familien zu den Rouran. Die Rouran halten die Steppe nördlich der Gobi; südlich der Wei liegen die Liu Song. Moderne Karte; der Weg der Wei ist gezeichnet, die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 439, Rouran-Khaganat, Die Flucht der Ashina (439)

  • 450450: The Pontic steppe

    Map of the Pontic steppe around 450: the realm of Attila from the Danube to the Volga, the Akatziri in two proposed places, the Alans north of the Caucasus, and the Eastern Roman Empire and Sasanian Persia as neighbours © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Um 450: Das Reich Attilas reicht von der Donau in die Steppe. Die Akatziren stehen an zwei vertretenen Orten, nordwestlich des Schwarzen Meeres und am Asowschen Meer. Moderne Karte; keine Quelle verzeichnet die Grenze.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 450, Akatziren

  • 453453: The Hunnic Empire at Attila’s death

    Map of Europe at Attila's death in 453: the Hunnic Empire from the Rhine to the Caspian Sea with the Gepids as subjects, the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, the Visigoths, Franks and Burgundians, Sasanian Persia, and the routes of Attila's campaigns in Gaul in 451 and in Italy in 452 © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    453: Bei Attilas Tod reicht das Hunnenreich vom Rhein bis zum Kaspischen Meer, und die Gepiden und andere Völker sind den Hunnen untertan. Dünne Linien zeigen Attilas Feldzüge nach Gallien 451 und nach Italien 452. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen des Reichs sind ungefähr, die Lage der Katalaunischen Felder ist umstritten.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 453, Attila, History of the Turkic peoples

  • c. 460c. 460: The Ashina in the Altai

    Map of East Asia about 460: the Rouran in the steppe with their hatched reach west to Lake Balkhash, the Ashina as a small subject territory on the southern slope of the Altai, the road of the Ashina from Gaochang, the march of the Rouran against the Tiele, the Northern Wei and the Liu Song in China © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Um 460: Die Ashina, fünfhundert Familien, siedeln als Untertanen der Rouran am Südhang des Altai. Im Westen unterwerfen die Rouran die Tiele; 460 setzen sie in Gaochang Kan Bozhou als König ein. Südlich der Gobi liegen die Nördlichen Wei und die Liu Song. Moderne Karte; der Weg der Ashina ist eine Rekonstruktion, die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 460, Ashina

  • 463463: The chain of expulsions

    Map of the chain of expulsions around 463: the Abares pressing the Sabirs, the Sabirs pressing the Saragurs, Ogurs and Onogurs west, the defeat of the Akatziri, the embassy of the Saragurs to Constantinople and their later raid through the Caucasus, with an inset of the Rouran © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Um 463: Die Abaren vertreiben die Sabiren, und die Sabiren drängen die Saraguren, Oguren und Onoguren nach Westen. Die Saraguren besiegen die Akatziren und schicken eine Gesandtschaft nach Konstantinopel. Später ziehen sie über den Kaukasus. Moderne Karte; die Pfeile sind eine Rekonstruktion.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 463, Saraguren

  • 466–469466–469: The end of Attila's sons

    Map of the years 466–469: the Huns after the Nedao on the lower Danube, Dengizich's march against Bassiana, Ernak in two proposed places at the mouth of the Tisza and in the Dobruja, Emnetzur and Ultzindur on the Danube, and the death of Dengizich in 469 © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    466–469: Dengizich zieht gegen Bassiana. Ernak steht an zwei vertretenen Orten, an der Theißmündung und in der Dobrudscha. Emnetzur und Ultzindur halten Städte an der Donau. Dengizich fällt 469, sein Kopf wird in Konstantinopel gezeigt. Moderne Karte; der Ort seines Todes ist nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 466, Dengizich

  • 516516: Chounu crushes the Gaoche

    Map of East Asia in 516: the Rouran under Chounu, his campaign west against the Gaoche, the Ashina in the Altai as subjects of the Rouran, the Northern Wei and the Liang in China, the Tuyuhun, the Tarim oasis states and the Hephthalites © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    516: Der Rouran-Khan Chounu zieht nach Westen, schlägt die Gaoche, nimmt ihren König Mi'etu gefangen und tötet ihn. Die Ashina im Altai sind den Rouran untertan. Moderne Karte; der Weg ist gezeichnet, der Ort der Schlacht ist nicht überliefert, die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 516, Chounu Khan, Rouran-Khaganat

  • 520520: Anagui flees to the Wei

    Map of East Asia in 520: the Rouran in civil war, Anagui's flight to the Northern Wei at Luoyang, the independent Gaoche, the Ashina in the Altai, the Northern Wei and the Liang, the Tuyuhun and the Tarim oasis states © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    520: Chounu wird getötet, und ein Bürgerkrieg spaltet die Rouran. Anagui wird vertrieben und flieht zu den Nördlichen Wei nach Luoyang. Die Gaoche bleiben unabhängig. Moderne Karte; der Weg ist gezeichnet, die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 520, Anagui

  • 523–528523–528: The uprisings of the Northern Wei

    Map of northern China, 523 to 528: the revolt of the Six Garrisons along the northern frontier of the Northern Wei from Woye to Yuyi, the risings in Guanzhong around Chang'an and in Hebei, Anagui's march with the Rouran from Wuchuan against Woye in 525, and Erzhu Rong against Ge Rong at Ye in 528 © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    523–528: Die Garnisonen an der Nordgrenze der Nördlichen Wei erheben sich unter Poliuhan Baling und schlagen die Wei 524 bei Wuyuan und Baidao. 525 bricht der Rouran-Khan Anagui den Aufstand für die Wei. Der Krieg zieht nach Guanzhong und Hebei, bis Erzhu Rong 528 Ge Rong bei Ye besiegt. Moderne Karte; die schraffierten Flächen zeigen, wo die Aufstände liefen, nicht Grenzen.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 523, Rouran-Khaganat, Der Aufstand der Sechs Garnisonen

  • c. 542Asia around 542: Bumin becomes yabgu of the Ashina

    Map of Asia around 542: the Rouran Khaganate across the eastern steppe, with the Ashina in the Altai and the Tiele from Dzungaria to the Caspian as its subjects, beside the Western and Eastern Wei, the Liang, the Tuyuhun, the Tarim Basin, the Hephthalites, the Nezak Huns, Sasanian Persia, the Eastern Roman Empire and Goguryeo © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Asien um 542, im Jahr, in dem Bumin Yabgu der Ashina wurde: die Ashina im Altai und die Tiele als Untertanen der Rouran, die die östliche Steppe beherrschen, daneben die Westlichen und Östlichen Wei, die Liang, die Tuyuhun, die Hephthaliten, das Sasanidenreich und das Oströmische Reich. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 542, Bumin Khan, Erstes Göktürk-Khaganat, Ashina

  • 545545: The Western Wei embassy to the Göktürks

    Map of Asia in 545: the embassy of the Western Wei under An Nuopantuo from Jiuquan to the Ashina in the Altai, subjects of the Rouran, who rule the eastern steppe with the Tiele as further subjects, beside the Western and Eastern Wei, the Liang, the Tuyuhun, the Hephthalites, Sasanian Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    545: Yuwen Tai, der Kanzler der Westlichen Wei, schickt An Nuopantuo, einen Sogdier aus Jiuquan, zu den Göktürken im Altai, die noch Untertanen der Rouran sind. Es ist die erste Gesandtschaft eines chinesischen Staates an die Ashina. Moderne Karte; der Weg ist gezeichnet, die Quelle nennt keinen.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 545, Anagui, Bumin Khan, Östliche Wei, Westliche Wei, Die Herrschaft der Rouran über die Turkvölker, Die Gesandtschaft der Westlichen Wei 545

  • 546546: Bumin defeats the Tiele

    Map of the defeat of the Tiele in 546: the Tiele move from Dzungaria against the Rouran, Bumin and the Ashina strike them from the Altai, and the beaten Tiele pass into the Ashina territory, which reaches south towards Turfan, within the Rouran Khaganate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    546: Die Tiele ziehen gegen die Rouran; Bumin fängt sie auf dem Marsch ab und schlägt sie, und mehr als fünfzigtausend Zelte der Tiele unterwerfen sich ihm. Die Ashina, noch Untertanen der Rouran, halten den Altai und das Land nach Süden gegen Turfan. Moderne Karte; die Wege und der Ort der Schlacht sind gezeichnet.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 546, Die Niederlage der Tiele, 546

  • 550550: The Sea of Azov

    Map of the Sea of Azov around 550: the Kutrigurs west and the Utigurs east of the Don, the Sabirs and Onogurs north of the Caucasus, Bosporos and Cherson in the Crimea, the Kutrigur raids of 551 and 558–559, and the arrival of the Avars in 557 © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Um 550: Die Kutriguren leben westlich, die Utiguren östlich von Don und Asowschem Meer, die Sabiren und Onoguren nördlich des Kaukasus. Die Kutriguren ziehen 551 aus und erreichen 558–559 unter Zabergan Konstantinopel. Die Awaren kommen 557. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 550, Kutrigurs

  • 551–552551–552: The Göktürk–Rouran war

    Map of the Göktürk–Rouran war of 551 and 552: from the Altai the Ashina under Bumin strike a Rouran army in Dzungaria and drive east across the Gobi to Huaihuang, where Anagui kills himself; the Rouran rule the eastern steppe, the Tiele are their subjects in the west © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    551–552: Die Göktürken unter Bumin erheben sich gegen die Rouran. Im Januar 552 schlagen sie ein Heer der Rouran in der Dsungarei, dann vernichten sie das Hauptheer der Rouran nördlich von Huaihuang, und Anagui tötet sich. Moderne Karte; die Wege und der Ort der Schlacht in der Dsungarei sind gezeichnet.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 551, Rouran-Khaganat, Die Kriege der Göktürken gegen die Rouran, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 552552: The First Göktürk Khaganate

    Map of Asia in 552: the First Göktürk Khaganate across the eastern steppe from the Altai to the Khingan, south of Lake Baikal, the Tiele in the west as its subjects, the remnant of the Rouran in the east, beside the Western Wei, the Northern Qi, the Liang, the Tuyuhun, the Hephthalites and Persia © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    552: Nach dem Sieg über die Rouran nimmt Bumin den Titel Khan an und gründet in ihrem Land das Erste Göktürk-Khaganat. Die Tiele sind seine Untertanen, und der Rest der Rouran hält sich im Osten. Moderne Karte.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 552, Bumin Khan, Erstes Göktürk-Khaganat, Nördliche Qi, Die Ausrufung Bumin Khans (552)

  • 553553: The last Rouran and Istemi’s march west

    Map of Asia in 553: the Göktürk Khaganate with the Tiele as subjects, the battle at Mount Mulai against the last Rouran, the march of the Qi to Shuozhou, and Istemi's first advances west from the Altai, with the Western Wei, the Northern Qi, the Hephthalites and Sasanian Persia © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    553: Issik schlägt die Rouran des Dengshuzi am Berg Mulai; zum Jahresende verfolgen die Nördlichen Qi die Göktürken bis Shuozhou. Im Westen bricht Istemi vom Altai auf: der Beginn seines großen Feldzugs. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, die Lage des Bergs Mulai ist umstritten.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 553, Rouran-Khaganat, Die Schlacht am Berg Mulai (553)

  • 554554: Anluochen’s revolt and the fall of Jiangling

    Map of Asia in 554: the Göktürk Khaganate with the Tiele as subjects, the Rouran remnant between the Göktürks and the Northern Qi, the Qi pursuit to the Huanggua hill, the fall of Jiangling to the Western Wei, and Istemi's advance in the west © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    554: Anluochen erhebt sich gegen die Nördlichen Qi. Die Rouran fallen in Sizhou ein, und der Kaiser der Qi verfolgt sie von Jinyang bis zum Huanggua-Hügel. Er nimmt über 30.000 Menschen gefangen. Im Süden nehmen die Westlichen Wei Jiangling und setzen Xiao Cha über ein von ihnen abhängiges Liang. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 554, Anluochen

  • 555555: The end of the Rouran

    Map of Asia in 555: the Göktürk Khaganate reaching Lake Balkhash, the Qi campaign to Huaishuo and Woye against the last Rouran, the killing of the Rouran at the Qingmen gate of Chang'an, and the frontier zone between the Göktürks and China © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    555: Der Kaiser der Qi lässt den Tross bei Baidao und schlägt die Rouran mit 5.000 leichten Reitern bei Huaishuo und bei Woye. Er nimmt über 20.000 Menschen gefangen. In Chang’an liefern die Westlichen Wei Dengshuzi und etwa 3.000 Rouran den Gesandten Mukans aus, die sie vor dem Qingmen-Tor töten. Im Westen erreicht Istemi nach einer Rechnung den Balchaschsee. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 555, Rouran-Khaganat, Die Hinrichtungen am Qingmen-Tor (555)

  • 556556: The Göktürks and the Western Wei against the Tuyuhun

    Map of the campaign against the Tuyuhun in 556: Mukan's march from the steppe by Liangzhou to the Qinghai lake and on the northern road against Hezhen, Shi Ning's march against Shudun, the Göktürk Khaganate, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi with their wall and the Liang © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    556: Mukan Khan kommt nach Liangzhou und zieht mit dem General der Westlichen Wei Shi Ning an den Qinghai-See. Mukan nimmt Hezhen auf der Nordstraße, Shi Ning nimmt Shudun. Die 555 gebaute Mauer der Qi schützt die Nordgrenze der Nördlichen Qi. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, das Jahr des Feldzugs, 555 oder 556, ist umstritten.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 556, Der Feldzug der Göktürken und der Wei gegen die Tuyuhun (556)

  • 557557: The Northern Zhou and the flight of the Avars

    Map of Asia in 557: the Göktürk Khaganate from Lake Balkhash to the land of the Khitan, the Tiele as subjects, the Northern Zhou, the Northern Qi and the Chen, and the flight of the Avars west to the Alans north of the Caucasus © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    557: Die Nördlichen Zhou treten an die Stelle der Westlichen Wei, und die Chen besteigen den Thron der Liang. Im Westen fliehen die Awaren vor den Göktürken und erreichen die Alanen nördlich des Kaukasus. Ihr Weg ist nicht überliefert. Moderne Karte; der Weg der Awaren ist eine moderne Rekonstruktion.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 557, Nördliche Zhou, Die Flucht der Awaren (557)

  • 558558: The Avars reach Constantinople

    Map of Asia in 558: the road of the first Avar embassy through the Alans and Lazica to Constantinople, the Avar attacks on the Onogurs and the Sabirs, and the Göktürk Khaganate from Lake Balkhash to the land of the Khitan © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    558: Die erste Gesandtschaft der Awaren kommt über die Alanen und Lazika nach Konstantinopel. Danach schlagen die Awaren die Onoguren und vernichten die Sabiren. Moderne Karte; der Weg der Gesandtschaft ist gezeichnet, die Orte der Kämpfe sind nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 558, Die Flucht der Awaren (557), Avars, Sabirs

  • c. 560c. 560: The Göktürks destroy the Hephthalites

    Map of Asia around 560: the Göktürk Khaganate from Manchuria to the Caspian, Istemi advancing through Chach to the battle of Bukhara, Khosrow I advancing from the south to Balkh, beside Sasanian Persia, the Northern Zhou, the Northern Qi and the Chen © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Um 560 stösst Istemi über Chach nach Sogdien vor und vernichtet die Hephthaliten in der Schlacht bei Buchara, während Chosrau I. ihr Land südlich des Oxus bis Balch nimmt. Der Oxus wird die Grenze zwischen den Göktürken und Persien. Moderne Karte; der Weg Istemis ist gezeichnet.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 560, Istemi, Mukan Khan, Erstes Göktürk-Khaganat, Nördliche Zhou, Die Schlacht bei Buchara, Hephthalites, History of the Turkic peoples

  • c. 571c. 571: The Göktürk embassy to Constantinople

    Map of the return of Zemarchos with the Göktürk embassy under Tagma Tarkhan, 569 to 571: from Talas north of the Aral Sea across the Emba, the Ural and the Volga, through the lands of the Alans and over the Caucasus to the Black Sea and Constantinople © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    569–571: Zemarchos kehrt mit einer Gesandtschaft der Göktürken unter Tagma Tarkhan von Istemi zurück, von Talas durch die Steppe nördlich des Kaspischen Meeres, durch das Land der Ugurs und der Alanen und über die Dareine ans Schwarze Meer, und erreicht Konstantinopel Ende 571. Moderne Karte; die Stationen sind die Menanders, der Weg zwischen ihnen ist gezeichnet.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 571, Die Gesandtschaft des Zemarchos, 569

  • 572572: Taspar and the lesser khans

    Map of Asia in 572: the Göktürk Khaganate under Taspar Khan, with Ishbara as Erfu Khan in the east and Börü Khan in the west, the Tarim Basin as subject, the Northern Zhou, the Northern Qi and the Chen in China, and Sasanian Persia © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    572: Taspar folgt Mukan und setzt zwei kleine Khane unter sich: seinen Neffen Ishbara als Erfu Khan über den Osten und Börü Khan, einen Sohn Rudan Khans, im Westen. Die Karte nennt nur ihre Namen. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen des Khaganats sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 572, Taspars Ernennung der kleinen Khane (572)

  • 576576: The Pontic steppe under Göktürk rule

    Map of the Pontic steppe in 576: the Göktürk Khaganate from the Sea of Azov to the Aral Sea with Bosporos, the Utigurs and the Alans, and the Avars and their sphere west of the Don © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Um 576: Die Göktürken halten die Steppe vom Asowschen Meer nach Osten und nehmen Bosporos. Die Utiguren und Alanen stehen unter ihnen. Westlich des Don liegen die Awaren und ihr Einflussbereich. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen im Westen sind Lesarten.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 576, Türkische Stämme in Europa

  • c. 576The First Göktürk Khaganate, c. 576

    Map of the First Göktürk Khaganate around 576: the Göktürk realm across the steppe from the Black Sea, the Utigurs and the Alans to the Khitan, with the court at Ötüken, the Tarim oasis states and the Hephthalite principalities as tributaries, the Kirghiz, Tiele, Shiwei and Mohe at its northern and eastern edges, and beside it the Eastern Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Tuyuhun, the Northern Zhou, the Northern Qi, the Chen and Goguryeo, and between the steppe and China the wall of the Northern Qi and a hatched frontier zone © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Das Erste Göktürk-Khaganat um 576, im Todesjahr Istemis: das Reich vom Schwarzen Meer bis zu den Kitan, die Oasenstaaten des Tarim und die hephthalitischen Fürstentümer als Tributpflichtige, daneben das Oströmische Reich, das Sasanidenreich, die Nördlichen Zhou, die Nördlichen Qi und die Chen. Zwischen Steppe und China stehen die Mauer der Nördlichen Qi (556) und eine Grenzzone, die keiner Seite gehört. Moderne Karte; die Westgrenze ist erschlossen, die Grenzen sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 576

  • 581The division of the khaganate, AD 581

    Map of Asia in 581: the undivided Göktürk Khaganate from the Black Sea to the Khitan with the court at Ötüken, the Tarim oasis states and the Hephthalite principalities as tributaries, beside the Eastern Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Sui, the Chen, the Tuyuhun and Goguryeo, and between the steppe and China the wall of the Northern Qi and a hatched frontier zone © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Das Göktürk-Khaganat 581, im Todesjahr Taspars, noch ungeteilt vom Schwarzen Meer bis zu den Kitan, mit dem Hof am Ötüken; daneben die Sui, deren Herrschaft in diesem Jahr begann, die Chen, das Sasanidenreich und das Oströmische Reich. Zwischen Steppe und China stehen die Mauer der Nördlichen Qi (556) und eine Grenzzone, die keiner Seite gehört. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 581, Taspar Khan, Die Nachfolgekrise der Göktürken (581)

  • 582–583582–583: Ishbara's campaigns against the Sui

    Map of northern China and the eastern steppe, 582 to 583: the Göktürk Khaganate from the Tarim to the Khingan, three raids across the Long Wall in 582 towards Wuwei, Tianshui and Yan'an, the battle of Zhoupan, Ishbara's march from Ötüken to Baidao in 583, his defeat and withdrawal, and Apa's flight west © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    582–583: 582 überschreiten die Göktürken unter Ishbara die Lange Mauer und plündern die Grenze der Sui von Wuwei bis Yan'an. 583 zieht Ishbara vom Ötüken nach Baidao, wird geschlagen und zieht sich zurück, und Apa flieht nach Westen zu Tardush. Moderne Karte; die Wege der Plünderungszüge sind gezeichnet.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 582, Ishbara Khan, Die Kriege der Göktürken gegen die Sui, 582–603

  • 584The division of the khaganate, AD 584

    Map of Asia in 584 during the Göktürk civil war: the zones of Tardush in the west, Töremen Apa in the middle and Ishbara in the east, the Tarim oasis states and the Hephthalite principalities as tributaries, beside the Eastern Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Sui, the Chen, the Tuyuhun and Goguryeo, and between the steppe and China the wall of the Northern Qi and a hatched frontier zone © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Das Reich der Göktürken 584, beim Ausbruch des Bürgerkriegs: Tardush im Westen, Töremen Apa in der Mitte und Ishbara im Osten, daneben die Sui, die Chen, das Sasanidenreich und das Oströmische Reich. Zwischen Steppe und China stehen die Mauer der Nördlichen Qi (556) und eine Grenzzone, die keiner Seite gehört. Moderne Karte; die Zonen sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 584, Tardush, Töremen Apa, Erstes Göktürk-Khaganat, Der Bürgerkrieg der Göktürken

  • 585585: The Göktürk civil war

    Map of the Göktürk civil war in 585: Tardush in the west from the Black Sea to Suyab, Töremen Apa between the Tian Shan and Ötüken, Ishbara in the east, the advance on Ötüken in September 585, Ishbara's withdrawal to Baidao under Sui protection and his counterattack against Apa, with the Tarim oasis states as tributaries and the Sui to the south © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    585: Im September rückt das Heer des Westens auf den Ötüken vor. Ishbara zieht sich unter dem Schutz der Sui nach Baidao zurück und schlägt von dort gegen Apa zurück. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, die Teilungen des Khaganats ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 585, Ishbara Khan, Töremen Apa, Der Bürgerkrieg der Göktürken

  • 587–588587–588: The Göktürk civil war

    Map of the Göktürk civil war, 587 to 588: Tardush in the west, Niri in Apa's following between the Tian Shan and the Khangai, the eastern khaganate under Bagha and from 588 under Tulan, Bagha's march west in 587 in which Apa was taken alive, and the war with Persia in 588, with the Sui and the Chen to the south © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    587–588: Ishbara stirbt, im Osten folgt ihm Bagha. Bagha zieht nach Westen und nimmt Apa lebend gefangen; Niri führt Apas Gefolgschaft. 588 fällt Bagha, und Tulan folgt ihm, während der Westen mit Persien im Krieg steht. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, die Teilungen des Khaganats ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 587, Bagha Khan, Töremen Apa, Tulan Khan, Der Bürgerkrieg der Göktürken

  • 589589: Bahram Chobin and the end of the Chen

    Map of Asia in 589: Bahram Chobin's march from Herat to Paikent and the road of Parmūdha and the treasure to Ctesiphon, the Göktürks divided into Tardush, Niri and the eastern khaganate under Tulan, the Sui and the Chen they took in 589, Sasanian Persia and Byzantium © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    589: Bahram Tschobin nimmt Herat zurück und zieht über den Oxus nach Paikent; Parmūdha und der Schatz gehen nach Ktesiphon. Im selben Jahr nehmen die Sui die Chen und einen China. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, die Teilungen des Khaganats ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 589, Bahram Chobin

  • 597–599597–599: The Göktürk civil war

    Map of the Göktürk civil war, 597 to 599: Tardush in the west, Niri between the Tian Shan and the Khangai, Tulan in the east, Yami's pastures in the Ordos under Sui protection, the attack of Tulan and Tardush on Yami below the Long Wall in 599 and Yami's flight to Chang'an © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    597–599: Yami, der eine Prinzessin der Sui geheiratet hat, wird 599 unterhalb der Langen Mauer von Tulan und Tardush angegriffen. Er flieht an den Hof der Sui nach Chang'an und wird zum Qimin Khan erhoben, und die Sui geben seinem Volk Weiden im Ordos. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, die Teilungen des Khaganats ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 597, Tardush, Tulan Khan, Yami Khan, Der Bürgerkrieg der Göktürken

  • 600600: Tardush and the Sui

    Map of Asia in 600: Tardush as Bujia Khan over the steppe from the Black Sea to Manchuria, Niri's following in the Altai, Yami under the Sui in the Ordos, and the Sui columns to Mount Dajin © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    600: Tardush, nun Bujia Khan, hält die ganze Steppe. Yami herrscht im Ordos als Qimin Khan unter den Sui. Am Berg Dajin weicht Tardush ohne Kampf vor Shi Wansui zurück. Moderne Karte; die Lage des Berges und die Wege sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 600

  • c. 603The division of the khaganate, c. AD 603

    Map of Asia around 603: the Western Göktürk Khaganate from the Black Sea to the Tian Shan and the Eastern Göktürk Khaganate from the Khangai to the Khitan, the Tarim oasis states and the Hephthalite principalities as tributaries of the west, beside the Eastern Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Sui, the Tuyuhun and Goguryeo, and between the steppe and China the wall of the Northern Qi, Yami's pasture in the Ordos and a hatched frontier zone © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Das geteilte Khaganat um 603: das Westliche Göktürk-Khaganat vom Schwarzen Meer bis zum Tian Shan und das Östliche Göktürk-Khaganat vom Changai bis zu den Kitan, daneben die Sui, die nun ganz China beherrschten, das Sasanidenreich und das Oströmische Reich. Zwischen Steppe und China stehen die Mauer der Nördlichen Qi (556) und eine Grenzzone, die keiner Seite gehört. Die Baidao-Ebene gehört den Göktürken, der Norden des Ordos ist Yamis Weide. Moderne Karte; die Linie zwischen Ost und West ist ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 603, Tardush, Yami Khan, Der Bürgerkrieg der Göktürken

  • 627627: The Caucasus campaign and the revolt of the Tiele

    Map of Eurasia in 627: the western Göktürk khaganate under Tong Yabgu from the Caucasus to the Tarim, the march of Jebu Xak'an through Derbent to Tiflis and of Heraclius to the siege of Tiflis, the eastern Göktürk khaganate under Ilig Khan with the revolt of the Tiele, the Tang, Tibet, Sasanian Persia and Byzantium © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    627: Im Westen bricht das Heer Tong Yabgus bei Derbent durch, und vor Tiflis trifft Jebu Xak'an den Kaiser Herakleios. Im Osten erheben sich die Tiele gegen Ilig Khan, und ein großer Schnee tötet die Herden seines Volkes. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 627, Tong Yabgu

  • 628628: The murder of Tong Yabgu and the secession of the Tiele

    Map of Eurasia in 628: the western Göktürk khaganate in the war of two khans, the Xueyantuo under Yinan moving east from the Altai, the Tiele between the Khangai and the Selenga fallen away from the eastern khaganate of Ilig Khan, the second march of Jebu Xak'an to Tiflis, the Tang, Tibet, Sasanian Persia and Byzantium © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    628: Im Westen wird Tong Yabgu von seinem Onkel ermordet, und zwei Khane kämpfen um das Reich; Yinan führt die Xueyantuo vom Altai nach Osten. Im Osten fallen die Tiele von Ilig Khan ab, und Töles unterwirft sich den Tang. Im Kaukasus erstürmt Jebu Xak'an 628 oder 629 Tiflis. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 628, Xueyantuo-Khaganat (Syr Tardush), Die Ermordung Tong Yabgus (630)

  • 630630: The fall of the eastern khaganate

    Map of Eurasia in 630: Li Jing's attack on Dingxiang and his victory at the Iron Mountain north of the Yin Mountains, the Göktürks under Tang protectorates along the Yellow River, the Xueyantuo north of the Gobi, Yiwu with the Tang, the western Göktürk khaganate under Si Yabgu Khan and the battle at Lake Sevan © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    630: Li Jing überfällt Dingxiang bei Nacht und vernichtet das Ostkhaganat am Eisernen Berg. Die Göktürken werden am Gelben Fluss unter Tang-Protektoraten angesiedelt; nördlich der Gobi halten die Xueyantuo die Steppe, und Yiwu geht zu den Tang über. Im Westen herrscht Si Yabgu Khan; im Kaukasus siegt das Heer des Nordens am Sevansee. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 630, Die Eroberung des östlichen Khaganats durch die Tang, 626–630, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 638638: The western khaganate divided

    Map of Asia in 638: the western Göktürk khaganate divided at the Ili between the Nushibi under Ishbara Tolis Khan and the Duolu under Yukuk Shad, with the Xueyantuo, the Tang and the Caliphate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    638: Die Stämme der Duolu erheben Yukuk Shad gegen Ishbara Tolis zum Khan. Das Westkhaganat teilt sich am Ili: im Westen die Nushibi, im Osten die Duolu. Moderne Karte; die Grenze abseits des Flusses ist gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 638

  • 648648: The Tang conquest of the Tarim

    Map of Central Asia in 648: the Tang advance from Xizhou (Gaochang) by Karashahr to Kucha, the seat of the Anxi protectorate, the Four Garrisons of Kucha, Khotan, Kashgar and Suyab, the western Göktürk khaganate under Irbis Shegui Khan, Chebi Khan in the Altai and the Yanran protectorate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    648: Die Tang nehmen den Tarim Schritt für Schritt: Gaochang 640, Karashahr 644, Kucha 648, wo nun das Protektorat Anxi sitzt. Kucha, Khotan, Kaschgar und Suyab werden die Vier Garnisonen. Nördlich des Tian Shan hält sich das Westkhaganat unter Irbis Shegui Khan; im Altai ist Chebi Khan noch frei. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen in der Steppe sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 648, The Tang conquest of the western Khaganate, 640–659, Kutscha

  • 650The Western khaganate and the Tang, AD 650

    Map of Asia in 650: the Western Göktürk Khaganate from the Tarbagatai to the Oxus with Sogdia and Tokharistan as dependants, the Tang with the protectorate of Yanran over the steppe, the Kirghiz and the oasis states of the Tarim as tributaries, beside Tibet, the Tuyuhun, the Korean kingdoms, Japan, the Rashidun Caliphate, the rest of Sasanian Persia, the Khazars, Great Bulgaria, the Avars and the Eastern Roman Empire © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Asien im Jahr 650: Das Westliche Göktürk-Khaganat unter Irbis Shegui Khan reicht vom Tarbagatai bis zum Oxus, Sogdien und Tocharistan sind von ihm abhängig. Im Osten beherrschen die Tang die Steppe durch das Protektorat Yanran; die Kirgisen und die Oasenstaaten des Tarim zahlen ihnen Tribut, und Anxi sitzt in Kutscha. Im Westen hat das Kalifat den Irak und Westiran genommen, Yazdegerd III. hält nur noch Chorasan und Sistan. Moderne Karte; die Ränder des Khaganats und der Protektorate sind ungefähr.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 650, Irbis Shegui Khan, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 657657: The end of the western khaganate

    Map of Asia in 657: the land of the western Göktürks as ten prefectures under the Tang, the Yanran protectorate in the steppe, the Tarim oases, Tibet and the Rashidun Caliphate up to the Oxus © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    657: Die Tang nehmen Ashina Helu gefangen, den letzten Khan der Westgöktürken. Ihr Land wird zu zehn Präfekturen unter den Tang. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen der Präfekturen sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 657, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 670670: Tibet takes the Four Garrisons

    Map of Asia in 670: the Tarim oases under Tibet, with an arrow to Kucha, the Tang and their protectorates, the western Göktürks under the Tang and the Umayyad Caliphate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    670: Tibet nimmt den Tang die Vier Garnisonen des Tarim. Dreißig Jahre lang wechseln die Oasen immer wieder den Herrn. Moderne Karte; die Ausdehnung der tibetischen Herrschaft ist gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 670

  • 679–681679–681: The risings of Nishufu and Funian

    Map of northern China and the steppe, 679 to 681: the Göktürks of the Ordos and of Yunzhong in revolt, Pei Xingjian's marches from Chang'an to Black Mountain and into the west against Ashina Duzhi, Funian raised at Xiazhou, numbered in the order of events © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    679–681: 679 erheben die Göktürken des Protektorats Chanyu Nishufu zum Khan, und vierundzwanzig Präfekturen erheben sich mit ihnen. Pei Xingjian schlägt sie 680 am Schwarzen Berg, und Nishufu wird von den eigenen Leuten getötet. Funian, danach in Xiazhou erhoben, ergibt sich 681 Pei Xingjian und wird in Chang'an enthauptet. Die Nummern folgen dem Ablauf. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 679, Ashina Funian, Nishufu Khan, Pei Xingjian

  • 682682: The rising of Ilterish

    Map of northern China and the steppe in 682: the land of Ilterish north of the Yellow River with Heisha and Zongcai Mountain, his raid on the Nine Oguz and the raids on Bingzhou, Lanzhou and Dingzhou, numbered in the order of events © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    682: Nach Funians Niederlage sammelt Gudulu die Flüchtlinge am Zongcai-Berg und in Heisha, überfällt die Neun Oguz und macht sich zum Ilterish Khan. Ashide Yuanzhen läuft zu ihm über. Im zehnten Monat fallen die Göktürken in Bingzhou, Lanzhou und Dingzhou ein. Die Nummern folgen dem Ablauf. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 682, Ilterish Khan, Zweites Göktürk-Khaganat

  • 691691: Kapgan Khan takes the throne

    Map of Asia in 691: the Second Göktürk Khaganate in Mongolia under Kapgan Khan, the Türgesh around Suyab, the Tarim under Tibet, the Tang and the Umayyad Caliphate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    691: Kapgan Khan besteigt den Thron des Zweiten Göktürk-Khaganats. Im Westen halten die Türgesch das Tal des Tschu um Suyab. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 691

  • 692692: The Tang retake the Four Garrisons

    Map of Asia in 692: the Tarim oases again under the Tang, with Wang Xiaojie's march to Kucha, the Second Göktürk Khaganate, the Türgesh and Tibet © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    692: Die Tang unter Wang Xiaojie nehmen Tibet die Vier Garnisonen des Tarim wieder ab. Moderne Karte; der Weg des Heeres ist gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 692

  • 699699: Kapgan orders the realm

    Map of Asia in 699: the Second Göktürk Khaganate under Kapgan Khan, the Türgesh under Wuzhile around Suyab, Tang China and Tibet © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    699: Kapgan Khan ordnet sein Reich unter zwei Shads und macht seinen Sohn Fuju zum Kleinen Khan im Westen. Die Stämme der Zehn Pfeile wählen den Türgesch Wuzhile. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 699

  • 711711: Kapgan's western war

    Map of Asia in 710–711: the Second Göktürk Khaganate with the Kirghiz, the Türgesh and the Sogdians as subjects, and the campaigns over the Kögmen, to Bolchu and to the Iron Gate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    710–711: Tonyukuk überquert den Kögmen und tötet den Khan der Kirgisen, vernichtet die Türgesch bei Bolchu und führt das Heer bis ans Eiserne Tor, wo sich die Sogdier unterwerfen. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind zwischen den Orten der Inschriften gezeichnet.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 711

  • 716716: The death of Kapgan and Bilge Khan

    Map of Asia in 716: Kapgan Khan killed on the Tola, Bilge Khan on the throne of the Second Göktürk Khaganate, the Türgesh, Tang China and Tibet © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    716: Kapgan Khan fällt an der Tola gegen die Bayirku. Kül Tegin setzt seinen Bruder als Bilge Khan auf den Thron. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 716

  • 717717: Sulu and the Türgesh

    Map of Asia in 717: Sulu khan of the Türgesh, Bilge Khan in the Second Göktürk Khaganate, the Arab siege of Constantinople © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    717: Sulu wird Khan der Türgesch. Bilge Khan herrscht im Osten mit Kül Tegin und Tonyukuk. Die Araber belagern Konstantinopel. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 717

  • 721721: Tonyukuk and the war with the Tang

    Map of Asia in 721: Tonyukuk takes Beiting and raids Liangzhou, the revolt of the six counties in the Ordos © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    721: Tonyukuk nimmt Beiting vor den Basmïl ein und raubt Liangzhou die Herden. Die sechs Kreise des Ordos erheben sich. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 721

  • 734734: The death of Bilge Khan

    Map of Asia in 734: the death of Bilge Khan, Yiran Khan and Tengri Khan in the Second Göktürk Khaganate, Sulu of the Türgesh © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    734: Bilge Khan wird von seinem Minister vergiftet und stirbt. Sein Sohn Yiran folgt und stirbt nach Monaten, der Knabe Tengri Khan besteigt den Thron. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 734

  • 744744: The rise of the Uyghurs

    Map of Asia in 744: the Uyghur Khaganate on the Orkhon, the Basmïl and Karluks in the Altai, the Türgesh breaking up, Tang China and Tibet © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    744: Die Basmïl töten Ozmish Khan, Uiguren und Karluken töten den Khan der Basmïl. Kutlug Bilge Kül wird der erste Khan der Uiguren. Moderne Karte; das Gebiet der Basmïl und Karluken ist gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 744

  • 745745: The Uyghur Khaganate

    Map of Asia in 745: the Uyghur Khaganate from the Altai to the Shiwei, the Karluks moving west to the Ten Arrows, and the Katun Pofu going to the Tang © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    745: Baimei Khan wird getötet, die Katun Pofu geht mit ihren Leuten zu den Tang. Die Karluken ziehen nach Westen in das Land der Zehn Pfeile. Die Uiguren beherrschen die Steppe vom Altai bis zu den Shiwei. Moderne Karte; die Wege sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 745

  • 790790: The war over Beiting

    Map of Asia in 790: the Uyghur Khaganate, Beiting lost to Tibet, Anxi cut off from the Tang, the Karluks and the Abbasid Caliphate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    790: Die Uiguren verlieren Beiting an die Tibeter und ziehen 790 und 791 gegen sie. Anxi hält sich für die Tang, von China abgeschnitten. Moderne Karte; die Grenzen sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 790

  • 821821: The khaganate at war with the Kirghiz

    Map of Asia in 821: the Uyghur Khaganate at war with the Kirghiz, the road of Tamim ibn Bahr, the Tibet–Tang treaty © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    821: Die Uiguren kämpfen im Norden gegen die Kirgisen. Tamim ibn Bahr reitet auf der Poststrasse zur Hauptstadt der Uiguren. Tibet und die Tang legen ihre Grenze durch Vertrag fest. Moderne Karte; der Weg ist gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 821

  • 840840: The fall of the Uyghur Khaganate

    Map of Asia in 840: the Kirghiz destroy Ordu-Baliq, and the Uyghurs flee to the Tang frontier, to Gansu, to the Tarim and to the Karluks; the steppe is left empty © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    840: Die Kirgisen zerstören das Uigurische Khaganat und brennen Ordu-Baliq nieder. Die Uiguren zerstreuen sich zur Tang-Grenze, nach Gansu, in den Tarim und zu den Karluken. Moderne Karte; die Wege der Flucht sind gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 840, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 842842: After the fall of the Uyghurs

    Map of Asia in 842: Wujie's Uyghurs on the Tang frontier, the Kirghiz in the north, the Tibetan empire breaking up © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    842: Wujies Uiguren lagern an der Tang-Grenze, der erste Gesandte der Kirgisen erreicht die Tang. Das Tibetische Reich zerfällt. Moderne Karte; der Weg der Gesandten ist gezeichnet, nicht überliefert.

    Karte Steht in: Jahr 842

Fotos und historische Darstellungen

Fotos, und Bilder, die in ihrer eigenen Zeit entstanden sind.

Hauptbild 115 · Panorama 1 · Im Text 64 · Lesepfad 8

  • Afrasiab on the throne of Iran, which he took after killing Nowzar. A page of the Shahnameh made for Shah Tahmasp at Tabriz, about 1525–30, painting attributed to Bashdan Qara.
    Afrasiab on the throne of Iran, which he took after killing Nowzar. A page of the Shahnameh made for Shah Tahmasp at Tabriz, about 1525–30, painting attributed to Bashdan Qara. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1970.301.16, gift of Arthur A. Houghton Jr., 1970; detail. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Afrasiab

  • The left half of the west wall of the Hall of the Ambassadors, as mounted in the museum beside the Afrasiab mound: in the lower file three figures in white caftans, above them the caftan bearing the long Sogdian inscription.
    The left half of the west wall of the Hall of the Ambassadors, as mounted in the museum beside the Afrasiab mound: in the lower file three figures in white caftans, above them the caftan bearing the long Sogdian inscription. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • Map of Khurasan from a manuscript of al-Istakhri's geography, the Book of Routes and Realms.
    Map of Khurasan from a manuscript of al-Istakhri's geography, the Book of Routes and Realms. Al-Istakhri, manuscript map, reproduction, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: al-Iṣṭakhrī

  • Ka Nasi Lake in the Chinese part of the Altai, photographed by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station in 2023.
    Ka Nasi Lake in the Chinese part of the Altai, photographed by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station in 2023. Astronaut photograph iss069e071176. NASA, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Altai

  • Page of a ninth-century manuscript of Ammianus Marcellinus (Vaticanus lat. 1873) with Res gestae 31,2, the description of the Huns.
    Page of a ninth-century manuscript of Ammianus Marcellinus (Vaticanus lat. 1873) with Res gestae 31,2, the description of the Huns. Ammianus Marcellinus, Res gestae, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 1873, reproduction, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Ammianus Marcellinus

  • A sacred cairn (obo) near Alkhanai mountain in Transbaikalia, the stones whitewashed and the birches around it hung with blue ribbons, photographed in 2000.
    A sacred cairn (obo) near Alkhanai mountain in Transbaikalia, the stones whitewashed and the birches around it hung with blue ribbons, photographed in 2000. Photograph: William Craft Brumfield, 2000; Library of Congress, no known restrictions.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Animismus

  • The Roman forum of Aquileia in Friuli, north-eastern Italy, with the columns of its eastern portico, which were restored and partly re-erected in 1936 and 1937; photograph of 2015. Aquileia was the chief city of Venetia, and it fell to Attila's Huns in 452 after a long siege.
    The Roman forum of Aquileia in Friuli, north-eastern Italy, with the columns of its eastern portico, which were restored and partly re-erected in 1936 and 1937; photograph of 2015. Aquileia was the chief city of Venetia, and it fell to Attila's Huns in 452 after a long siege. Image: Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Aquileia

  • A crowned figure holding a crescent moon, a star on either side: coin, eighth century.
    A crowned figure holding a crescent moon, a star on either side: coin, eighth century.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Ay Ata

  • Ayran sellers in the market of Aulie-Ata on the Talas river, the modern Taraz in Kazakhstan, photographed between 1865 and 1872 for the Turkestan Album.
    Ayran sellers in the market of Aulie-Ata on the Talas river, the modern Taraz in Kazakhstan, photographed between 1865 and 1872 for the Turkestan Album. Photograph: Turkestan Album, ethnographic part, plate 105. Library of Congress, no known restrictions on publication.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Ayran

  • Silver coin of Eukratides I, king of Bactria between 170 and 145 BC, with his portrait in a crested helmet.
    Silver coin of Eukratides I, king of Bactria between 170 and 145 BC, with his portrait in a crested helmet. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2011.211, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Baktrien

  • The city of Hohhot on the plain at the foot of the Daqing Shan in Inner Mongolia, photographed from the International Space Station in 2011. Baidao may have lain north of Guihuacheng, the old town of Hohhot.
    The city of Hohhot on the plain at the foot of the Daqing Shan in Inner Mongolia, photographed from the International Space Station in 2011. Baidao may have lain north of Guihuacheng, the old town of Hohhot. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Baidao-Ebene

  • The Burana Tower near Tokmok in the Chu valley, Kyrgyzstan.
    The Burana Tower near Tokmok in the Chu valley, Kyrgyzstan. Photograph: Bernard Gagnon, 2023, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Balasagun

  • The Bala Hissar, the citadel of Balkh, and the old city walls above the fields, 2025.
    The Bala Hissar, the citadel of Balkh, and the old city walls above the fields, 2025. Photograph: Jialiang Gao, 2025, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Balch

  • A page of the account of the western Göktürks in chapter 215B of the Xin Tang Shu, in a Yuan-period printed edition repaired under the Ming, in the National Archives of Japan. The second column of the right-hand page says that seven days' march north-west from Yanqi reach the Southern Court and eight days' march north the Northern Court.
    A page of the account of the western Göktürks in chapter 215B of the Xin Tang Shu, in a Yuan-period printed edition repaired under the Ming, in the National Archives of Japan. The second column of the right-hand page says that seven days' march north-west from Yanqi reach the Southern Court and eight days' march north the Northern Court. Image: National Archives of Japan. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Beiting

  • The Berel kurgans in the Kazakh Altai, 2018.
    The Berel kurgans in the Kazakh Altai, 2018. Photograph: Mheidegger, 2018, CC BY 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Berel

  • A rider with a halo and his mounted escort, from a wall painting in the West Temple at Beshbalik, the Buddhist temple that the Uyghurs of Qocho built west of the city. The scene belongs to the division of the relics of the Buddha among eight kings; it was painted in the tenth century.
    A rider with a halo and his mounted escort, from a wall painting in the West Temple at Beshbalik, the Buddhist temple that the Uyghurs of Qocho built west of the city. The scene belongs to the division of the relics of the Buddha among eight kings; it was painted in the tenth century. Wall painting: West Temple, Beiting (Beshbalik), tenth century. Photograph: Zhentong Li, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Beshbalik

  • Excavated remains of ancient Panticapaeum on Mount Mithridates in Kerch, in the eastern Crimea, with the town below; photograph of 2021. Bosporos, the ancient Panticapaeum, fell to a Göktürk army and the Utigurs while the Roman envoy Valentinos was among the Göktürks.
    Excavated remains of ancient Panticapaeum on Mount Mithridates in Kerch, in the eastern Crimea, with the town below; photograph of 2021. Bosporos, the ancient Panticapaeum, fell to a Göktürk army and the Utigurs while the Roman envoy Valentinos was among the Göktürks. Image: Alexxx Malev, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Bosporos

  • The entrance to the Emir’s palace in the old city of Bukhara, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915.
    The entrance to the Emir’s palace in the old city of Bukhara, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Buchara

  • A weathered stone figure at its stone setting on the steppe near Burd, Övörkhangai, in central Mongolia. Monuments of this kind are commonly called balbals; strictly, the balbals are the rough stones set in a line from the grave.
    A weathered stone figure at its stone setting on the steppe near Burd, Övörkhangai, in central Mongolia. Monuments of this kind are commonly called balbals; strictly, the balbals are the rough stones set in a line from the grave. Photograph: Mongolia Expeditions, 2011, CC BY 3.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Bestattung und Balbal

  • Gold solidus of the Byzantine empire, struck between 565 and 578.
    Gold solidus of the Byzantine empire, struck between 565 and 578. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 04.35.3353, Gift of Darius Ogden Mills, 1904, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Byzanz

  • The Kukeldash madrasa in Tashkent, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872.
    The Kukeldash madrasa in Tashkent, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872. Photograph: N. V. Bogaevskii, Turkestan album; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Chach

  • The ruins of ancient Chersonesus on the south-western coast of the Crimea, near Sevastopol, with the columns of a basilica above the Black Sea; photograph of 2023. Cherson was probably this city. In 579 the emperor Tiberius told an Avar embassy that the Göktürks were encamped there.
    The ruins of ancient Chersonesus on the south-western coast of the Crimea, near Sevastopol, with the columns of a basilica above the Black Sea; photograph of 2023. Cherson was probably this city. In 579 the emperor Tiberius told an Avar embassy that the Göktürks were encamped there. Image: Alexxx Malev, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Cherson

  • Wall painting from a ruined temple at Qocho, read as a Palm Sunday procession and dated 683–770 CE. Berlin.
    Wall painting from a ruined temple at Qocho, read as a Palm Sunday procession and dated 683–770 CE. Berlin. Photograph: Daderot, 2014, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Kirche des Ostens

  • The Madara Rider, a rock relief of the eighth to ninth century near Shumen in north-eastern Bulgaria.
    The Madara Rider, a rock relief of the eighth to ninth century near Shumen in north-eastern Bulgaria. Photograph: G. Nockemann, 2011, CC BY-SA 3.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Donaubulgarien

  • Deer stones at Uushgiin Uvur in Mongolia.
    Deer stones at Uushgiin Uvur in Mongolia. Photograph: Bernard Gagnon, 2023, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Deer stones

  • Derbent between the shore of the Caspian Sea and the foothills of the Caucasus, photographed from the International Space Station in 2005.
    Derbent between the shore of the Caspian Sea and the foothills of the Caucasus, photographed from the International Space Station in 2005. Astronaut photograph ISS011-E-10601. NASA, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Derbent

  • A page of chapter 84 of the Sui Shu in a Japanese edition of 1844, in the National Diet Library, Tokyo. In the second column from the right, the text says that the Göktürks brought the empress Xiao and installed her at Dingxiang (定襄).
    A page of chapter 84 of the Sui Shu in a Japanese edition of 1844, in the National Diet Library, Tokyo. In the second column from the right, the text says that the Göktürks brought the empress Xiao and installed her at Dingxiang (定襄). Image: National Diet Library, Japan. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Dingxiang

  • The world map of Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, from a manuscript of the work.
    The world map of Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, from a manuscript of the work. Mahmud al-Kashgari, eleventh century, manuscript copy, reproduction, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk

  • The Mogao Grottoes near Dunhuang, December 2013.
    The Mogao Grottoes near Dunhuang, December 2013. Photograph: Zhangzhugang, 2013, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Dunhuang

  • Dunes and sedimentary layers in the Junggar Basin, photographed from the International Space Station in 2023.
    Dunes and sedimentary layers in the Junggar Basin, photographed from the International Space Station in 2023. Astronaut photograph ISS069-E-16826. NASA, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Dsungarei

  • A page of the 1851 Paris edition of the Greek historical fragments, with Menander's account of the Roman embassy of 569 in Greek and Latin. The right-hand Greek column names the mountain Ektag, 'as a Greek would say, the golden mountain', where the envoys found Istemi.
    A page of the 1851 Paris edition of the Greek historical fragments, with Menander's account of the Roman embassy of 569 in Greek and Latin. The right-hand Greek column names the mountain Ektag, 'as a Greek would say, the golden mountain', where the envoys found Istemi. Image: Karl Müller (ed.), Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum IV, Paris: Didot 1851; scan University of Toronto Libraries. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Ektag

  • A herder on horseback with a flock of sheep and goats on the open steppe of Mongolia, photographed in 1909.
    A herder on horseback with a flock of sheep and goats on the open steppe of Mongolia, photographed in 1909. Finnish Heritage Agency (Museovirasto), General Ethnographic Photo Collection, VKK156:33. Photograph by Sakari Pälsi, 1909. Finna, CC BY 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Eurasische Nomaden

  • The palace of Khudoyar Khan at Kokand in the Ferghana valley, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872.
    The palace of Khudoyar Khan at Kokand in the Ferghana valley, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872. Photograph: Turkestan album; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Fergana

  • The ruins of Gaochang from the air: the mud-brick walls and halls of the city in the Turfan depression, with the fields of the oasis behind.
    The ruins of Gaochang from the air: the mud-brick walls and halls of the city in the Turfan depression, with the fields of the oasis behind.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Gaochang

  • The illuminated opening pages of a manuscript of Bal'ami's Persian translation of Tabari's History, copied in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, in the Library of Congress. Tabari tells how a khagan turned back before the fortified gate of Sul without a battle; where the gate stood is disputed.
    The illuminated opening pages of a manuscript of Bal'ami's Persian translation of Tabari's History, copied in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, in the Library of Congress. Tabari tells how a khagan turned back before the fortified gate of Sul without a battle; where the gate stood is disputed. Image: Library of Congress, African and Middle East Division. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Pforte von Sul

  • Khosrow II flees from Bahram Chobin, the Persian commander of the war of 588, and is saved by the angel Sarush. Painting in a Shahnama made in Baghdad about 1299.
    Khosrow II flees from Bahram Chobin, the Persian commander of the war of 588, and is saved by the angel Sarush. Painting in a Shahnama made in Baghdad about 1299. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1944.480.1.a, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Der Krieg der Göktürken gegen Persien, 588–589

  • The south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea with the Gulf of Gorgan, the Miankaleh spit and the Elburz beyond, photographed from the International Space Station in April 2022. Gurgan is the land at the south-eastern corner of the Caspian, the Hyrcania of the Greeks.
    The south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea with the Gulf of Gorgan, the Miankaleh spit and the Elburz beyond, photographed from the International Space Station in April 2022. Gurgan is the land at the south-eastern corner of the Caspian, the Hyrcania of the Greeks. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Gurgan

  • Wuzhu coins of the Western Han in the coin gallery of the Shanghai Museum.
    Wuzhu coins of the Western Han in the coin gallery of the Shanghai Museum. Photograph: Gary Lee Todd, 2010, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Han dynasty

  • The city of Datong and its basin in northern Shanxi, photographed from the International Space Station in 2010. One identification makes Heng'an the Yunzhong county of the Tang and places it at Datong county.
    The city of Datong and its basin in northern Shanxi, photographed from the International Space Station in 2010. One identification makes Heng'an the Yunzhong county of the Tang and places it at Datong county. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Heng'an

  • Envoy of the Hua (滑國), as the Liang court called the Hephthalites, carrying a bowl. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist.
    Envoy of the Hua (滑國), as the Liang court called the Hephthalites, carrying a bowl. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist. Handscroll, ink on paper; National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N. Copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, The National Palace Museum, Taipei, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Hephthalites

  • The snow-covered valley of the Hari Rud east of Herat, photographed from the International Space Station in 2003.
    The snow-covered valley of the Hari Rud east of Herat, photographed from the International Space Station in 2003. Astronaut photograph ISS006-E-25613. NASA, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Herat

  • A dry lake bed on the plateau of Zhangbei county in northern Hebei, photographed from the International Space Station in 2015. Modern scholarship places Huaihuang near Zhangbei, on the edge of the Mongolian plateau.
    A dry lake bed on the plateau of Zhangbei county in northern Hebei, photographed from the International Space Station in 2015. Modern scholarship places Huaihuang near Zhangbei, on the edge of the Mongolian plateau. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Huaihuang

  • The irrigated valley of the Kunduz river, here called the Surkhab, around Baghlan in northern Afghanistan, photographed from the International Space Station in May 2007. Huo is placed at Kunduz by some and at Ghori on the road from Kunduz to Kabul by others; Baghlan lies between the two.
    The irrigated valley of the Kunduz river, here called the Surkhab, around Baghlan in northern Afghanistan, photographed from the International Space Station in May 2007. Huo is placed at Kunduz by some and at Ghori on the road from Kunduz to Kabul by others; Baghlan lies between the two. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Huo

  • The booklet open at page 6: runiform lines in black with red punctuation, and the Chinese Buddhist text of the other side showing at the edge.
    The booklet open at page 6: runiform lines in black with red punctuation, and the Chinese Buddhist text of the other side showing at the edge. British Library, Or.8212/161, via the International Dunhuang Project. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Irk Bitig

  • A page of the life of Li Jing in chapter 93 of the Xin Tang Shu, in a Japanese edition of 1750, in the National Diet Library, Tokyo. In the seventh column from the right, the text says that Ilig fled to the Iron Mountain (鐵山) to make a stand and sent envoys to ask that his state be received in submission.
    A page of the life of Li Jing in chapter 93 of the Xin Tang Shu, in a Japanese edition of 1750, in the National Diet Library, Tokyo. In the seventh column from the right, the text says that Ilig fled to the Iron Mountain (鐵山) to make a stand and sent envoys to ask that his state be received in submission. Image: National Diet Library, Japan. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Eisenberg

  • Lake Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan between the snow-covered ranges of the Tian Shan, photographed from the International Space Station in October 2019. Xuanzang's Record calls it the Great Clear Lake, long from east to west and surrounded by mountains on all sides.
    Lake Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan between the snow-covered ranges of the Tian Shan, photographed from the International Space Station in October 2019. Xuanzang's Record calls it the Great Clear Lake, long from east to west and surrounded by mountains on all sides. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Issyk-Kul

  • Remains of the Han wall at the Jade Gate Pass in the desert west of Dunhuang, August 2011.
    Remains of the Han wall at the Jade Gate Pass in the desert west of Dunhuang, August 2011. Photograph: Raki_Man, 2011, CC BY 3.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Jadetor

  • A pavilion at the spring called Jiuquan, 'Wine Spring', in Suzhou, the modern town of Jiuquan in Gansu, photographed by Irving C. Yew of Sven Hedin's Sino-Swedish expedition in December 1934.
    A pavilion at the spring called Jiuquan, 'Wine Spring', in Suzhou, the modern town of Jiuquan in Gansu, photographed by Irving C. Yew of Sven Hedin's Sino-Swedish expedition in December 1934. Image: Irving C. Yew, Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Jiuquan

  • A Tuvan shaman with his frame drum before a felt yurt, photographed about 1900. It shows the practice as ethnographers recorded it among the Turkic peoples of southern Siberia, thirteen centuries after the Göktürks.
    A Tuvan shaman with his frame drum before a felt yurt, photographed about 1900. It shows the practice as ethnographers recorded it among the Turkic peoples of southern Siberia, thirteen centuries after the Göktürks. Photograph: unknown Russian photographer, about 1900; Hamburgisches Museum für Völkerkunde. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Kam (türkischer Schamane)

  • The so-called Moses coin, a Khazar silver coin from the Spillings hoard on Gotland, in the museum at Visby.
    The so-called Moses coin, a Khazar silver coin from the Spillings hoard on Gotland, in the museum at Visby. Photograph: W. Carter, 2015, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Chasarisches Khaganat

  • Fragment of a Liao-dynasty tomb mural showing a Khitan man and a Khitan boy, from a tomb at Paolou Hill in Lindong, excavated in 1988.
    Fragment of a Liao-dynasty tomb mural showing a Khitan man and a Khitan boy, from a tomb at Paolou Hill in Lindong, excavated in 1988. Photograph: BabelStone, 2016, CC BY-SA 3.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Khitan

  • The irrigated oasis around Urgench by the Amu Darya, astronaut photograph, 2022.
    The irrigated oasis around Urgench by the Amu Darya, astronaut photograph, 2022. Astronaut photograph iss067e212667. NASA, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Choresmien

  • Envoy of Khotan (于闐), holding a small flask. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist.
    Envoy of Khotan (于闐), holding a small flask. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist. Handscroll, ink on paper; National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N. Copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, The National Palace Museum, Taipei, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Chotan

  • Armoured horsemen on both sides of a city gate, a wall painting from the Buddhist cave temples of the Kucha region.
    Armoured horsemen on both sides of a city gate, a wall painting from the Buddhist cave temples of the Kucha region.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Kutscha

  • Bowls of shubat, fermented camel milk (left), and kumis, fermented mare's milk (right).
    Bowls of shubat, fermented camel milk (left), and kumis, fermented mare's milk (right). Photograph: Upyernoz, 2010, CC BY 2.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Kumys

  • Gold coin of the Kushan king Kanishka, struck about 130 CE in the region of Gandhara.
    Gold coin of the Kushan king Kanishka, struck about 130 CE in the region of Gandhara. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 99.35.3024, Bequest of Joseph H. Durkee, 1898, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Kushan Empire

  • Lake Sevan in Armenia with snow on the surrounding mountains, astronaut photograph, April 2002.
    Lake Sevan in Armenia with snow on the surrounding mountains, astronaut photograph, April 2002. Astronaut photograph ISS004-E-10651. NASA, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Sewansee

  • The Big Wild Goose Pagoda in the Ci'en monastery at Xi'an, the former Chang'an, where Xuanzang translated the scriptures he brought back.
    The Big Wild Goose Pagoda in the Ci'en monastery at Xi'an, the former Chang'an, where Xuanzang translated the scriptures he brought back. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2009, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Life of Xuanzang

  • The Danube in Serbia where the Great Morava flows into it, photographed from the International Space Station on 25 June 2016. The Roman city of Margus lay near this confluence, by the modern village of Dubravica east of Belgrade.
    The Danube in Serbia where the Great Morava flows into it, photographed from the International Space Station on 25 June 2016. The Roman city of Margus lay near this confluence, by the modern village of Dubravica east of Belgrade. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Margus

  • The city of Shuozhou and the plain around it in northern Shanxi, photographed from the International Space Station in 2011. One identification places Mayi east of Shuo county, on the east bank of the Mayi river.
    The city of Shuozhou and the plain around it in northern Shanxi, photographed from the International Space Station in 2011. One identification places Mayi east of Shuo county, on the east bank of the Mayi river. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Mayi

  • The mosque and mausoleum of Yusuf Hamadani at ancient Merv, in a colour photograph taken between 1905 and 1915. The shrine is of the twelfth century.
    The mosque and mausoleum of Yusuf Hamadani at ancient Merv, in a colour photograph taken between 1905 and 1915. The shrine is of the twelfth century. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii, between 1905 and 1915; Library of Congress, no known restrictions.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Merw

  • Silver plate with a Sasanian king hunting rams from horseback, Iran, mid-fifth to mid-sixth century. The rider turns in the saddle and draws the bow at full gallop.
    Silver plate with a Sasanian king hunting rams from horseback, Iran, mid-fifth to mid-sixth century. The rider turns in the saddle and draws the bow at full gallop. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 34.33, Fletcher Fund, 1934. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Bogenschießen zu Pferde

  • The Nišava river in Niš, southern Serbia, with the walls of the town's fortress along its bank, photographed in 2014. Roman Naissus, the modern Niš and the birthplace of Constantine, lay on the right bank of the Nišava.
    The Nišava river in Niš, southern Serbia, with the walls of the town's fortress along its bank, photographed in 2014. Roman Naissus, the modern Niš and the birthplace of Constantine, lay on the right bank of the Nišava. Image: Gagarin Miljkovich, CC BY 2.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Naissus

  • An embroidered hanging from the burial mounds of Noin-Ula, first century BCE to first century CE, as shown in a museum.
    An embroidered hanging from the burial mounds of Noin-Ula, first century BCE to first century CE, as shown in a museum. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2022, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Noin Ula

  • Limestone relief of Emperor Xiaowen and his entourage worshipping the Buddha, Northern Wei dynasty, about 522–23.
    Limestone relief of Emperor Xiaowen and his entourage worshipping the Buddha, Northern Wei dynasty, about 522–23. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 35.146, Fletcher Fund, 1935, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Nördliche Wei

  • The stone gate and the funerary couch from the tomb of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao under the Zhou who died in 579, as shown at the Shaanxi History Museum in Xi'an. The painted and gilded reliefs of the couch show scenes from his life, among them his dealings with the nomads.
    The stone gate and the funerary couch from the tomb of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao under the Zhou who died in 579, as shown at the Shaanxi History Museum in Xi'an. The painted and gilded reliefs of the couch show scenes from his life, among them his dealings with the nomads. Photograph: Deadkid dk, 2010, CC BY-SA 3.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Nördliche Zhou

  • The Yellow River and the dunes of the Kubuqi desert on the northern edge of the Ordos, photographed from the International Space Station in 2022.
    The Yellow River and the dunes of the Kubuqi desert on the northern edge of the Ordos, photographed from the International Space Station in 2022. Astronaut photograph ISS067-E-122535. NASA, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Ordos

  • Bronze plaque of a tiger devouring a ram, attributed to the Xiongnu, about the second century BCE.
    Bronze plaque of a tiger devouring a ram, attributed to the Xiongnu, about the second century BCE. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 49.132, Rogers Fund, 1949, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Ordos bronzes

  • The Orkhon valley in central Mongolia, August 2024.
    The Orkhon valley in central Mongolia, August 2024. Photograph: Jonashtand, 2024, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Orkhon-Tal

  • The Amu Darya, the Oxus of the ancient writers, near Kerki in Turkmenistan, 1995.
    The Amu Darya, the Oxus of the ancient writers, near Kerki in Turkmenistan, 1995. Photograph: Klaus Schönitzer, 1995, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Oxus

  • The irrigated oasis of Bukhara at the western end of the Zerafshan valley, surrounded by desert and lakes, photographed from the International Space Station in June 2002. Paikent lay in this oasis at the edge of the desert.
    The irrigated oasis of Bukhara at the western end of the Zerafshan valley, surrounded by desert and lakes, photographed from the International Space Station in June 2002. Paikent lay in this oasis at the edge of the desert. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Paikent

  • The excavated ruins of the Sogdian town of Panjikent in the upper Zarafshan valley, Tajikistan, photographed in 2023. Panjikent is the most extensively and continuously excavated town of Central Asia.
    The excavated ruins of the Sogdian town of Panjikent in the upper Zarafshan valley, Tajikistan, photographed in 2023. Panjikent is the most extensively and continuously excavated town of Central Asia. Image: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Pandschakent

  • The brick tower mausoleum in the town of Barda in Azerbaijan, photographed in 2019. Partaw, the capital of Caucasian Albania, is identified with the present town of Barda.
    The brick tower mausoleum in the town of Barda in Azerbaijan, photographed in 2019. Partaw, the capital of Caucasian Albania, is identified with the present town of Barda. Image: Ludvig14, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Partaw

  • Foundations of the palace complex at Pliska.
    Foundations of the palace complex at Pliska. Photograph: Svilen Enev, 2007, CC BY-SA 3.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Pliska

  • Opening leaf of the Radziwiłł (Königsberg) Chronicle, a fifteenth-century copy of the Rus chronicle.
    Opening leaf of the Radziwiłł (Königsberg) Chronicle, a fifteenth-century copy of the Rus chronicle. Radziwiłł Chronicle, 15th century, reproduction of the manuscript, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Russian Primary Chronicle

  • The mausoleum of Ismail Samani at Bukhara, a monument of the Samanid dynasty.
    The mausoleum of Ismail Samani at Bukhara, a monument of the Samanid dynasty. Photograph: Adam Jones, 2012, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Samanids

  • Riders on camels and a line of white birds in a procession from the paintings of the Hall of the Ambassadors at Afrasiab, the old site of Samarkand, seventh century. The paintings left Uzbekistan for the first time in 2022 for an exhibition at the Louvre.
    Riders on camels and a line of white birds in a procession from the paintings of the Hall of the Ambassadors at Afrasiab, the old site of Samarkand, seventh century. The paintings left Uzbekistan for the first time in 2022 for an exhibition at the Louvre. Wall painting: Hall of the Ambassadors, Afrasiab (Samarkand), seventh century. Photograph: Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Samarkand

  • Silver drachm of the Sasanian empire, about 629 CE.
    Silver drachm of the Sasanian empire, about 629 CE. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 36.30.306, Rogers Fund, 1936, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Sasanidisches Persien

  • Folio 707v of the Shahnama made for Shah Tahmasp, showing Khusrau Parviz's charge against Bahram Chubina. Painted in Iran, about 1530–35.
    Folio 707v of the Shahnama made for Shah Tahmasp, showing Khusrau Parviz's charge against Bahram Chubina. Painted in Iran, about 1530–35. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1970.301.72, Gift of Arthur A. Houghton Jr., 1970, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Shahnameh

  • A shaman of the Minusinsk Tatars, the Khakas of the upper Yenisei, in ceremonial dress with his face covered, holding a drum. The printed caption says that his face is covered when he shamanises.
    A shaman of the Minusinsk Tatars, the Khakas of the upper Yenisei, in ceremonial dress with his face covered, holding a drum. The printed caption says that his face is covered when he shamanises. Photographer unknown, 1900 to 1915; Wellcome Collection, from the papers of M. A. Czaplicka. Public domain mark.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Schamanismus

  • Fields near Samarkand, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915.
    Fields near Samarkand, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Sogdien

  • A Turkic stone statue in the Ancient States Gallery of the National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar.
    A Turkic stone statue in the Ancient States Gallery of the National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2017, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Steinfiguren

  • Farmland of the Chu valley around the town of Tokmak in Kyrgyzstan, photographed from the International Space Station in September 2013. Suyab stood on the Chu; its site, known today as Ak-Beshim, lies near Tokmak.
    Farmland of the Chu valley around the town of Tokmak in Kyrgyzstan, photographed from the International Space Station in September 2013. Suyab stood on the Chu; its site, known today as Ak-Beshim, lies near Tokmak. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Suyab

  • Meanders of the Syr Darya in southern Kazakhstan, astronaut photograph, 2016.
    Meanders of the Syr Darya in southern Kazakhstan, astronaut photograph, 2016. Astronaut photograph ISS048-E-12868. NASA, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Syrdarja

  • Opening pages of the Persian version of al-Tabari's History by Bal'ami, a manuscript of the Il-Khanid period.
    Opening pages of the Persian version of al-Tabari's History by Bal'ami, a manuscript of the Il-Khanid period. Library of Congress, African and Middle East Division, Persian Manuscript Collection, 1-85-154.69, item record, public domain (no known restrictions).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tabari

  • The ruins of the citadel of Aulie-Ata, the modern Taraz, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872.
    The ruins of the citadel of Aulie-Ata, the modern Taraz, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872. Photograph: Turkestan album; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Talas

  • Copper cash coins of the Tang with the legend Kaiyuan tongbao.
    Copper cash coins of the Tang with the legend Kaiyuan tongbao. Photograph: Gary Lee Todd, 2007, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tang

  • A page of the notice on Gaochang in chapter 83 of the Sui Shu, in a Yuan-period printed edition repaired in 1531, in the National Archives of Japan. On the left-hand page the text names the Red Rock Mountain north of Gaochang and, seventy li beyond it, Tanhan Mountain, printed here with the character that later editors corrected.
    A page of the notice on Gaochang in chapter 83 of the Sui Shu, in a Yuan-period printed edition repaired in 1531, in the National Archives of Japan. On the left-hand page the text names the Red Rock Mountain north of Gaochang and, seventy li beyond it, Tanhan Mountain, printed here with the character that later editors corrected. Image: National Archives of Japan. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Berg Tanhan

  • The Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin, between the Tian Shan in the north and the Kunlun in the south, in a MODIS satellite image of 2001.
    The Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin, between the Tian Shan in the north and the Kunlun in the south, in a MODIS satellite image of 2001. Image: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team. NASA Earth Observatory, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tarimbecken

  • Gold solidus of Justin II, emperor in Constantinople from 565 to 578, in whose fourth year the envoys of Istemi swore the alliance.
    Gold solidus of Justin II, emperor in Constantinople from 565 to 578, in whose fourth year the envoys of Istemi swore the alliance. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2004.151.a, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Das Bündnis der Göktürken mit Byzanz

  • Silver plate with a Sasanian king hunting rams, gilded and inlaid with niello. Iran, middle of the fifth to middle of the sixth century.
    Silver plate with a Sasanian king hunting rams, gilded and inlaid with niello. Iran, middle of the fifth to middle of the sixth century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 34.33, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Der Handelskonflikt zwischen Göktürken und Sasaniden

  • Runiform lines on the south face of the first Tonyukuk stone in the Nalaikh valley, photographed in June 1909.
    Runiform lines on the south face of the first Tonyukuk stone in the Nalaikh valley, photographed in June 1909. G. J. Ramstedt and Sakari Pälsi, 1909, Finnish Heritage Agency, record, CC BY 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die alttürkische Schrift

  • The army of Zhang Yichao on the march, with its banners, its cavalry and dancers between the columns, from the wall painting in Cave 156 at Mogao near Dunhuang. The painting commemorates the rising of 848, in which Zhang Yichao drove the Tibetan garrison out of Dunhuang.
    The army of Zhang Yichao on the march, with its banners, its cavalry and dancers between the columns, from the wall painting in Cave 156 at Mogao near Dunhuang. The painting commemorates the rising of 848, in which Zhang Yichao drove the Tibetan garrison out of Dunhuang. Wall painting: unknown painter, late Tang period; Mogao Cave 156, Dunhuang. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tibetisches Reich

  • Painted earthenware tomb figure of an armoured horseman, Northern Wei dynasty, sixth century. The Western Wei, one of the two states into which the Northern Wei split in 534, were the Göktürks’ allies against the Rouran.
    Painted earthenware tomb figure of an armoured horseman, Northern Wei dynasty, sixth century. The Western Wei, one of the two states into which the Northern Wei split in 534, were the Göktürks’ allies against the Rouran. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 20.39.3, Rogers Fund, 1920. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Der Unabhängigkeitskrieg der Göktürken

  • Gold dinar dated 79 AH (698–99 CE), with an Arabic inscription.
    Gold dinar dated 79 AH (698–99 CE), with an Arabic inscription. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 99.35.2386, Bequest of Joseph H. Durkee, 1898, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Hauptbild Steht in: The Umayyad Caliphate

  • A page from the first book of the Record of the Western Regions, the account of the pilgrim Xuanzang, in a Southern Song print of the Buddhist canon. It describes the Thousand Springs, 千泉, four hundred li west of Suyab, where the Göktürk khan came every year to escape the summer heat.
    A page from the first book of the Record of the Western Regions, the account of the pilgrim Xuanzang, in a Southern Song print of the Buddhist canon. It describes the Thousand Springs, 千泉, four hundred li west of Suyab, where the Göktürk khan came every year to escape the summer heat. Image: Sixi canon print, Southern Song; scan National Diet Library, Japan. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tausend Quellen

  • Herds below the snow peaks of the Tian Shan in Kyrgyzstan, 2023.
    Herds below the snow peaks of the Tian Shan in Kyrgyzstan, 2023. Photograph: Bgag, 2023, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tian Shan

  • A view over Tiflis, the modern Tbilisi, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915.
    A view over Tiflis, the modern Tbilisi, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tiflis

  • The Tuul river at Ulaanbaatar.
    The Tuul river at Ulaanbaatar. Photograph: Römert, 2015, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tola

  • The painted and gilded back panels of the stone funerary couch from the tomb of An Jia at Xi'an, buried in 579.
    The painted and gilded back panels of the stone funerary couch from the tomb of An Jia at Xi'an, buried in 579. Photograph: Momo and Gary Todd, 2022, file page, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Das Grab des An Jia

  • The Zarafshan range seen from the north across the valley of the Zarafshan near Samarkand, in a colour photograph taken between 1905 and 1915.
    The Zarafshan range seen from the north across the valley of the Zarafshan near Samarkand, in a colour photograph taken between 1905 and 1915. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii, between 1905 and 1915; Library of Congress, no known restrictions.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Transoxanien

  • Gold bowl from the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós, seventh to ninth century, in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
    Gold bowl from the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós, seventh to ninth century, in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Photograph: Wolfgang Sauber, 2015, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós

  • One of a pair of gold earrings, Avar work, 550 to 650.
    One of a pair of gold earrings, Avar work, 550 to 650. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 17.191.4, CC0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Türkische Stämme in Europa

  • Back panel of the funerary couch of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao at the Zhou court who died in 579. Two men kneel facing each other inside a yurt, a gilded vessel between them; others drink before the tent, and a laden camel and a donkey rest below. The scene is taken to show An Jia at talks with a Göktürk chief.
    Back panel of the funerary couch of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao at the Zhou court who died in 579. Two men kneel facing each other inside a yurt, a gilded vessel between them; others drink before the tent, and a laden camel and a donkey rest below. The scene is taken to show An Jia at talks with a Göktürk chief. Shaanxi History Museum, Xi’an. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2019, CC0 (detail).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Turkic-Sogdian Synthesis

  • Envoy of the Tuyuhun, labelled 河南, the name under which the southern histories treat their kingdom. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist.
    Envoy of the Tuyuhun, labelled 河南, the name under which the southern histories treat their kingdom. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist. Handscroll, ink on paper; National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N. Copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, The National Palace Museum, Taipei, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tuyuhun

  • Uyghur donor, wall painting from Cave 17 at Bezeklik, about the tenth to eleventh century, photographed in Berlin in 2006.
    Uyghur donor, wall painting from Cave 17 at Bezeklik, about the tenth to eleventh century, photographed in Berlin in 2006. Photograph: Gryffindor, 2006, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Uigurisches Königreich von Qocho

  • Excavated Roman walls and brick pillars at the archaeological site of Viminacium near Kostolac in eastern Serbia, photographed in 2020. In 441 Viminacium was the first great city that the Huns took in their Balkan wars, and they razed it to the ground.
    Excavated Roman walls and brick pillars at the archaeological site of Viminacium near Kostolac in eastern Serbia, photographed in 2020. In 441 Viminacium was the first great city that the Huns took in their Balkan wars, and they razed it to the ground. Image: Ivan Radic, CC BY 2.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Viminacium

  • The lower Volga and its wide floodplain between Volgograd and Astrakhan, photographed from the International Space Station on 13 March 2007. Menander calls the river the Attila; the Roman envoy Zemarchos came to it in 571 on his way home from Istemi.
    The lower Volga and its wide floodplain between Volgograd and Astrakhan, photographed from the International Space Station on 13 March 2007. Menander calls the river the Attila; the Roman envoy Zemarchos came to it in 571 on his way home from Istemi. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Wolga

  • Horsemen in armour on armoured horses ride down robbers on foot in the story of the Five Hundred Robbers, a wall painting in Cave 285 at Mogao near Dunhuang. The cave was painted under the Western Wei and carries dedications of 538 and 539.
    Horsemen in armour on armoured horses ride down robbers on foot in the story of the Five Hundred Robbers, a wall painting in Cave 285 at Mogao near Dunhuang. The cave was painted under the Western Wei and carries dedications of 538 and 539. Wall painting: unknown painter, Western Wei period (535–557); Mogao Cave 285, Dunhuang. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Westliche Wei

  • Tower on a bastion of the city wall of Liangzhou, today Wuwei, photographed in 1906.
    Tower on a bastion of the city wall of Liangzhou, today Wuwei, photographed in 1906. Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, 1906, Finnish Heritage Agency, record, CC BY 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Wuwei

  • The opening page of book 84 of the Sui Shu, the chapter on the Göktürks, in a Japanese print of 1844. Its first lines give the second account of Göktürk origins, which sets their forebears in a state upon the Western Sea, 西海.
    The opening page of book 84 of the Sui Shu, the chapter on the Göktürks, in a Japanese print of 1844. Its first lines give the second account of Göktürk origins, which sets their forebears in a state upon the Western Sea, 西海. Image: Kōdōkan, Takamatsu (print, 1844); scan National Diet Library, Japan. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Xihai

  • Bronze belt plaque with a tiger devouring a ram, Xiongnu, about second century BC.
    Bronze belt plaque with a tiger devouring a ram, Xiongnu, about second century BC. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 49.132, Rogers Fund, 1949. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Hauptbild Steht in: Xiongnu

  • The inscription of Ujuk-Archan on the upper Yenisei, five lines of runiform script with transcription, as Wilhelm Radloff printed it from the squeezes of the Finnish expedition.
    The inscription of Ujuk-Archan on the upper Yenisei, five lines of runiform script with transcription, as Wilhelm Radloff printed it from the squeezes of the Finnish expedition. W. Radloff, Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, St Petersburg 1895, p. 305. Public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Yenisei inscriptions

  • A street with a gateway in Hami, the oasis town identified with Yiwu, photographed by C. G. Mannerheim on his journey through Central Asia and China between 1906 and 1908.
    A street with a gateway in Hami, the oasis town identified with Yiwu, photographed by C. G. Mannerheim on his journey through Central Asia and China between 1906 and 1908. Image: C. G. Mannerheim, Finnish Heritage Agency, CC BY 4.0.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Yiwu

  • Opening of chapter 1 of the Zizhi tongjian in a printed edition of the Song period.
    Opening of chapter 1 of the Zizhi tongjian in a printed edition of the Song period. Sima Guang, Zizhi tongjian, Song-period edition, reproduction, public domain.

    Hauptbild Steht in: Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance)

  • The Katun range under a clear sky: a line of snow-covered summits with Belukha at the centre, bare brown ridges in front of them
    The Katun range from the Kara-Tyurek pass, with Belukha at its centre and the Akkem valley below. Photograph: Александр Лещёнок, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Panorama Steht in: Altai

  • A Persian miniature of a polo match: riders on horses of many colours with polo sticks on a pale field, spectators on a rocky slope and a blue sky above
    Siyavash plays polo before Afrasiab. A page of the Shahnameh made for Shah Tahmasp at Tabriz, about 1525–30, painting attributed to Qasim ibn ʿAli. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1970.301.26, gift of Arthur A. Houghton Jr., 1970; detail. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab

  • A Persian miniature on a red ground: a half-naked captive kneels between attendants, one of whom holds him by the hair, while an armoured man with a helmet stands over him with a drawn sword
    Kay Khosrow puts Afrasiab to death. A page of a Shahnameh, probably from Isfahan, about 1330–40. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1974.290.21, bequest of Monroe C. Gutman, 1974; detail. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab

  • The bare, eroded surface of a wide mound under a clear sky, with the domes and portals of a city and a mountain range beyond
    The Afrasiab mound, the site of Samarkand before the Mongol period, with the domes of the later city behind it. Photograph: David Stanley, 2012, CC BY 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab, Afrasiab paintings

  • Three standing figures in white caftans patterned with woven roundels, their faces and hands partly lost, against a faded blue ground
    Three figures in white silk caftans with woven roundels, in the lower file on the left half of the west wall. There is more than one view of who they are. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • A white caftan covered with columns of cursive writing, and beside it seated figures seen from behind, with long dark plaits hanging down their backs
    The upper file of the west wall, left half: the white caftan bearing the long Sogdian inscription, and beside it seated figures seen from behind with long plaited hair, the Göktürks of the painting. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • The right half of a wall painting in a museum hall: a row of faded standing figures in brown and ochre, and at the right edge a frame of vertical poles
    The right half of the west wall. The foreign envoys stand in a row; at the far right, beside a frame of banner poles, stand the two figures in feathered caps. Photograph: amanderson2, 2018, CC BY 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • Two standing figures, drawn almost only in outline on a faded ground, with long swords at the waist, beside vertical poles
    The two figures in feathered caps at the right end of the west wall. Their paint survives almost only as outline. Photograph: amanderson2, 2018, CC BY 2.0; detail.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • A long boat drawn across a faded wall, carrying a group of standing figures, with swirling water, fish-like creatures and a black bird below it
    The north wall: a boat with Chinese court ladies on the water, and water creatures beneath it. The tallest figure is taken to be an empress or a princess. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • A heavily faded section of wall painting in blue and ochre, in which the outlines of horses and riders can barely be made out
    The north wall, right part: riders at a hunt, taken to be the hunt of the Chinese emperor. Little more than the outlines survives. Photograph: Jean Housen, 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • A long frieze on a bright blue ground: a white elephant at the left, riders on horses and camels, a row of white birds and figures on foot
    The procession on the south wall, from the white elephant at its head to the riders on camels and the white birds. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • The painting as it survives: two riders on a camel, a line of white birds, a standing man in a white robe and the legs of horses from the frieze above, on a faded blue ground with large losses of plaster
    Riders on camels, a line of white birds and a standing man in the procession on the south wall of the Hall of the Ambassadors, seventh century: the painting as it survives, and the same section in an original artistic reconstruction for the atlas, after the photograph. The reconstruction restores the faded colours and fills the losses of plaster. What it paints into the losses, the saddled camel on the right among them, is conjecture. Photograph: Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0. Reconstruction: original artistic rendering for the atlas after this photograph, 2026, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • A white elephant with a decorated saddle-cloth on a blue ground; the figures that rode on its back are lost
    The white elephant at the head of the procession on the south wall. The riders on its back are lost. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • A fragment of wall painting: part of a large rider in a red garment patterned with birds, a golden scabbard and a saddle-cloth edged with pearl roundels
    What survives of the outsized rider on the south wall, taken to be Varkhuman: a red silk garment patterned with birds, a golden scabbard and a saddle-cloth bordered with pearl roundels. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • Belukha, the highest summit of the Altai, seen across the moraine and ice of the Akkem glacier under a summer sky
    Belukha, at 4 506 metres the highest summit of the range, seen from the Akkem glacier on its northern side. The bare moraine in the foreground and the ice tongue behind it are what the upper Altai looks like above the forest. Photograph: Ondřej Žváček, 2007, CC BY 2.5.

    Im Text Steht in: Altai

  • The Belukha massif photographed from orbit: snow-covered peaks and glacier tongues radiating from the centre, brown valleys around them
    The Belukha massif and the Katun range from the International Space Station, looking straight down. The glaciers run out from the summit block in several directions; the brown ground around them is the treeless upper slope, and the pale lake near the top of the picture is one of the glacier-fed lakes of the Akkem valley. Photograph: NASA, ISS024-E-15459 (2010), public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Altai

  • A rocky river valley on the Ukok plateau: a milky glacial river on the left, boulders and grass in the foreground, red rock walls and a notch in the ridge behind
    The Ak-Alakha river on the Ukok plateau, in the south of the range, with the channel behind it through which a lake dammed by ice once drained across the ridge into the neighbouring valley. The milky colour of the water is rock flour, ground by the glaciers upstream. Photograph: A. N. Rudoy, 2000, CC BY-SA 3.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Altai

  • Satellite image of a high plateau: brown and green ground dotted with dark lakes, snow-covered mountains along the bottom edge
    The Ukok plateau in a Landsat 7 image at thirty metres a pixel, near natural colour. The dark spots are lakes in a permafrost basin; the snow along the lower edge is the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola massif on the Mongolian border. The frozen barrows of the Pazyryk period on this plateau owe their preservation to the ground shown here. Image: NASA, Landsat 7 (2006), public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Altai

  • A broad grassy valley high in the mountains, a river winding through it in loops, snow-covered peaks along the horizon under a clear sky
    The valley of the Ak-Alakha on the Ukok plateau, one of the places where the frozen barrows of the Pazyryk period lie. The river winds through a basin that is grassland in summer and permafrost underneath. Photograph: Kobsev, 2006, CC BY 2.5.

    Im Text Steht in: Altai

  • Line drawing: a shaman with a large frame drum crouches before seated Altaians under a tree; tents stand on the slope behind
    Altaians at the conjuring of spirits by a shaman, in the open beside a tree, with tents behind. Drawing in Radloff’s account of his years in the Altai. W. Radloff, Aus Sibirien, vol. 2, Leipzig 1893, plate 1, Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Animismus

  • Line drawing: the hide of a horse stretched on a long slanting pole resting on a frame of posts
    A sacrificial place of the Altaians: the hide of the offered horse hung on a pole above a frame of posts. W. Radloff, Aus Sibirien, vol. 2, Leipzig 1893, plate 1, Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Animismus

  • An old woman in a checked dress kneels in the sun and churns with a long wooden dasher in a tall cylindrical churn
    Churning butter with a dasher in a tall churn. The liquid left in the churn when the butter has been lifted out is what Kashgari calls ayran. From an album of views of the Yakutsk region, late nineteenth or early twentieth century. Irkutsk State University. Library of Congress, World Digital Library, free to use.

    Im Text Steht in: Ayran

  • Leather bags and carved wooden goblets on a table: a tall skin bag with a carved stopper in the middle, two skins on the right, and seven wooden cups
    Vessels for kumys among the Yakuts, whose word for milk food is ürüŋ , "white": in the middle a skin bag in which the kumys is made, on the right two skins for keeping it, the others wooden drinking cups. Photograph: L. Veniukov; Novosibirsk State Museum of Regional History. Library of Congress, World Digital Library, free to use.

    Im Text Steht in: Ayran

  • An openwork gold buckle with two crouching felines attacking ibexes, set as a mirrored pair
    Gold belt buckle with paired felines attacking ibexes, Xiongnu, about third to second century BC, the time of Bagatur. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 17.190.1672, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Im Text Steht in: Bagatur (Modu Chanyu)

  • Aerial photograph of a ruined walled city among green fields, the outlines of an inner and an outer wall drawn in white dashes, the Tian Shan on the horizon, labels in Chinese and English
    The ruins of Beshbalik from the air, as the information board at the site shows them: the inner city within the outer city, the West Temple beyond the West River, and the Tian Shan on the horizon. The arrow at lower right points north. Photograph of the information board at the Beiting ruins.

    Im Text Steht in: Beshbalik

  • A weathered stone figure in green grassland under a cloudy sky: a face with heavy brows and a drooping moustache, and a vessel held at the chest
    A carved stone figure on the open steppe: the face with brows and moustache, and a vessel held at the chest. It is a figure of the kind that stood at the enclosure, which is often called a balbal.

    Im Text Steht in: Bestattung und Balbal

  • A grave marked by standing stones on the open steppe, with two camels
    A grave marked by standing stones on the steppe between Schargaldschut and Lake Biir in Mongolia, with two camels, photographed in 1909. The collection does not date the grave itself. Finnish Heritage Agency (Museovirasto), General Ethnographic Photo Collection, VKK156:146. Photograph by Sakari Pälsi, 1909. Finna, CC BY 4.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Eurasische Nomaden

  • A family on the move across the steppe, its goods loaded on yaks
    A Mongol family moving across the steppe in 1909, with their goods carried on yaks. Finnish Heritage Agency (Museovirasto), General Ethnographic Photo Collection, VKK156:38. Photograph by Sakari Pälsi, 1909. Finna, CC BY 4.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Eurasische Nomaden

  • Felt tents standing for sale, one with its lattice frame still uncovered
    Felt tents standing for sale at Urga, today Ulaanbaatar, in 1909. On the right the lattice frame and roof ring of one tent are still uncovered. Finnish Heritage Agency (Museovirasto), General Ethnographic Photo Collection, VKK156:89. Photograph by Sakari Pälsi, 1909. Finna, CC BY 4.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Eurasische Nomaden

  • A gold plaque in the form of a stag with its antlers drawn out into open loops
    Gold plaque of a stag with antlers drawn out into open loops, Scythian, 400–300 BC. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1985.77, The Severance and Greta Millikin Purchase Fund. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Im Text Steht in: Eurasische Nomaden, History of the Turkic peoples

  • The inside of a round frame drum: a carved wooden handle, an iron crossbar hung with brass bells and cloth strips, and iron crescents along the rim
    A shaman’s drum from the Altai and Khakassia, collected in 1892, seen from behind: brass bells hang from the crossbar. Drum and bell are the two instruments Menander names at the purification of 569. Etnografiska museet, Stockholm, no. 1892.03.0354. Photograph: Daderot, 2014, CC0.

    Im Text Steht in: Kam (türkischer Schamane)

  • A bearded man in a long coat, in profile, holding a large frame drum hung with white pelts
    A shaman of the second rank in the Minusinsk district on the upper Yenisei, with his drum, photographed in 1897 on the expedition of Joseph de Baye. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Société de Géographie, SG XCD-199. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Kam (türkischer Schamane)

  • A manuscript page in Uyghur script in two columns, with a line of Arabic calligraphy across the top
    A page of the Vienna manuscript, copied at Herat in 1439 in Uyghur script, with a heading in Arabic letters. Facsimile of the Vienna manuscript, St Petersburg 1890, public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Kutadgu Bilig

  • Domed mud-brick tombs among heaps of rubble under a pale sky, two men standing by a wall
    The mausoleum of Akhmed Zamchi in the ruin fields of ancient Merv, between 1905 and 1915. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii, between 1905 and 1915; Library of Congress, no known restrictions.

    Im Text Steht in: Merw

  • A round bronze mirror with lobed rim; two horsemen at full gallop draw their bows among birds, clouds and a mountain
    Bronze mirror with a hunting scene, China, Tang dynasty, eighth century. Two horsemen draw their bows at full gallop. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 25.20.3, Rogers Fund, 1925. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Im Text Steht in: Bogenschießen zu Pferde

  • A bearded emperor in a flat-topped crown with pendants and a dark robe over red garments, walking between two attendants; a column of Chinese characters in the upper right corner
    Emperor Wu of the Zhou in the Thirteen Emperors Scroll, a handscroll attributed to the Tang court painter Yan Liben and painted in the seventh century. It is a later depiction, not a portrait from life. The inscription calls him Emperor Wu of the Later Zhou, Yuwen Yong, counts five emperors in twenty-five years, and notes that he destroyed the Buddhist law. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Painting attributed to Yan Liben; reproduction from The Yorck Project. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Nördliche Zhou

  • A stone slab with a pointed top: in a niche a crowned figure seated with one hand raised, two standing attendants on lotus pedestals, and below them two lions flanking an incense burner
    Laozi seated between two attendants, a Daoist stone image from Shaanxi dated 564, ten years before the ban. The figure sits in the posture of a Buddha; lions and an incense burner fill the base. Field Museum, Chicago. Photograph: Mary Harrsch, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Nördliche Zhou

  • A round-topped stone shrine: in an arched niche a seated Buddha on a lotus between standing disciples and bodhisattvas, with a muscular guardian figure on each side
    Buddhist stone shrine of the Zhou period from Shaanxi: the Buddha seated on a lotus between disciples and bodhisattvas, with a guardian on either side. Field Museum, Chicago. Photograph: Mary Harrsch, 2016, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Nördliche Zhou

  • A slender silver ewer on a beaded foot, with a tall handle ending in a small human head and figures in relief around its body
    Replica of the gilded silver ewer from the tomb of Li Xian at Guyuan, shown at the National Museum of China in Beijing. The ewer was made in Central Asia; the figures in relief on its body come from Greek myth. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2011, CC0.

    Im Text Steht in: Nördliche Zhou

  • A wall painting in red, blue, black and white: a small flying figure playing a lute among long streaming scarves
    A flying celestial playing a lute, from the wall paintings of cave 301 at Mogao near Dunhuang, of the Zhou period. Wall painting, Mogao cave 301. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Nördliche Zhou

  • A painted arch above a doorway: a large monster mask with spread feathers in the middle, a winged figure on each side, and red flowers along the edges
    Modern copy of the painting above the gate of her tomb: a monster mask between two winged figures. Hebei Museum. Copy: Hebei Museum. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2014, CC0.

    Im Text Steht in: Princess Linhe, Tomb of Princess Linhe

  • Envoy of the Rouran, labelled 芮芮國, the name the southern courts used for them. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist.
    Envoy of the Rouran, labelled 芮芮國, the name the southern courts used for them. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist. Handscroll, ink on paper; National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N. Copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, The National Palace Museum, Taipei, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.

    Im Text Steht in: Rouran-Khaganat

  • The rounded top of a dark inscribed stone slab with a carved emblem in its centre and a row of runic signs along the bottom edge
    The crown and upper runes of the Kül Tegin stone, photographed by the Finnish expedition of 1890. Photograph: Finnish expedition of 1890, Inscriptions de l’Orkhon recueillies par l’expédition finnoise 1890, Helsingfors 1892, Tab. 2, public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Zweites Göktürk-Khaganat, History of the Turkic peoples

  • Two men beside a cart and a white horse on open steppe, one of them seated on a large boulder
    General view of the site of the Bilge Khan monument on the Orkhon, photographed in 1890. Photograph: Finnish expedition of 1890, Inscriptions de l’Orkhon recueillies par l’expédition finnoise 1890, Helsingfors 1892, public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Zweites Göktürk-Khaganat

  • Line drawing of the skin of a round drum painted with human figures, animals, birds, trees and a tent, divided by a horizontal band
    The outer side of an Altaian shaman’s drum: men, animals, birds and trees painted on the skin, above and below a dividing band. W. Radloff, Aus Sibirien, vol. 2, Leipzig 1893, plate 1, Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Schamanismus

  • Line drawing of the inside of a round drum: an upright handle shaped as a figure with a face, a crossbar hung with pendants, and two struts below
    The inside of the same kind of drum: the handle shaped as a figure with a head, and the crossbar hung with pendants. W. Radloff, Aus Sibirien, vol. 2, Leipzig 1893, plate 1, Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Schamanismus

  • An engraving of the inside of a wooden dwelling: a shaman in a fringed coat holds a drum above his head and dances beside a sick man lying on a bed, while a family sits by a hearth with a hanging cauldron
    A Yakut shaman invoking his spirits to cure a sick man, an engraving titled "A Jakutian Priest invoking his deities to cure a sick man". The Yakut, who call themselves Sakha, speak a Turkic language. The date of the print is not recorded. Engraving by S. Davenport, date not recorded; Wellcome Collection. Public domain mark.

    Im Text Steht in: Schamanismus

  • An engraving of a man in a long coat hung with iron rings and discs, with antler-like prongs at his shoulders and his head bowed, holding an arrow in both hands, with captions in Russian, German and French beneath
    A Tungus shaman on the Argun, seen from the front: a coat hung with iron rings and discs, antler-like prongs at the shoulders, an arrow in the hands. The Tungus speak a Tungusic language. The plate shows the wider Siberian pattern and not the Göktürks. Plate from J. G. Georgi, Description de toutes les nations de l'Empire de Russie, 1776, Boston Public Library copy at the Internet Archive. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Schamanismus

  • An engraving of the same man seen from behind, with long strips of hide hanging down his back, three iron rings at the collar and antler-like prongs above them, and bells at the hem of the coat
    The same Tungus shaman from behind: long strips down the back, iron rings at the collar under the antler-like prongs, and bells at the hem of the coat. Plate from J. G. Georgi, Description de toutes les nations de l'Empire de Russie, 1776, Boston Public Library copy at the Internet Archive. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Schamanismus

  • A black-and-white photograph of two men in front of a thatched house: one in a fur-trimmed coat and a pointed hat holds a drum behind him, the other, seated and wearing a feathered headdress, holds a frame drum and a beater
    A Nanai shaman priest and his assistant, each with a frame drum, photographed about 1895. The Nanai, called Goldi in the older literature, are a Tungusic people and not a Turkic one. Photograph by William Henry Jackson, about 1895; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, World's Transportation Commission collection. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Schamanismus

  • A black-and-white photograph of a shaman in a fringed apron and a dark feathered headdress, holding a large frame drum, on a river bank in winter
    A Nanai shaman in regalia with a frame drum on a river bank, photographed between 1890 and 1900. The shadow of the photographer falls in the foreground. Photograph by William Henry Jackson, 1890 to 1900; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, World's Transportation Commission collection. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Schamanismus

  • A black-and-white photograph of a man seen from behind and from the side, in a coat hung with iron pendants, rings and bells and a fringe, beating a round drum held at his left, on an open plain
    A shaman with a drum in full costume, seen from behind: iron pendants, a large ring with a bell at the back and a long fringe. The printed caption reads "Privileged priest versed in the sorceries of shamanism". The place and date of the photograph are not recorded. Photographer and date not recorded; Wellcome Collection. Public domain mark.

    Im Text Steht in: Schamanismus

  • An engraving of a man with bristling hair, his face set in a scowl, in a coat hung with strips, tassels and pendants, holding a frame drum in one hand and a beater with rings in the other, with captions in Russian, German and French beneath
    A shaman of Kamchatka with a frame drum, a ringed beater and a coat hung with strips and pendants, a plate titled "Ein Schamann in Kamtschatka". The Kamchadal are not a Turkic people. The plate shows the wider Siberian pattern and not the Göktürks. Plate from J. G. Georgi, Description de toutes les nations de l'Empire de Russie, 1776, Boston Public Library copy at the Internet Archive. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Schamanismus

  • A manuscript page with six columns of Persian verse in black ink between red rules, framed in gold
    A page of a Shahnama made in Baghdad about 1299, from the reign of Nushirwan (Khosrow I): the war between the Khan of Chin, the khan of the Turks in the Persian epic, and the Haitalians, the Hephthalites. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1944.480.2.b, CC0.

    Im Text Steht in: Der Göktürk-hephthalitische Krieg, 555–563

  • A tall brick wall and a huge broken parabolic arch standing alone in a flat desert
    The Taq Kasra at Ctesiphon, the great vaulted hall of the Sasanian palace on the Tigris, photographed in 1932. Photograph: American Colony Photo Department, 1932; Library of Congress, no known restrictions.

    Im Text Steht in: Der Handelskonflikt zwischen Göktürken und Sasaniden

  • A tall weathered stone pillar covered from top to bottom in vertical lines of runic letters, standing in open grassland
    The upper part of the south face of the first Tonyukuk stone in the Nalaikh valley, photographed in June 1909. Photograph: G. J. Ramstedt and Sakari Pälsi, 1909, Finnish Heritage Agency, CC BY 4.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Tonyukuk, Die Tonyukuk-Inschrift

  • Large broken blocks of a stone coffin lying on bare ground on an open plain, with a tent at the left edge
    The stone coffin at the Tonyukuk tomb, seen from the southwest, in 1909. Photograph: Sakari Pälsi, 1909, Finnish Heritage Agency, CC BY 4.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Tonyukuk, Die Tonyukuk-Inschrift

  • A wide view over a grass plain with scattered stone blocks, a few upright stones and two tents in front of low hills
    The Tonyukuk tomb, seen from the southwest corner of its earth bank, in 1909. Photograph: Sakari Pälsi, 1909, Finnish Heritage Agency, CC BY 4.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Die Tonyukuk-Inschrift

  • A small silver mount with two openings at the top and a rounded double knob below
    Silver belt ornament, Avar or Byzantine work, about 575. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 17.191.179, CC0.

    Im Text Steht in: Türkische Stämme in Europa

  • A faded wall painting: a row of standing figures in long coats against a blue ground, with the lower edge of a row of seated figures above them
    West wall of the Hall of the Ambassadors at Afrasiab, Samarkand, middle of the seventh century: a row of standing figures in long coats. Above them runs the lower edge of the seated figures with long plaits whom the museum’s drawing of the wall marks as Turkic guards. Photograph: Jean Housen, 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Turkic-Sogdian Synthesis

  • Two painted pottery warrior figures with crested helmets and fierce faces in a dark museum case, a bilingual museum label in front of them
    Two painted pottery warriors from the tomb of Hou Yi at Hujiagou in Xianyang, a burial of the Western Wei period in the country round Chang'an, now in the Shaanxi History Museum in Xi'an. Photograph: Hugh Llewelyn, 2009, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Westliche Wei

  • A standing painted pottery figure of an official in a small cap, a belted jacket and wide trousers, on a square base in a museum case
    Pottery figure of a military official of the Western Wei period in the National Museum of China, Beijing. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2011, CC0.

    Im Text Steht in: Westliche Wei

  • A stone stele with a rounded top: a seated Buddha in an arched niche between standing attendants, with small carved figures and an inscription panel below
    Buddhist stele of the Western Wei period, a seated Buddha between attendants, in the Beilin Museum in Xi'an, the city that was Chang'an. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2011, CC0.

    Im Text Steht in: Westliche Wei

  • A tall stone stele carved in several registers: a Buddha seated with attendants in the upper niche, a Buddha seated cross-legged in the lower niche, and rows of small figures and scenes around them
    Buddhist stele of the Western Wei period, carved in registers with two seated Buddhas and scenes in relief, in the Xi'an Museum. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2011, CC0.

    Im Text Steht in: Westliche Wei

  • Lines of runiform script with a numbered transcription beside them
    The Ujuk-Archan inscription from the upper Yenisei in runiform script, with transcription, as Wilhelm Radloff printed it in 1895. W. Radloff, Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, St Petersburg 1895, p. 305. Public domain.

    Im Text Steht in: Jenissei-Kirgisen-Khaganat

  • Painted and gilded stone reliefs in three panels: riders meeting, two men feasting inside a yurt, a banquet under a pavilion
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads. Funerary couch of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao at the Zhou court who died in 579, three of its back panels: a meeting of riders and talks at a low table, a feast in a yurt with a laden camel below, a banquet with dancers. Shaanxi History Museum, Xi’an. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2019, CC0.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Istemis Reise in den Westen

  • Rows of runes cut in stone, in an old photograph
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads. Runes on the east face of the Kül Tegin stone, photographed by the Finnish expedition of 1890. Inscriptions de l’Orkhon, Helsingfors 1892, Tab. 4; National Library of Finland, Public domain.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Namen, Titel und Ansprüche

  • Armoured horsemen by a city gate, a wall painting from the Kucha region
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Die Teilung des Ersten Göktürk-Reichs

  • The envoy of the Rouran, a drawing in ink on paper
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads. Envoy of the Rouran, labelled 芮芮國, from a copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”. National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Aufstieg und Fall des Rouran-Reichs

  • The crown of an inscribed stone, in an old photograph
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads. Crown and upper runes of the Kül Tegin stone, photographed by the Finnish expedition of 1890. Inscriptions de l’Orkhon, Helsingfors 1892, Tab. 2; National Library of Finland, Public domain.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Der Fall der Göktürken

  • Runes cut in a standing stone, in an old photograph
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads. Upper part of the south face of the first Tonyukuk stone, photographed in June 1909 by G. J. Ramstedt and Sakari Pälsi (cropped). Finnish Heritage Agency, VKK532:464, CC BY 4.0.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Die Wiedergeburt der Göktürken

  • Bronze belt plaque with a tiger devouring a ram
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 49.132, Rogers Fund, 1949. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Lesepfad Steht in: Die Xiongnu

  • A broken stone crown carved with dragons, in an old photograph
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads. Fragment of the dragon crown of the Karabalghasun stone, photographed by the Finnish expedition of 1890. Inscriptions de l’Orkhon, Helsingfors 1892, Tab. 46; National Library of Finland, Public domain.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Uiguren und Kirgisen

Moderne Darstellungen

Illustrationen, Rekonstruktionen und Gemälde von heute.

Hauptbild 64 · Im Text 12 · Lesepfad 6 · Türkische Töre 1 · Seite 1

  • An Lushan in a modern portrait.
    An Lushan in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: An Lushan

  • Anagui in a modern portrait.
    Anagui in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Anagui

  • Are Khan in a modern portrait.
    Are Khan in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Are Khan

  • A Göktürk nobleman seated on a felt rug, in a modern drawing.
    A Göktürk nobleman seated on a felt rug, in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Baga

  • Bagatur in a modern portrait.
    Bagatur in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Bagatur (Modu Chanyu)

  • Battle of Dzungaria, 552 in a modern illustration.
    Battle of Dzungaria, 552 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die Schlacht in der Dsungarei, 552

  • Battle of Huaihuang, 552 in a modern illustration.
    Battle of Huaihuang, 552 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die Schlacht von Huaihuang, 552

  • Bayanchur Khan in a modern portrait.
    Bayanchur Khan in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Bayanchur Khan

  • Bilge Khan in a modern drawing.
    Bilge Khan in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Bilge Khan

  • Bumin Khan in a modern portrait.
    Bumin Khan in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Bumin Khan

  • A holder of the title at a feast with a drinking horn, in a modern illustration.
    A holder of the title at a feast with a drinking horn, in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Daluobian

  • Donghu in a modern illustration.
    Donghu in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Donghu

  • Empress Yujiulü in a modern portrait.
    Empress Yujiulü in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Kaiserin Yujiulü

  • An elder officer of the khaganate in a modern illustration: the age that the title names.
    An elder officer of the khaganate in a modern illustration: the age that the title names. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Geli Daguan

  • Göktürk Expansion along the Silk Road in a modern illustration.
    Göktürk Expansion along the Silk Road in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Expansion der Göktürken entlang der Seidenstraße

  • Göktürk Expansion into Europe in a modern illustration.
    Göktürk Expansion into Europe in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die Expansion der Göktürken nach Europa

  • Göktürk raid of 542 in a modern illustration.
    Göktürk raid of 542 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Der Raubzug der Göktürken 542

  • Göktürk war of restoration, 679–687 in a modern illustration.
    Göktürk war of restoration, 679–687 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Göktürk war of restoration, 679–687

  • Göktürks in a modern illustration.
    Göktürks in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Göktürken

  • A commander with his horse before his riders, in a modern illustration: the horse and the command that the title names.
    A commander with his horse before his riders, in a modern illustration: the horse and the command that the title names. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Helan Suni Que

  • Heqin in a modern illustration.
    Heqin in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Heqin

  • Runes of the Tonyukuk stone, the Göktürk realm in 552, the Altai from space, a Scythian gold stag, the empire of Attila in 453 and riders on a Tang bronze mirror.
    Runes of the Tonyukuk stone, the Göktürk realm in 552, the Altai from space, a Scythian gold stag, the empire of Attila in 453 and riders on a Tang bronze mirror. Photographs: G. J. Ramstedt and Sakari Pälsi, Finnish Heritage Agency (CC BY 4.0); NASA, astronaut photograph iss069e071176 (public domain); The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1985.77 (CC0); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 25.20.3 (CC0). Maps: © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: History of the Turkic peoples

  • Huhanye Chanyu in a modern portrait.
    Huhanye Chanyu in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Huhanye Chanyu

  • Huns in a modern illustration.
    Huns in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Hunnen

  • A Göktürk archer in a modern illustration: the strength and courage that the title names.
    A Göktürk archer in a modern illustration: the strength and courage that the title names. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Ishbara (Titel)

  • Issik Khan in a modern drawing.
    Issik Khan in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Issik Khan

  • Istemi in a modern portrait.
    Istemi in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Istemi

  • An aged dignitary in a modern illustration: the high office that men of great age held.
    An aged dignitary in a modern illustration: the high office that men of great age held. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Keluo Chuo

  • Khan (Khagan) in a modern illustration.
    Khan (Khagan) in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Khan (Khagan)

  • A Göktürk chur on horseback before a camp, with a golden wolf-head standard behind him, in a modern drawing.
    A Göktürk chur on horseback before a camp, with a golden wolf-head standard behind him, in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Külüg Chur

  • Kut in a modern illustration.
    Kut in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Kut

  • Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan in a modern portrait.
    Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan

  • Laoshang Chanyu in a modern portrait.
    Laoshang Chanyu in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Laoshang Chanyu

  • Loose-rein prefectures in a modern illustration.
    Loose-rein prefectures in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Loose-rein prefectures

  • Mobei campaign, 119 BC in a modern illustration.
    Mobei campaign, 119 BC in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Mobei-Feldzug, 119 v. Chr.

  • On Oq in a modern illustration.
    On Oq in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: On Oq

  • Ötüken in a modern illustration: an inscribed stele in the forested upland, with swords set upright in the ground around it.
    Ötüken in a modern illustration: an inscribed stele in the forested upland, with swords set upright in the ground around it. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Ötüken

  • A peri at a spring in a modern illustration: the shape the being takes in later Turkic storytelling, not in any source of the khaganates.
    A peri at a spring in a modern illustration: the shape the being takes in later Turkic storytelling, not in any source of the khaganates. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Peri

  • Rise of Anagui Khan in a modern illustration.
    Rise of Anagui Khan in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Der Aufstieg Anagui Khans

  • Rouran in a modern illustration.
    Rouran in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Rouran

  • Siege of Baideng in a modern illustration.
    Siege of Baideng in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die Belagerung von Baideng

  • Two Göktürk dignitaries in conversation at the entrance of a felt tent at dusk, in a modern drawing.
    Two Göktürk dignitaries in conversation at the entrance of a felt tent at dusk, in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Sifa

  • An officer with a comb at a walled market town, in a modern illustration: the hair of the title's name and the office likened to a prefect's.
    An officer with a comb at a walled market town, in a modern illustration: the hair of the title's name and the office likened to a prefect's. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Suoge Tudun

  • A young Göktürk prince, a tegin, in a modern drawing.
    A young Göktürk prince, a tegin, in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tegin

  • The Court Debate of 630 in a modern illustration.
    The Court Debate of 630 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die Hofdebatte von 630

  • The fall of Ordu-Balık, 840 in a modern illustration.
    The fall of Ordu-Balık, 840 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Der Fall von Ordu-Balık, 840

  • The Göktürk interregnum, 630–682 in a modern illustration.
    The Göktürk interregnum, 630–682 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Das Interregnum der Göktürken, 630–682

  • The Huns and the Xiongnu in a modern illustration.
    The Huns and the Xiongnu in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die Hunnen und die Xiongnu

  • The tiered cosmos in a modern illustration: Uçmag above, the earth in the middle, Tamag below, the world tree through all three.
    The tiered cosmos in a modern illustration: Uçmag above, the earth in the middle, Tamag below, the world tree through all three. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die drei Welten

  • The Turkic ethnogenesis debate in a modern illustration.
    The Turkic ethnogenesis debate in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die Debatte um die Ethnogenese der Turkvölker

  • The officers of the khaganate before the khan's tent in a modern illustration, beneath the standard with the golden wolf's head.
    The officers of the khaganate before the khan's tent in a modern illustration, beneath the standard with the golden wolf's head. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die achtundzwanzig Ränge

  • Tiele in a modern illustration.
    Tiele in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Tiele

  • Töre in a modern illustration.
    Töre in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Töre

  • Toy in a modern illustration.
    Toy in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Toy

  • Ulukayın in a modern illustration: the birch at the centre of the world, its crown among the stars.
    Ulukayın in a modern illustration: the birch at the centre of the world, its crown among the stars. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Ulukayın, der türkische Weltenbaum

  • Uyghur Khaganate in a modern illustration.
    Uyghur Khaganate in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Uigurisches Khaganat

  • Western Göktürk Khaganate in a modern illustration.
    Western Göktürk Khaganate in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Westliches Göktürk-Khaganat

  • Xianbei in a modern illustration.
    Xianbei in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Xianbei

  • Xiongnu split of 48 in a modern illustration.
    Xiongnu split of 48 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Die Spaltung der Xiongnu von 48

  • Yabgu in a modern illustration.
    Yabgu in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Yabgu

  • Elders of the western Göktürks in council inside a felt tent, the khan listening at the back, in a modern drawing.
    Elders of the western Göktürks in council inside a felt tent, the khan listening at the back, in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Yanhongda

  • Yenisei Kirghiz in a modern illustration.
    Yenisei Kirghiz in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Yenisei Kirghiz

  • A Göktürk rider at the gallop in a modern illustration: the bravery and strength that the word names.
    A Göktürk rider at the gallop in a modern illustration: the bravery and strength that the word names. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Yinghefu

  • Zhizhi Chanyu in a modern portrait.
    Zhizhi Chanyu in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Hauptbild Steht in: Zhizhi Chanyu

  • The same section reconstructed: the blue ground and the ochre camels in fresh colour, the riders, the birds and the standing man complete, and a camel with a saddle cloth where the photograph shows only losses
    Riders on camels, a line of white birds and a standing man in the procession on the south wall of the Hall of the Ambassadors, seventh century: the painting as it survives, and the same section in an original artistic reconstruction for the atlas, after the photograph. The reconstruction restores the faded colours and fills the losses of plaster. What it paints into the losses, the saddled camel on the right among them, is conjecture. Photograph: Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0. Reconstruction: original artistic rendering for the atlas after this photograph, 2026, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Im Text Steht in: Afrasiab paintings

  • A woman on a grey horse against a blue sky and forested hills, in a tall black headdress with a gilt ornament, a white blouse and a red skirt
    A rider in a modern reconstruction of the dress of the Pazyryk barrows: the tall headdress, the light blouse and the red skirt. A staged photograph of the present day, not a find.

    Im Text Steht in: Altai

  • A memorial enclosure on the steppe at sunrise: a setting of stone slabs, a carved figure holding a cup, and a long line of rough stones running toward the rising sun
    A memorial enclosure in an original artistic rendering for the atlas: the setting of stone slabs, the carved figure with the cup at the chest, and the line of balbals running east toward the sunrise. It shows no particular site. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Im Text Steht in: Bestattung und Balbal

  • Three stone figures with moustaches holding cups at the chest, painted in ochre against a deep blue sky filled with chariots, deer, an archer and runic signs; a line of small stones on the horizon
    Three carved figures with cups at the chest and daggers at the belt, in a modern painting. Behind them the painter has set chariots, deer and an archer in the manner of steppe rock art, and signs in the manner of Old Turkic runes; a line of stones runs along the horizon.

    Im Text Steht in: Bestattung und Balbal

  • A figure in red on black: antlers and two rayed stalks rising from a spiral head, a patterned robe, a round drum marked with a deer and trees in one hand and a beater in the other
    A kam with drum and beater, in a modern graphic in red on black: an antlered headdress, a spiral in place of the face, and a drum marked with a deer and trees.

    Im Text Steht in: Kam (türkischer Schamane)

  • Bare-chested men with long plaits carving runic inscriptions into stone slabs on a mountain meadow, beside a carved stone figure and a carved base
    The cutting of runic stones on the steppe, in a modern illustration. The inscription names its makers otherwise: the carvers were sent by the Chinese emperor, and Yollug Tegin wrote the text. Illustration as published by e-history.kz.

    Im Text Steht in: Die Kül-Tegin-Inschrift

  • A dark figure with seven rays ending in round knobs rising from its head, arms spread, above a row of small figures, beside a quartered circle, a tree and runic signs
    A figure with a rayed head over a row of smaller figures, beside a quartered circle, a tree and signs in the manner of Old Turkic runes: an image in the style of steppe rock art.

    Im Text Steht in: Tengri

  • A black-and-white drawing: a jaw harp over a spoked wheel at the centre, surrounded by rock-art figures of deer, riders and dancers, a figure with a sun for a head, and bands of runic signs below
    A modern drawing that gathers motifs of present-day Tengrism: a jaw harp over a spoked wheel, figures in the manner of steppe rock art, a figure with a sun for a head, and bands of signs in the manner of Old Turkic runes. It belongs to the modern revival, not to the sixth century.

    Im Text Steht in: Tengrismus

  • Gold figures on black: a standing figure whose head is a ring of dots and circles, surrounded by an archer, deer, an elk, a spoked wheel and other signs
    A figure with a rayed head among an archer, deer, an elk and a spoked wheel: a modern rendering in gold on black after the rock art of Kazakhstan.

    Im Text Steht in: The steppe before the Xiongnu

  • A warrior in a fur cap with a round shield, beneath a tall standard with a crescent finial, a crossbar and long streamers, drawn in black and white
    A steppe warrior beneath a standard with a metal finial and long streamers, in a modern drawing. Drawing: signed jonele_art.

    Im Text Steht in: Tuğ

  • Armoured riders at the gallop on a dusty plain; the leader in a pointed helmet and red coat, behind him a pole topped with a wolf’s head and a long patterned banner
    Göktürk riders under a standard with a wolf’s head, in a modern painting. The Zhou Shu reports that a golden wolf’s head was set on the Göktürk standards; the armour, the banner and the scene are the painter’s.

    Im Text Steht in: Tuğ

  • A crowded scene of musicians in white shirts and embroidered caps playing long-necked lutes, fiddles, a dulcimer, frame drums and flutes, with singers among them
    Muqam , a painting of 1984 by the Uyghur painter Ghazi Ehmet: singers and musicians of the Uyghur muqam with long-necked lutes, fiddles, a dulcimer, frame drums and flutes. It shows the Uyghurs of the twentieth century, eleven centuries after the dispersal of 840. Painting: Ghazi Ehmet, 1984.

    Im Text Steht in: Uyghurs

  • The Age of the Xiongnu and the Huns
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Die Ära der Xiongnu und Hunnen

  • The Ashina Dynasty
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Die Ashina-Dynastie

  • The Rise of the Göktürks
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Der Aufstieg der Göktürken

  • Göktürk riders under a standard, in a modern painting
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Der Unabhängigkeitskrieg der Göktürken

  • The World of the Steppe
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Die Welt der Steppe

  • Turkic Cosmology
    Titelbild eines Lesepfads.

    Lesepfad Steht in: Türkische Kosmologie

  • Law and assembly
    Titelbild einer Gruppe auf der Seite Türkische Töre.

    Türkische Töre Steht in: Recht und Versammlung

  • Bild der Seite für Artikel, die noch kommen.

    Seite Steht in: Dieser Artikel kommt noch

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