Turkic Atlas

Authority on Turkic History

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Imágenes y mapas

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Cada imagen que aparece en un artículo o en una página del atlas está reunida aquí. La primera columna reúne fotografías e imágenes históricas: pinturas murales, estelas, monedas, hallazgos y paisajes. Los mapas van primero, aparte. La segunda columna reúne representaciones modernas: ilustraciones, reconstrucciones y pinturas. Cada ficha nombra el artículo en el que está la imagen, y un clic la muestra en grande, con su pie.

Esta página y el menú están en español. Una parte de los artículos existe también en español; el resto está en inglés y así se indica.

340 imágenes: 68 mapas, 188 fotografías e imágenes históricas, 84 representaciones modernas.

Mapas

Mapas de los imperios de la estepa y de sus vecinos, cada uno con su corte temporal. Un mapa muestra lo que permiten las fuentes y la investigación; las fronteras y las zonas son aproximadas donde el pie lo dice.

  • c. 215 BCc. 215 BC: Qin takes the Ordos

    Map of East Asia around 215 BC: Qin with the Ordos taken by Meng Tian, the Xiongnu under Duman north of the Yellow River, the Donghu in the east and the Yuezhi between Dunhuang and the Qilian mountains, with a second reading in the Tian Shan © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Hacia 215 a. C.: el Primer Emperador de Qin envía a Meng Tian al norte. Toma el Ordos, dentro del gran recodo del río Amarillo, y hace del río la frontera. El chanyu xiongnu Duman se retira al norte; hasta dónde, la fuente no lo dice. Los donghu ocupan el este y los yuezhi la tierra entre Dunhuang y los montes Qilian; una segunda lectura los sitúa en el Tian Shan. Mapa moderno; las fronteras en la estepa son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año -215, Duman (Touman), Xiongnu

  • 209–200 BC209–200 BC: Bagatur unites the steppe

    Map of East Asia from 209 to 200 BC: the Xiongnu under Bagatur from the Ordos to Lake Baikal, the Wuhuan, Dingling and Gekun as their subjects, the campaigns against the Donghu, the Yuezhi and the northern peoples, the Han in China and the siege of Baideng © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    209–200 a. C.: Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) mata a su padre Duman y se convierte en chanyu. Destruye al rey de los donghu, rechaza a los yuezhi, recupera hasta Chaona y Fushi la tierra que había tomado Meng Tian y somete a los dingling, los gekun y los demás pueblos del norte; los wuhuan le pagan tributo. En 200 a. C. cerca al emperador Gaozu de Han en Baideng, junto a Pingcheng. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados y las fronteras en la estepa son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año -209, Bagatur (Modu Chanyu), Las guerras entre los xiongnu y los Han

  • 176–174 BC176–174 BC: The Xiongnu at their height

    Map of East Asia from 176 to 174 BC: the Xiongnu at their greatest extent from the Tarim to the land of the Donghu, the oasis states, Jushi, the Hujie, Dingling, Gekun and Wuhuan as their subjects, the Wise King of the Right against the Yuezhi and the Yuezhi moving west to the Ili, with the Han and Gojoseon © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    176–174 a. C.: en una carta de 176 a. C., Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) comunica a la corte Han que el Rey Sabio de la Derecha ha destruido a los yuezhi y que Loulan, los wusun, los hujie y veintiséis estados vecinos se han hecho todos xiongnu. Los yuezhi se marchan al oeste, hasta el Ili. En 174 a. C. muere Bagatur y le sucede su hijo Laoshang. Mapa moderno; ninguna fuente describe el borde norte del reino, y las fronteras en la estepa son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año -177, Bagatur (Modu Chanyu), History of the Turkic peoples

  • 133 BC133 BC: The Mayi ambush

    Map of East Asia in 133 BC: the Xiongnu under Junchen with the Ordos and the Hexi corridor, their subjects from the Tarim to the Wuhuan, the Yuezhi on the Ili, the Han, and the march of the chanyu towards Mayi, where three hundred thousand Han lie in ambush, and his withdrawal © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    133 a. C.: los Han ocultan trescientos mil hombres en torno a la ciudad fronteriza de Mayi y ofrecen la ciudad al chanyu Junchen. Este cruza la frontera con cien mil jinetes, ve a cien li de la ciudad el ganado que pasta sin vigilancia, se entera de la emboscada por un oficial capturado y da media vuelta. El acuerdo heqin termina y empiezan sesenta años de guerra abierta. Mapa moderno; el camino del chanyu es trazado y las fronteras en la estepa, aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año -133, La emboscada de Mayi

  • c. 100 BCc. 100 BC: The Xiongnu north of the Gobi

    Map of East Asia around 100 BC: the Xiongnu north of the Gobi with the Tarim oasis states, Jushi, the Hujie, Dingling and Gekun as their subjects, the Han with the Ordos and the Hexi corridor, the Wuhuan subject to the Han, the Wusun and the Da Yuezhi, and the campaigns of 119 BC © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Hacia 100 a. C.: tras las campañas de Wei Qing y Huo Qubing en 119 a. C. ya no hay corte de los xiongnu al sur del Gobi. Los Han dominan el Ordos y el corredor de Hexi, de Wuwei a Dunhuang, y los wuhuan vigilan a los xiongnu para ellos; hacia 105 a. C. el chanyu se ha retirado más al noroeste. Los estados oasis del Tarim y los pueblos del norte siguen sometidos a los xiongnu. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados y las fronteras en la estepa son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año -100, Xiongnu, Las guerras entre los xiongnu y los Han

  • 8989: Dou Xian’s campaign against the Northern Xiongnu

    Map of Dou Xian’s campaign in 89: the Northern Xiongnu in the Mongolian steppe, the Southern Xiongnu subject to the Eastern Han, the march from the Jilu pass to the battle at Mount Jiluo in the Altai and the Yanran inscription, with the Xianbei in the east and the Wusun, the oases of the Tarim and the Kushans in the west © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    89: Dou Xian sale del paso de Jilu con los xiongnu del sur y derrota al chanyu del norte en el monte Jiluo, en el Altái; una inscripción en el monte Yanran recuerda la victoria. Los xiongnu del sur están sometidos a los Han y los xianbei ocupan el este. Mapa moderno; el camino es trazado y las fronteras en la estepa, aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 89, Xiongnu, Han campaigns against the Northern Xiongnu, Las guerras entre los xiongnu y los Han

  • c. 155c. 155: The Xianbei in the old Xiongnu land

    Map of the Xianbei about 155: the realm of Tanshihuai over the Mongolian steppe, the Southern Xiongnu inside the frontier of the Eastern Han, the protectorate of the Western Regions, the Wusun and the Kushans, and Northern Xiongnu north-west of Kangju as a second reading © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    H. 155: bajo Tanshihuai los xianbei ocupan la antigua tierra de los xiongnu en la estepa mongola. Los xiongnu del sur viven dentro de la frontera Han, y los Han gobiernan los oasis del oeste mediante el protectorado de las Regiones Occidentales. Una segunda lectura sitúa a xiongnu del norte al noroeste de Kangju. Mapa moderno; las fronteras en la estepa son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 155, Tanshihuai

  • 395–396395–396: The Hunnic raid through the Caucasus

    Map of the Hunnic raid of 395–396: the Huns north of the Caucasus, the main raid over the Darial pass to Melitene, Antioch and Edessa, the raid of Basich and Kursich down the Tigris to Ctesiphon and back through Derbent, and the find area of the runic fragments in Syria © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    395–396: Los hunos cruzan el Cáucaso y saquean Armenia, Melitene, Antioquía y Edesa. Basij y Kursij bajan por el Tigris hasta Ctesifonte y regresan por las Puertas Caspias. La fecha de su incursión es discutida. La zona de hallazgo de los fragmentos rúnicos en Siria aparece sombreada. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 395, Invasión huna de 395

  • c. 402c. 402: Shelun and the Northern Wei

    Map of East Asia about 402: the Rouran from Karashahr to Goguryeo, Shelun's raid on the Northern Wei, and in China the Wei, the Later Qin, the Liang states, the Yan states and the Eastern Jin, with the Tuyuhun, the Tarim oasis states, the Wusun and the Kidarites © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    H. 402: Shelun encabeza a los rouran, cuya tierra se extiende de Karashahr a Goguryeo, y ataca la frontera de los Wei del Norte. En el sur, los Wei, los Qin posteriores, los estados Liang, los estados Yan y los Jin orientales se reparten China. Mapa moderno; las fronteras en la estepa y algunas fronteras en China son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 402, Shelun Khan, Kaganato rouran, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 439439: The Wei take the Northern Liang

    Map of East Asia in 439: the Rouran in the steppe, the Northern Wei with the Northern Liang they took in 439, the march of the Wei from Pingcheng to Guzang, the flight of the Ashina to the Rouran, and the Liu Song in the south © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    439: los Wei del Norte marchan sobre Guzang y los Liang del Norte capitulan. Los ashina huyen con quinientas familias a los rouran. Los rouran ocupan la estepa al norte del Gobi; al sur de los Wei están los Liu Song. Mapa moderno; el camino de los Wei es trazado y las fronteras en la estepa, aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 439, Kaganato rouran, La huida de los Ashina (439)

  • 450450: The Pontic steppe

    Map of the Pontic steppe around 450: the realm of Attila from the Danube to the Volga, the Akatziri in two proposed places, the Alans north of the Caucasus, and the Eastern Roman Empire and Sasanian Persia as neighbours © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    h. 450: El reino de Atila se extiende del Danubio a la estepa. Los acatziros aparecen en dos lugares propuestos, al noroeste del mar Negro y junto al mar de Azov. Mapa moderno; ninguna fuente registra la frontera.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 450, Acatziros

  • 453453: The Hunnic Empire at Attila’s death

    Map of Europe at Attila's death in 453: the Hunnic Empire from the Rhine to the Caspian Sea with the Gepids as subjects, the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, the Visigoths, Franks and Burgundians, Sasanian Persia, and the routes of Attila's campaigns in Gaul in 451 and in Italy in 452 © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    453: a la muerte de Atila el imperio huno se extiende del Rin al mar Caspio, y los gépidos y otros pueblos están sometidos a los hunos. Líneas finas marcan las campañas de Atila en la Galia en 451 y en Italia en 452. Mapa moderno; las fronteras del imperio son aproximadas y la ubicación de los Campos Cataláunicos es discutida.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 453, Atila, History of the Turkic peoples

  • c. 460c. 460: The Ashina in the Altai

    Map of East Asia about 460: the Rouran in the steppe with their hatched reach west to Lake Balkhash, the Ashina as a small subject territory on the southern slope of the Altai, the road of the Ashina from Gaochang, the march of the Rouran against the Tiele, the Northern Wei and the Liu Song in China © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Hacia 460: los ashina, quinientas familias, se asientan en la ladera sur del Altái como súbditos de los rouran. En el oeste los rouran someten a los tiele; en 460 hacen rey de Gaochang a Kan Bozhou. Al sur del Gobi están los Wei del Norte y los Liu Song. Mapa moderno; el camino de los ashina es una reconstrucción y las fronteras en la estepa, aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 460, Ashina

  • 463463: The chain of expulsions

    Map of the chain of expulsions around 463: the Abares pressing the Sabirs, the Sabirs pressing the Saragurs, Ogurs and Onogurs west, the defeat of the Akatziri, the embassy of the Saragurs to Constantinople and their later raid through the Caucasus, with an inset of the Rouran © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    h. 463: Los ábaros expulsan a los sabires, y los sabires empujan a los saraguros, oguros y onoguros hacia el oeste. Los saraguros vencen a los acatziros y envían una embajada a Constantinopla. Más tarde saquean a través del Cáucaso. Mapa moderno; las flechas son una reconstrucción.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 463, Saraguros

  • 466–469466–469: The end of Attila's sons

    Map of the years 466–469: the Huns after the Nedao on the lower Danube, Dengizich's march against Bassiana, Ernak in two proposed places at the mouth of the Tisza and in the Dobruja, Emnetzur and Ultzindur on the Danube, and the death of Dengizich in 469 © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    466–469: Dengizij marcha contra Bassiana. Ernak aparece en dos lugares propuestos, en la desembocadura del Tisza y en la Dobruja. Emnetzur y Ultzindur ocupan ciudades del Danubio. Dengizij cae en 469 y su cabeza se exhibe en Constantinopla. Mapa moderno; el lugar de su muerte no consta.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 466, Dengizich

  • 516516: Chounu crushes the Gaoche

    Map of East Asia in 516: the Rouran under Chounu, his campaign west against the Gaoche, the Ashina in the Altai as subjects of the Rouran, the Northern Wei and the Liang in China, the Tuyuhun, the Tarim oasis states and the Hephthalites © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    516: el khan rouran Chounu marcha al oeste, derrota a los gaoche y captura y mata a su rey Mi'etu. Los ashina del Altái están sometidos a los rouran. Mapa moderno; el camino es trazado, el lugar de la batalla no consta y las fronteras en la estepa son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 516, Chounu Khan, Kaganato rouran

  • 520520: Anagui flees to the Wei

    Map of East Asia in 520: the Rouran in civil war, Anagui's flight to the Northern Wei at Luoyang, the independent Gaoche, the Ashina in the Altai, the Northern Wei and the Liang, the Tuyuhun and the Tarim oasis states © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    520: Chounu es asesinado y una guerra civil divide a los rouran. Anagui es expulsado y huye a los Wei del Norte, en Luoyang. Los gaoche siguen independientes. Mapa moderno; el camino es trazado y las fronteras en la estepa, aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 520, Anagui

  • 523–528523–528: The uprisings of the Northern Wei

    Map of northern China, 523 to 528: the revolt of the Six Garrisons along the northern frontier of the Northern Wei from Woye to Yuyi, the risings in Guanzhong around Chang'an and in Hebei, Anagui's march with the Rouran from Wuchuan against Woye in 525, and Erzhu Rong against Ge Rong at Ye in 528 © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    523–528: las guarniciones de la frontera norte de los Wei del Norte se sublevan bajo Poliuhan Baling y vencen a los Wei en Wuyuan y Baidao en 524. En 525 el khan rouran Anagui aplasta la revuelta por cuenta de los Wei. La guerra pasa a Guanzhong y a Hebei, hasta que Erzhu Rong derrota a Ge Rong en Ye en 528. Mapa moderno; las zonas sombreadas muestran por dónde corrieron las revueltas, no fronteras.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 523, Kaganato rouran, Rebelión de las Seis Guarniciones

  • c. 542Asia around 542: Bumin becomes yabgu of the Ashina

    Map of Asia around 542: the Rouran Khaganate across the eastern steppe, with the Ashina in the Altai and the Tiele from Dzungaria to the Caspian as its subjects, beside the Western and Eastern Wei, the Liang, the Tuyuhun, the Tarim Basin, the Hephthalites, the Nezak Huns, Sasanian Persia, the Eastern Roman Empire and Goguryeo © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Asia hacia 542, el año en que Bumin se convirtió en yabgu de los ashina: los ashina del Altái y los tiele como súbditos de los rouran, que dominan la estepa oriental, junto a los Wei occidentales y orientales, los Liang, los tuyuhun, los heftalitas, el Imperio sasánida y el Imperio romano de Oriente. Mapa moderno; las fronteras son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 542, Bumin Khan, Primer Kaganato göktürk, Ashina

  • 545545: The Western Wei embassy to the Göktürks

    Map of Asia in 545: the embassy of the Western Wei under An Nuopantuo from Jiuquan to the Ashina in the Altai, subjects of the Rouran, who rule the eastern steppe with the Tiele as further subjects, beside the Western and Eastern Wei, the Liang, the Tuyuhun, the Hephthalites, Sasanian Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    545: Yuwen Tai, canciller de los Wei occidentales, envía a An Nuopantuo, un sogdiano de Jiuquan, a los göktürk del Altái, todavía súbditos de los rouran. Es la primera embajada de un estado chino a los ashina. Mapa moderno; el camino es trazado, la fuente no da ninguna ruta.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 545, Anagui, Bumin Khan, Wei oriental, Wei Occidentales, El dominio rouran sobre los pueblos túrquicos, Embajada de los Wei occidentales de 545

  • 546546: Bumin defeats the Tiele

    Map of the defeat of the Tiele in 546: the Tiele move from Dzungaria against the Rouran, Bumin and the Ashina strike them from the Altai, and the beaten Tiele pass into the Ashina territory, which reaches south towards Turfan, within the Rouran Khaganate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    546: los tiele marchan contra los rouran; Bumin los intercepta en camino y los derrota, y más de cincuenta mil tiendas tiele se someten a él. Los ashina, todavía súbditos de los rouran, dominan el Altái y las tierras hacia el sur, en dirección a Turfán. Mapa moderno; las rutas y el lugar de la batalla son trazados.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 546, Derrota de los tiele, 546

  • 550550: The Sea of Azov

    Map of the Sea of Azov around 550: the Kutrigurs west and the Utigurs east of the Don, the Sabirs and Onogurs north of the Caucasus, Bosporos and Cherson in the Crimea, the Kutrigur raids of 551 and 558–559, and the arrival of the Avars in 557 © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    h. 550: Los cutrigures viven al oeste y los utigures al este del Don y del mar de Azov, los sabires y los onoguros al norte del Cáucaso. Los cutrigures atacan en 551 y, bajo Zabergan, llegan a Constantinopla en 558–559. Los ávaros llegan en 557. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 550, Kutrigurs

  • 551–552551–552: The Göktürk–Rouran war

    Map of the Göktürk–Rouran war of 551 and 552: from the Altai the Ashina under Bumin strike a Rouran army in Dzungaria and drive east across the Gobi to Huaihuang, where Anagui kills himself; the Rouran rule the eastern steppe, the Tiele are their subjects in the west © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    551–552: los göktürk, al mando de Bumin, se alzan contra los rouran. En enero de 552 derrotan a un ejército rouran en Zungaria, después aplastan al ejército principal de los rouran al norte de Huaihuang, y Anagui se quita la vida. Mapa moderno; las rutas y el lugar de la batalla de Zungaria son trazados.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 551, Kaganato rouran, Las guerras göktürk-rouran, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 552552: The First Göktürk Khaganate

    Map of Asia in 552: the First Göktürk Khaganate across the eastern steppe from the Altai to the Khingan, south of Lake Baikal, the Tiele in the west as its subjects, the remnant of the Rouran in the east, beside the Western Wei, the Northern Qi, the Liang, the Tuyuhun, the Hephthalites and Persia © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    552: tras la victoria sobre los rouran, Bumin toma el título de kan y funda en sus tierras el Primer Kaganato göktürk. Los tiele son sus súbditos, y el resto de los rouran resiste en el este. Mapa moderno.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 552, Bumin Khan, Primer Kaganato göktürk, Qi del Norte, Proclamación de Bumin Khan (552)

  • 553553: The last Rouran and Istemi’s march west

    Map of Asia in 553: the Göktürk Khaganate with the Tiele as subjects, the battle at Mount Mulai against the last Rouran, the march of the Qi to Shuozhou, and Istemi's first advances west from the Altai, with the Western Wei, the Northern Qi, the Hephthalites and Sasanian Persia © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    553: Issik derrota a los rouran de Dengshuzi en el monte Mulai; a fin de año los Qi del Norte persiguen a los göktürk hasta Shuozhou. En el oeste Istemi parte del Altái: el comienzo de su gran campaña. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados y la ubicación del monte Mulai es discutida.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 553, Kaganato rouran, Batalla del monte Mulai (553)

  • 554554: Anluochen’s revolt and the fall of Jiangling

    Map of Asia in 554: the Göktürk Khaganate with the Tiele as subjects, the Rouran remnant between the Göktürks and the Northern Qi, the Qi pursuit to the Huanggua hill, the fall of Jiangling to the Western Wei, and Istemi's advance in the west © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    554: Anluochen se alza contra los Qi del Norte. Los rouran saquean Sizhou, y el emperador Qi los persigue desde Jinyang hasta la colina de Huanggua. Captura a más de 30.000 personas. En el sur los Wei del Oeste toman Jiangling y ponen a Xiao Cha al frente de un Liang dependiente de ellos. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 554, Anluochen

  • 555555: The end of the Rouran

    Map of Asia in 555: the Göktürk Khaganate reaching Lake Balkhash, the Qi campaign to Huaishuo and Woye against the last Rouran, the killing of the Rouran at the Qingmen gate of Chang'an, and the frontier zone between the Göktürks and China © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    555: El emperador Qi deja su bagaje en Baidao y derrota a los rouran en Huaishuo y en Woye con 5.000 jinetes ligeros. Captura a más de 20.000 personas. En Chang'an los Wei del Oeste entregan a Dengshuzi y a unos 3.000 rouran a los enviados de Mukan, que los matan ante la puerta Qingmen. En el oeste Istemi llega al lago Baljash, según un cómputo. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 555, Kaganato rouran, Las ejecuciones de la puerta Qingmen (555)

  • 556556: The Göktürks and the Western Wei against the Tuyuhun

    Map of the campaign against the Tuyuhun in 556: Mukan's march from the steppe by Liangzhou to the Qinghai lake and on the northern road against Hezhen, Shi Ning's march against Shudun, the Göktürk Khaganate, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi with their wall and the Liang © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    556: Mukan Khan llega a Liangzhou y marcha con el general de los Wei occidentales Shi Ning hasta el lago Qinghai. Mukan toma Hezhen por el camino del norte y Shi Ning toma Shudun. La muralla de los Qi, construida en 555, guarda la frontera norte de los Qi del Norte. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados y el año de la campaña, 555 o 556, es discutido.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 556, La campaña göktürk-wei contra los tuyuhun (556)

  • 557557: The Northern Zhou and the flight of the Avars

    Map of Asia in 557: the Göktürk Khaganate from Lake Balkhash to the land of the Khitan, the Tiele as subjects, the Northern Zhou, the Northern Qi and the Chen, and the flight of the Avars west to the Alans north of the Caucasus © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    557: Los Zhou del Norte ocupan el lugar de los Wei del Oeste, y los Chen suben al trono de los Liang. En el oeste los ávaros huyen de los göktürk y llegan a los alanos al norte del Cáucaso. Su camino no está registrado. Mapa moderno; el camino de los ávaros es una reconstrucción moderna.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 557, Zhou del Norte, Huida de los ávaros (557)

  • 558558: The Avars reach Constantinople

    Map of Asia in 558: the road of the first Avar embassy through the Alans and Lazica to Constantinople, the Avar attacks on the Onogurs and the Sabirs, and the Göktürk Khaganate from Lake Balkhash to the land of the Khitan © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    558: La primera embajada de los ávaros llega por los alanos y Lázica a Constantinopla. Después los ávaros derrotan a los onoguros y destruyen a los sabires. Mapa moderno; el camino de la embajada es trazado y los lugares de las batallas no están registrados.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 558, Huida de los ávaros (557), Avars, Sabirs

  • c. 560c. 560: The Göktürks destroy the Hephthalites

    Map of Asia around 560: the Göktürk Khaganate from Manchuria to the Caspian, Istemi advancing through Chach to the battle of Bukhara, Khosrow I advancing from the south to Balkh, beside Sasanian Persia, the Northern Zhou, the Northern Qi and the Chen © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Hacia 560 Istemi avanza por Chach hasta Sogdiana y destruye a los heftalitas en la batalla de Bujará, mientras Cosroes I toma sus tierras al sur del Oxus hasta Balj. El Oxus pasa a ser la frontera entre los göktürk y Persia. Mapa moderno; la ruta de Istemi es trazada.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 560, Istemi, Mukan Khan, Primer Kaganato göktürk, Zhou del Norte, Batalla de Bujará, Hephthalites, History of the Turkic peoples

  • c. 571c. 571: The Göktürk embassy to Constantinople

    Map of the return of Zemarchos with the Göktürk embassy under Tagma Tarkhan, 569 to 571: from Talas north of the Aral Sea across the Emba, the Ural and the Volga, through the lands of the Alans and over the Caucasus to the Black Sea and Constantinople © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    569–571: Zemarco regresa de la corte de Istemi con una embajada göktürk al mando de Tagma Tarkán, desde Talas por la estepa al norte del Caspio, por las tierras de los ugures y de los alanos y por el camino de Dareine hasta el mar Negro, y llega a Constantinopla a finales de 571. Mapa moderno; las etapas son las de Menandro, el camino entre ellas es trazado.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 571, La embajada de Zemarco, 569

  • 572572: Taspar and the lesser khans

    Map of Asia in 572: the Göktürk Khaganate under Taspar Khan, with Ishbara as Erfu Khan in the east and Börü Khan in the west, the Tarim Basin as subject, the Northern Zhou, the Northern Qi and the Chen in China, and Sasanian Persia © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    572: Taspar sucede a Mukan y pone bajo él a dos khanes menores: a su sobrino Ishbara como Erfu Khan sobre el este y a Börü Khan, hijo de Rudan Khan, en el oeste. El mapa da solo sus nombres. Mapa moderno; las fronteras del kaganato son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 572, El nombramiento de los khanes menores por Taspar (572)

  • 576576: The Pontic steppe under Göktürk rule

    Map of the Pontic steppe in 576: the Göktürk Khaganate from the Sea of Azov to the Aral Sea with Bosporos, the Utigurs and the Alans, and the Avars and their sphere west of the Don © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    h. 576: Los göktürk dominan la estepa desde el mar de Azov hacia el este y toman Bósforo. Los utigures y los alanos están bajo su dominio. Al oeste del Don se extienden los ávaros y su esfera. Mapa moderno; los límites occidentales son interpretaciones.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 576, Tribus túrquicas en Europa

  • c. 576The First Göktürk Khaganate, c. 576

    Map of the First Göktürk Khaganate around 576: the Göktürk realm across the steppe from the Black Sea, the Utigurs and the Alans to the Khitan, with the court at Ötüken, the Tarim oasis states and the Hephthalite principalities as tributaries, the Kirghiz, Tiele, Shiwei and Mohe at its northern and eastern edges, and beside it the Eastern Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Tuyuhun, the Northern Zhou, the Northern Qi, the Chen and Goguryeo, and between the steppe and China the wall of the Northern Qi and a hatched frontier zone © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    El Primer Kaganato göktürk hacia 576, el año de la muerte de Istemi: el reino desde el mar Negro hasta los kitán, con las ciudades-estado oasis del Tarim y los principados heftalitas como tributarios, junto al Imperio romano de Oriente, el Imperio sasánida, los Zhou del Norte, los Qi del Norte y los Chen. Entre la estepa y China se ven la muralla de los Qi del Norte (556) y una zona fronteriza que no pertenece a ninguno de los dos lados. Mapa moderno; la frontera occidental es inferida y las fronteras son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 576

  • 581The division of the khaganate, AD 581

    Map of Asia in 581: the undivided Göktürk Khaganate from the Black Sea to the Khitan with the court at Ötüken, the Tarim oasis states and the Hephthalite principalities as tributaries, beside the Eastern Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Sui, the Chen, the Tuyuhun and Goguryeo, and between the steppe and China the wall of the Northern Qi and a hatched frontier zone © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    El Kaganato göktürk en 581, el año de la muerte de Taspar, todavía indiviso desde el mar Negro hasta los kitán, con la corte en Ötüken; junto a él los Sui, cuyo gobierno comenzó ese año, los Chen, el Imperio sasánida y el Imperio romano de Oriente. Entre la estepa y China se ven la muralla de los Qi del Norte (556) y una zona fronteriza que no pertenece a ninguno de los dos lados. Mapa moderno; las fronteras son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 581, Taspar Khan, Crisis sucesoria göktürk (581)

  • 582–583582–583: Ishbara's campaigns against the Sui

    Map of northern China and the eastern steppe, 582 to 583: the Göktürk Khaganate from the Tarim to the Khingan, three raids across the Long Wall in 582 towards Wuwei, Tianshui and Yan'an, the battle of Zhoupan, Ishbara's march from Ötüken to Baidao in 583, his defeat and withdrawal, and Apa's flight west © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    582–583: en 582 los göktürk al mando de Ishbara cruzan la Gran Muralla y saquean la frontera de los Sui desde Wuwei hasta Yan'an. En 583 Ishbara marcha de Ötüken a Baidao, es derrotado y se retira, y Apa huye al oeste, junto a Tardush. Mapa moderno; los caminos de las incursiones son trazados.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 582, Ishbara Khan, Las guerras göktürk-sui, 582–603

  • 584The division of the khaganate, AD 584

    Map of Asia in 584 during the Göktürk civil war: the zones of Tardush in the west, Töremen Apa in the middle and Ishbara in the east, the Tarim oasis states and the Hephthalite principalities as tributaries, beside the Eastern Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Sui, the Chen, the Tuyuhun and Goguryeo, and between the steppe and China the wall of the Northern Qi and a hatched frontier zone © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    El dominio göktürk en 584, al estallar la guerra civil: Tardush en el oeste, Töremen Apa en el centro e Ishbara en el este, junto a los Sui, los Chen, el Imperio sasánida y el Imperio romano de Oriente. Entre la estepa y China se ven la muralla de los Qi del Norte (556) y una zona fronteriza que no pertenece a ninguno de los dos lados. Mapa moderno; las zonas son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 584, Tardush, Töremen Apa, Primer Kaganato göktürk, La guerra civil göktürk

  • 585585: The Göktürk civil war

    Map of the Göktürk civil war in 585: Tardush in the west from the Black Sea to Suyab, Töremen Apa between the Tian Shan and Ötüken, Ishbara in the east, the advance on Ötüken in September 585, Ishbara's withdrawal to Baidao under Sui protection and his counterattack against Apa, with the Tarim oasis states as tributaries and the Sui to the south © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    585: en septiembre el ejército del oeste avanza sobre Ötüken. Ishbara se retira a Baidao bajo la protección de los Sui y desde allí contraataca a Apa. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados y las divisiones del kaganato, aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 585, Ishbara Khan, Töremen Apa, La guerra civil göktürk

  • 587–588587–588: The Göktürk civil war

    Map of the Göktürk civil war, 587 to 588: Tardush in the west, Niri in Apa's following between the Tian Shan and the Khangai, the eastern khaganate under Bagha and from 588 under Tulan, Bagha's march west in 587 in which Apa was taken alive, and the war with Persia in 588, with the Sui and the Chen to the south © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    587–588: muere Ishbara y le sucede Bagha en el este. Bagha marcha al oeste y captura vivo a Apa; Niri encabeza a sus seguidores. En 588 muere Bagha y le sucede Tulan, mientras el oeste está en guerra con Persia. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados y las divisiones del kaganato, aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 587, Bagha Khan, Töremen Apa, Tulan Khan, La guerra civil göktürk

  • 589589: Bahram Chobin and the end of the Chen

    Map of Asia in 589: Bahram Chobin's march from Herat to Paikent and the road of Parmūdha and the treasure to Ctesiphon, the Göktürks divided into Tardush, Niri and the eastern khaganate under Tulan, the Sui and the Chen they took in 589, Sasanian Persia and Byzantium © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    589: Bahram Chobin recupera Herat y cruza el Oxus hasta Paikent; Parmūdha y el tesoro son enviados a Ctesifonte. El mismo año los Sui toman a los Chen y unifican China. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados y las divisiones del kaganato, aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 589, Bahram Chobin

  • 597–599597–599: The Göktürk civil war

    Map of the Göktürk civil war, 597 to 599: Tardush in the west, Niri between the Tian Shan and the Khangai, Tulan in the east, Yami's pastures in the Ordos under Sui protection, the attack of Tulan and Tardush on Yami below the Long Wall in 599 and Yami's flight to Chang'an © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    597–599: Yami, casado con una princesa Sui, es atacado en 599 al pie de la Gran Muralla por Tulan y Tardush. Huye a la corte Sui de Chang'an y es nombrado Qimin Khan, y los Sui dan a su pueblo pastos en el Ordos. Mapa moderno; los caminos son trazados y las divisiones del kaganato, aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 597, Tardush, Tulan Khan, Yami Khan, La guerra civil göktürk

  • 600600: Tardush and the Sui

    Map of Asia in 600: Tardush as Bujia Khan over the steppe from the Black Sea to Manchuria, Niri's following in the Altai, Yami under the Sui in the Ordos, and the Sui columns to Mount Dajin © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    600: Tardush, ahora Bujia Khan, domina toda la estepa. Yami gobierna en el Ordos como Qimin Khan bajo los Sui. En el monte Dajin Tardush se retira sin combatir ante Shi Wansui. Mapa moderno; la ubicación del monte y los caminos están trazados, no transmitidos.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 600

  • c. 603The division of the khaganate, c. AD 603

    Map of Asia around 603: the Western Göktürk Khaganate from the Black Sea to the Tian Shan and the Eastern Göktürk Khaganate from the Khangai to the Khitan, the Tarim oasis states and the Hephthalite principalities as tributaries of the west, beside the Eastern Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Sui, the Tuyuhun and Goguryeo, and between the steppe and China the wall of the Northern Qi, Yami's pasture in the Ordos and a hatched frontier zone © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    El kaganato dividido hacia 603: el Kaganato göktürk occidental desde el mar Negro hasta el Tian Shan y el Kaganato göktürk oriental desde el Jangái hasta los kitán, junto a los Sui, que ya gobernaban toda China, el Imperio sasánida y el Imperio romano de Oriente. Entre la estepa y China se ven la muralla de los Qi del Norte (556) y una zona fronteriza que no pertenece a ninguno de los dos lados. La llanura de Baidao pertenece a los göktürk y el norte del Ordos es el pasto de Yami. Mapa moderno; la línea entre el este y el oeste es aproximada.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 603, Tardush, Yami Khan, La guerra civil göktürk

  • 627627: The Caucasus campaign and the revolt of the Tiele

    Map of Eurasia in 627: the western Göktürk khaganate under Tong Yabgu from the Caucasus to the Tarim, the march of Jebu Xak'an through Derbent to Tiflis and of Heraclius to the siege of Tiflis, the eastern Göktürk khaganate under Ilig Khan with the revolt of the Tiele, the Tang, Tibet, Sasanian Persia and Byzantium © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    627: En el oeste el ejército de Tong Yabgu fuerza Derbent, y ante Tiflis Jebu Xak'an se encuentra con el emperador Heraclio. En el este los tiele se alzan contra Ilig Khan, y una gran nevada mata los rebaños de su pueblo. Mapa moderno; las fronteras en la estepa son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 627, Tong Yabgu

  • 628628: The murder of Tong Yabgu and the secession of the Tiele

    Map of Eurasia in 628: the western Göktürk khaganate in the war of two khans, the Xueyantuo under Yinan moving east from the Altai, the Tiele between the Khangai and the Selenga fallen away from the eastern khaganate of Ilig Khan, the second march of Jebu Xak'an to Tiflis, the Tang, Tibet, Sasanian Persia and Byzantium © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    628: En el oeste Tong Yabgu muere a manos de su tío, y dos khanes se disputan el reino; Yinan lleva a los xueyantuo del Altái hacia el este. En el este los tiele abandonan a Ilig Khan, y Töles se somete a los Tang. En el Cáucaso Jebu Xak'an toma Tiflis en 628 o 629. Mapa moderno; las fronteras en la estepa son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 628, Kaganato xueyantuo (Syr Tardush), El asesinato de Tong Yabgu (630)

  • 630630: The fall of the eastern khaganate

    Map of Eurasia in 630: Li Jing's attack on Dingxiang and his victory at the Iron Mountain north of the Yin Mountains, the Göktürks under Tang protectorates along the Yellow River, the Xueyantuo north of the Gobi, Yiwu with the Tang, the western Göktürk khaganate under Si Yabgu Khan and the battle at Lake Sevan © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    630: Li Jing cae de noche sobre Dingxiang y destruye el kaganato oriental en la Montaña de Hierro. Los göktürk quedan asentados bajo protectorados Tang a lo largo del río Amarillo; al norte del Gobi los xueyantuo dominan la estepa, y Yiwu se pasa a los Tang. En el oeste reina Si Yabgu Khan; en el Cáucaso el ejército del norte vence junto al lago Sevan. Mapa moderno; las fronteras en la estepa son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 630, La conquista Tang del kaganato oriental, 626–630, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 638638: The western khaganate divided

    Map of Asia in 638: the western Göktürk khaganate divided at the Ili between the Nushibi under Ishbara Tolis Khan and the Duolu under Yukuk Shad, with the Xueyantuo, the Tang and the Caliphate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    638: Las tribus duolu alzan a Yukuk Shad como khan contra Ishbara Tolis. El khaganato occidental se divide en el Ili: al oeste los nushibi, al este los duolu. Mapa moderno; la frontera lejos del río está trazada, no transmitida.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 638

  • 648648: The Tang conquest of the Tarim

    Map of Central Asia in 648: the Tang advance from Xizhou (Gaochang) by Karashahr to Kucha, the seat of the Anxi protectorate, the Four Garrisons of Kucha, Khotan, Kashgar and Suyab, the western Göktürk khaganate under Irbis Shegui Khan, Chebi Khan in the Altai and the Yanran protectorate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    648: Los Tang toman el Tarim paso a paso: Gaochang en 640, Karashahr en 644 y Kucha en 648, donde reside ahora el protectorado de Anxi. Kucha, Khotan, Kashgar y Suyab pasan a ser las Cuatro Guarniciones. Al norte del Tian Shan el kaganato occidental resiste bajo Irbis Shegui Khan; en el Altái Chebi Khan sigue libre. Mapa moderno; las fronteras en la estepa son aproximadas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 648, The Tang conquest of the western Khaganate, 640–659, Kucha

  • 650The Western khaganate and the Tang, AD 650

    Map of Asia in 650: the Western Göktürk Khaganate from the Tarbagatai to the Oxus with Sogdia and Tokharistan as dependants, the Tang with the protectorate of Yanran over the steppe, the Kirghiz and the oasis states of the Tarim as tributaries, beside Tibet, the Tuyuhun, the Korean kingdoms, Japan, the Rashidun Caliphate, the rest of Sasanian Persia, the Khazars, Great Bulgaria, the Avars and the Eastern Roman Empire © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    Asia en 650: el Kaganato göktürk occidental de Irbis Shegui Kan se extiende desde el Tarbagatái hasta el Oxus, con Sogdiana y Tocaristán como dependencias. En el este, los Tang gobiernan la estepa mediante el protectorado de Yanran; los kirguises y los estados oasis del Tarim les pagan tributo, y Anxi tiene su sede en Kucha. En el oeste, el Califato ha tomado Irak y el oeste de Irán, y Yazdegerd III solo conserva Jorasán y Sistán. Mapa moderno; los límites del kaganato y de los protectorados son aproximados.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 650, Irbis Shegui Khan, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 657657: The end of the western khaganate

    Map of Asia in 657: the land of the western Göktürks as ten prefectures under the Tang, the Yanran protectorate in the steppe, the Tarim oases, Tibet and the Rashidun Caliphate up to the Oxus © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    657: Los Tang capturan a Ashina Helu, el último khan de los göktürk occidentales. Su tierra pasa a ser diez prefecturas bajo los Tang. Mapa moderno; los límites de las prefecturas están trazados, no transmitidos.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 657, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 670670: Tibet takes the Four Garrisons

    Map of Asia in 670: the Tarim oases under Tibet, with an arrow to Kucha, the Tang and their protectorates, the western Göktürks under the Tang and the Umayyad Caliphate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    670: El Tíbet arrebata a los Tang las Cuatro Guarniciones del Tarim. Durante treinta años los oasis cambian de manos una y otra vez. Mapa moderno; la extensión del dominio tibetano está trazada, no transmitida.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 670

  • 679–681679–681: The risings of Nishufu and Funian

    Map of northern China and the steppe, 679 to 681: the Göktürks of the Ordos and of Yunzhong in revolt, Pei Xingjian's marches from Chang'an to Black Mountain and into the west against Ashina Duzhi, Funian raised at Xiazhou, numbered in the order of events © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    679–681: En 679 los göktürk del protectorado de Chanyu alzan como khan a Nishufu, y veinticuatro prefecturas se levantan con ellos. Pei Xingjian los vence en la Montaña Negra en 680, y Nishufu muere a manos de los suyos. Funian, alzado después en Xiazhou, se rinde a Pei Xingjian en 681 y es decapitado en Chang'an. Los números siguen el orden de los hechos. Mapa moderno; los caminos están trazados, no transmitidos.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 679, Ashina Funian, Nishufu Khan, Pei Xingjian

  • 682682: The rising of Ilterish

    Map of northern China and the steppe in 682: the land of Ilterish north of the Yellow River with Heisha and Zongcai Mountain, his raid on the Nine Oguz and the raids on Bingzhou, Lanzhou and Dingzhou, numbered in the order of events © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    682: Tras la derrota de Funian, Gudulu reúne a los fugitivos en el monte Zongcai y en Heisha, ataca a los Nueve Oguz y se hace Ilterish Khan. Ashide Yuanzhen se pasa a su lado. En el décimo mes los göktürk asaltan Bingzhou, Lanzhou y Dingzhou. Los números siguen el orden de los hechos. Mapa moderno; los caminos están trazados, no transmitidos.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 682, Ilterish Khan, Segundo Kaganato göktürk

  • 691691: Kapgan Khan takes the throne

    Map of Asia in 691: the Second Göktürk Khaganate in Mongolia under Kapgan Khan, the Türgesh around Suyab, the Tarim under Tibet, the Tang and the Umayyad Caliphate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    691: Kapgan Khan sube al trono del Segundo Khaganato Göktürk. Al oeste los türgesh dominan el valle del Chu en torno a Suyab. Mapa moderno; las fronteras están trazadas, no transmitidas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 691

  • 692692: The Tang retake the Four Garrisons

    Map of Asia in 692: the Tarim oases again under the Tang, with Wang Xiaojie's march to Kucha, the Second Göktürk Khaganate, the Türgesh and Tibet © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    692: Los Tang, al mando de Wang Xiaojie, recuperan del Tíbet las Cuatro Guarniciones del Tarim. Mapa moderno; el camino del ejército está trazado, no transmitido.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 692

  • 699699: Kapgan orders the realm

    Map of Asia in 699: the Second Göktürk Khaganate under Kapgan Khan, the Türgesh under Wuzhile around Suyab, Tang China and Tibet © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    699: Kapgan Khan ordena su reino bajo dos shad y hace a su hijo Fuju khan menor en el oeste. Las tribus de las Diez Flechas eligen al türgesh Wuzhile. Mapa moderno; las fronteras están trazadas, no transmitidas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 699

  • 711711: Kapgan's western war

    Map of Asia in 710–711: the Second Göktürk Khaganate with the Kirghiz, the Türgesh and the Sogdians as subjects, and the campaigns over the Kögmen, to Bolchu and to the Iron Gate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    710–711: Tonyukuk cruza el Kögmen y mata al khan kirguís, aniquila a los türgesh en Bolchu y lleva el ejército hasta la Puerta de Hierro, donde se someten los sogdianos. Mapa moderno; los caminos están trazados entre los lugares que nombran las inscripciones.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 711

  • 716716: The death of Kapgan and Bilge Khan

    Map of Asia in 716: Kapgan Khan killed on the Tola, Bilge Khan on the throne of the Second Göktürk Khaganate, the Türgesh, Tang China and Tibet © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    716: Kapgan Khan cae ante los bayirku junto al Tola. Kül Tegin pone a su hermano en el trono como Bilge Khan. Mapa moderno; las fronteras están trazadas, no transmitidas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 716

  • 717717: Sulu and the Türgesh

    Map of Asia in 717: Sulu khan of the Türgesh, Bilge Khan in the Second Göktürk Khaganate, the Arab siege of Constantinople © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    717: Sulu se convierte en khan de los türgesh. Bilge Khan gobierna el este con Kül Tegin y Tonyukuk. Los árabes asedian Constantinopla. Mapa moderno; las fronteras están trazadas, no transmitidas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 717

  • 721721: Tonyukuk and the war with the Tang

    Map of Asia in 721: Tonyukuk takes Beiting and raids Liangzhou, the revolt of the six counties in the Ordos © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    721: Tonyukuk toma Beiting antes que los basmïl y despoja a Liangzhou de sus rebaños. Los seis distritos del Ordos se rebelan. Mapa moderno; los caminos están trazados, no transmitidos.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 721

  • 734734: The death of Bilge Khan

    Map of Asia in 734: the death of Bilge Khan, Yiran Khan and Tengri Khan in the Second Göktürk Khaganate, Sulu of the Türgesh © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    734: Bilge Khan es envenenado por su ministro y muere. Su hijo Yiran le sucede y muere en pocos meses, y el niño Tengri Khan sube al trono. Mapa moderno; las fronteras están trazadas, no transmitidas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 734

  • 744744: The rise of the Uyghurs

    Map of Asia in 744: the Uyghur Khaganate on the Orkhon, the Basmïl and Karluks in the Altai, the Türgesh breaking up, Tang China and Tibet © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    744: Los basmïl matan a Ozmish Khan, y los uigures y los karluk matan al khan basmïl. Kutlug Bilge Kül se convierte en el primer khan de los uigures. Mapa moderno; la zona de los basmïl y los karluk está trazada, no transmitida.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 744

  • 745745: The Uyghur Khaganate

    Map of Asia in 745: the Uyghur Khaganate from the Altai to the Shiwei, the Karluks moving west to the Ten Arrows, and the Katun Pofu going to the Tang © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    745: Baimei Khan es asesinado, y la katun Pofu pasa a los Tang con su gente. Los karluk se desplazan al oeste, a las tierras de las Diez Flechas. Los uigures dominan la estepa desde el Altái hasta los shiwei. Mapa moderno; los caminos están trazados, no transmitidos.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 745

  • 790790: The war over Beiting

    Map of Asia in 790: the Uyghur Khaganate, Beiting lost to Tibet, Anxi cut off from the Tang, the Karluks and the Abbasid Caliphate © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    790: Los uigures pierden Beiting ante los tibetanos y marchan contra ellos en 790 y 791. Anxi resiste por los Tang, aislado de China. Mapa moderno; las fronteras están trazadas, no transmitidas.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 790

  • 821821: The khaganate at war with the Kirghiz

    Map of Asia in 821: the Uyghur Khaganate at war with the Kirghiz, the road of Tamim ibn Bahr, the Tibet–Tang treaty © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    821: Los uigures combaten a los kirguises en el norte. Tamim ibn Bahr recorre el camino de postas hasta la capital uigur. Tíbet y los Tang fijan su frontera por tratado. Mapa moderno; el camino está trazado, no transmitido.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 821

  • 840840: The fall of the Uyghur Khaganate

    Map of Asia in 840: the Kirghiz destroy Ordu-Baliq, and the Uyghurs flee to the Tang frontier, to Gansu, to the Tarim and to the Karluks; the steppe is left empty © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    840: Los kirguises destruyen el Khaganato Uigur e incendian Ordu-Baliq. Los uigures se dispersan hacia la frontera Tang, Gansu, el Tarim y los karluk. Mapa moderno; los caminos de la huida están trazados, no transmitidos.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 840, History of the Turkic peoples

  • 842842: After the fall of the Uyghurs

    Map of Asia in 842: Wujie's Uyghurs on the Tang frontier, the Kirghiz in the north, the Tibetan empire breaking up © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
    842: Los uigures de Wujie acampan en la frontera Tang, y el primer enviado kirguís llega a los Tang. El Imperio tibetano se desintegra. Mapa moderno; el camino de los enviados está trazado, no transmitido.

    Mapa Aparece en: Año 842

Fotografías e imágenes históricas

Fotografías, e imágenes hechas en su propia época.

Imagen principal 115 · Panorama 1 · En el texto 64 · Itinerario de lectura 8

  • Afrasiab on the throne of Iran, which he took after killing Nowzar. A page of the Shahnameh made for Shah Tahmasp at Tabriz, about 1525–30, painting attributed to Bashdan Qara.
    Afrasiab on the throne of Iran, which he took after killing Nowzar. A page of the Shahnameh made for Shah Tahmasp at Tabriz, about 1525–30, painting attributed to Bashdan Qara. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1970.301.16, gift of Arthur A. Houghton Jr., 1970; detail. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Afrasiab

  • The left half of the west wall of the Hall of the Ambassadors, as mounted in the museum beside the Afrasiab mound: in the lower file three figures in white caftans, above them the caftan bearing the long Sogdian inscription.
    The left half of the west wall of the Hall of the Ambassadors, as mounted in the museum beside the Afrasiab mound: in the lower file three figures in white caftans, above them the caftan bearing the long Sogdian inscription. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • Map of Khurasan from a manuscript of al-Istakhri's geography, the Book of Routes and Realms.
    Map of Khurasan from a manuscript of al-Istakhri's geography, the Book of Routes and Realms. Al-Istakhri, manuscript map, reproduction, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: al-Iṣṭakhrī

  • Ka Nasi Lake in the Chinese part of the Altai, photographed by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station in 2023.
    Ka Nasi Lake in the Chinese part of the Altai, photographed by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station in 2023. Astronaut photograph iss069e071176. NASA, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Altái

  • Page of a ninth-century manuscript of Ammianus Marcellinus (Vaticanus lat. 1873) with Res gestae 31,2, the description of the Huns.
    Page of a ninth-century manuscript of Ammianus Marcellinus (Vaticanus lat. 1873) with Res gestae 31,2, the description of the Huns. Ammianus Marcellinus, Res gestae, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. lat. 1873, reproduction, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Amiano Marcelino

  • A sacred cairn (obo) near Alkhanai mountain in Transbaikalia, the stones whitewashed and the birches around it hung with blue ribbons, photographed in 2000.
    A sacred cairn (obo) near Alkhanai mountain in Transbaikalia, the stones whitewashed and the birches around it hung with blue ribbons, photographed in 2000. Photograph: William Craft Brumfield, 2000; Library of Congress, no known restrictions.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Animismo

  • The Roman forum of Aquileia in Friuli, north-eastern Italy, with the columns of its eastern portico, which were restored and partly re-erected in 1936 and 1937; photograph of 2015. Aquileia was the chief city of Venetia, and it fell to Attila's Huns in 452 after a long siege.
    The Roman forum of Aquileia in Friuli, north-eastern Italy, with the columns of its eastern portico, which were restored and partly re-erected in 1936 and 1937; photograph of 2015. Aquileia was the chief city of Venetia, and it fell to Attila's Huns in 452 after a long siege. Image: Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Aquilea

  • A crowned figure holding a crescent moon, a star on either side: coin, eighth century.
    A crowned figure holding a crescent moon, a star on either side: coin, eighth century.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Ay Ata

  • Ayran sellers in the market of Aulie-Ata on the Talas river, the modern Taraz in Kazakhstan, photographed between 1865 and 1872 for the Turkestan Album.
    Ayran sellers in the market of Aulie-Ata on the Talas river, the modern Taraz in Kazakhstan, photographed between 1865 and 1872 for the Turkestan Album. Photograph: Turkestan Album, ethnographic part, plate 105. Library of Congress, no known restrictions on publication.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Ayran

  • Silver coin of Eukratides I, king of Bactria between 170 and 145 BC, with his portrait in a crested helmet.
    Silver coin of Eukratides I, king of Bactria between 170 and 145 BC, with his portrait in a crested helmet. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2011.211, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Bactriana

  • The city of Hohhot on the plain at the foot of the Daqing Shan in Inner Mongolia, photographed from the International Space Station in 2011. Baidao may have lain north of Guihuacheng, the old town of Hohhot.
    The city of Hohhot on the plain at the foot of the Daqing Shan in Inner Mongolia, photographed from the International Space Station in 2011. Baidao may have lain north of Guihuacheng, the old town of Hohhot. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Llanura de Baidao

  • The Burana Tower near Tokmok in the Chu valley, Kyrgyzstan.
    The Burana Tower near Tokmok in the Chu valley, Kyrgyzstan. Photograph: Bernard Gagnon, 2023, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Balasaghun

  • The Bala Hissar, the citadel of Balkh, and the old city walls above the fields, 2025.
    The Bala Hissar, the citadel of Balkh, and the old city walls above the fields, 2025. Photograph: Jialiang Gao, 2025, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Balj

  • A page of the account of the western Göktürks in chapter 215B of the Xin Tang Shu, in a Yuan-period printed edition repaired under the Ming, in the National Archives of Japan. The second column of the right-hand page says that seven days' march north-west from Yanqi reach the Southern Court and eight days' march north the Northern Court.
    A page of the account of the western Göktürks in chapter 215B of the Xin Tang Shu, in a Yuan-period printed edition repaired under the Ming, in the National Archives of Japan. The second column of the right-hand page says that seven days' march north-west from Yanqi reach the Southern Court and eight days' march north the Northern Court. Image: National Archives of Japan. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Beiting

  • The Berel kurgans in the Kazakh Altai, 2018.
    The Berel kurgans in the Kazakh Altai, 2018. Photograph: Mheidegger, 2018, CC BY 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Berel

  • A rider with a halo and his mounted escort, from a wall painting in the West Temple at Beshbalik, the Buddhist temple that the Uyghurs of Qocho built west of the city. The scene belongs to the division of the relics of the Buddha among eight kings; it was painted in the tenth century.
    A rider with a halo and his mounted escort, from a wall painting in the West Temple at Beshbalik, the Buddhist temple that the Uyghurs of Qocho built west of the city. The scene belongs to the division of the relics of the Buddha among eight kings; it was painted in the tenth century. Wall painting: West Temple, Beiting (Beshbalik), tenth century. Photograph: Zhentong Li, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Beshbalik

  • Excavated remains of ancient Panticapaeum on Mount Mithridates in Kerch, in the eastern Crimea, with the town below; photograph of 2021. Bosporos, the ancient Panticapaeum, fell to a Göktürk army and the Utigurs while the Roman envoy Valentinos was among the Göktürks.
    Excavated remains of ancient Panticapaeum on Mount Mithridates in Kerch, in the eastern Crimea, with the town below; photograph of 2021. Bosporos, the ancient Panticapaeum, fell to a Göktürk army and the Utigurs while the Roman envoy Valentinos was among the Göktürks. Image: Alexxx Malev, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Bósforo

  • The entrance to the Emir’s palace in the old city of Bukhara, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915.
    The entrance to the Emir’s palace in the old city of Bukhara, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Bujará

  • A weathered stone figure at its stone setting on the steppe near Burd, Övörkhangai, in central Mongolia. Monuments of this kind are commonly called balbals; strictly, the balbals are the rough stones set in a line from the grave.
    A weathered stone figure at its stone setting on the steppe near Burd, Övörkhangai, in central Mongolia. Monuments of this kind are commonly called balbals; strictly, the balbals are the rough stones set in a line from the grave. Photograph: Mongolia Expeditions, 2011, CC BY 3.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: El entierro y el balbal

  • Gold solidus of the Byzantine empire, struck between 565 and 578.
    Gold solidus of the Byzantine empire, struck between 565 and 578. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 04.35.3353, Gift of Darius Ogden Mills, 1904, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Bizancio

  • The Kukeldash madrasa in Tashkent, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872.
    The Kukeldash madrasa in Tashkent, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872. Photograph: N. V. Bogaevskii, Turkestan album; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Chach

  • The ruins of ancient Chersonesus on the south-western coast of the Crimea, near Sevastopol, with the columns of a basilica above the Black Sea; photograph of 2023. Cherson was probably this city. In 579 the emperor Tiberius told an Avar embassy that the Göktürks were encamped there.
    The ruins of ancient Chersonesus on the south-western coast of the Crimea, near Sevastopol, with the columns of a basilica above the Black Sea; photograph of 2023. Cherson was probably this city. In 579 the emperor Tiberius told an Avar embassy that the Göktürks were encamped there. Image: Alexxx Malev, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Quersoneso

  • Wall painting from a ruined temple at Qocho, read as a Palm Sunday procession and dated 683–770 CE. Berlin.
    Wall painting from a ruined temple at Qocho, read as a Palm Sunday procession and dated 683–770 CE. Berlin. Photograph: Daderot, 2014, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Iglesia del Oriente

  • The Madara Rider, a rock relief of the eighth to ninth century near Shumen in north-eastern Bulgaria.
    The Madara Rider, a rock relief of the eighth to ninth century near Shumen in north-eastern Bulgaria. Photograph: G. Nockemann, 2011, CC BY-SA 3.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Bulgaria danubiana

  • Deer stones at Uushgiin Uvur in Mongolia.
    Deer stones at Uushgiin Uvur in Mongolia. Photograph: Bernard Gagnon, 2023, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Deer stones

  • Derbent between the shore of the Caspian Sea and the foothills of the Caucasus, photographed from the International Space Station in 2005.
    Derbent between the shore of the Caspian Sea and the foothills of the Caucasus, photographed from the International Space Station in 2005. Astronaut photograph ISS011-E-10601. NASA, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Derbent

  • A page of chapter 84 of the Sui Shu in a Japanese edition of 1844, in the National Diet Library, Tokyo. In the second column from the right, the text says that the Göktürks brought the empress Xiao and installed her at Dingxiang (定襄).
    A page of chapter 84 of the Sui Shu in a Japanese edition of 1844, in the National Diet Library, Tokyo. In the second column from the right, the text says that the Göktürks brought the empress Xiao and installed her at Dingxiang (定襄). Image: National Diet Library, Japan. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Dingxiang

  • The world map of Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, from a manuscript of the work.
    The world map of Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, from a manuscript of the work. Mahmud al-Kashgari, eleventh century, manuscript copy, reproduction, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk

  • The Mogao Grottoes near Dunhuang, December 2013.
    The Mogao Grottoes near Dunhuang, December 2013. Photograph: Zhangzhugang, 2013, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Dunhuang

  • Dunes and sedimentary layers in the Junggar Basin, photographed from the International Space Station in 2023.
    Dunes and sedimentary layers in the Junggar Basin, photographed from the International Space Station in 2023. Astronaut photograph ISS069-E-16826. NASA, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Zungaria

  • A page of the 1851 Paris edition of the Greek historical fragments, with Menander's account of the Roman embassy of 569 in Greek and Latin. The right-hand Greek column names the mountain Ektag, 'as a Greek would say, the golden mountain', where the envoys found Istemi.
    A page of the 1851 Paris edition of the Greek historical fragments, with Menander's account of the Roman embassy of 569 in Greek and Latin. The right-hand Greek column names the mountain Ektag, 'as a Greek would say, the golden mountain', where the envoys found Istemi. Image: Karl Müller (ed.), Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum IV, Paris: Didot 1851; scan University of Toronto Libraries. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Ektag

  • A herder on horseback with a flock of sheep and goats on the open steppe of Mongolia, photographed in 1909.
    A herder on horseback with a flock of sheep and goats on the open steppe of Mongolia, photographed in 1909. Finnish Heritage Agency (Museovirasto), General Ethnographic Photo Collection, VKK156:33. Photograph by Sakari Pälsi, 1909. Finna, CC BY 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Nómadas euroasiáticos

  • The palace of Khudoyar Khan at Kokand in the Ferghana valley, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872.
    The palace of Khudoyar Khan at Kokand in the Ferghana valley, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872. Photograph: Turkestan album; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Fergana

  • The ruins of Gaochang from the air: the mud-brick walls and halls of the city in the Turfan depression, with the fields of the oasis behind.
    The ruins of Gaochang from the air: the mud-brick walls and halls of the city in the Turfan depression, with the fields of the oasis behind.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Gaochang

  • The illuminated opening pages of a manuscript of Bal'ami's Persian translation of Tabari's History, copied in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, in the Library of Congress. Tabari tells how a khagan turned back before the fortified gate of Sul without a battle; where the gate stood is disputed.
    The illuminated opening pages of a manuscript of Bal'ami's Persian translation of Tabari's History, copied in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, in the Library of Congress. Tabari tells how a khagan turned back before the fortified gate of Sul without a battle; where the gate stood is disputed. Image: Library of Congress, African and Middle East Division. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Puerta de Sul

  • Khosrow II flees from Bahram Chobin, the Persian commander of the war of 588, and is saved by the angel Sarush. Painting in a Shahnama made in Baghdad about 1299.
    Khosrow II flees from Bahram Chobin, the Persian commander of the war of 588, and is saved by the angel Sarush. Painting in a Shahnama made in Baghdad about 1299. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1944.480.1.a, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Guerra göktürk-persa, 588–589

  • The south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea with the Gulf of Gorgan, the Miankaleh spit and the Elburz beyond, photographed from the International Space Station in April 2022. Gurgan is the land at the south-eastern corner of the Caspian, the Hyrcania of the Greeks.
    The south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea with the Gulf of Gorgan, the Miankaleh spit and the Elburz beyond, photographed from the International Space Station in April 2022. Gurgan is the land at the south-eastern corner of the Caspian, the Hyrcania of the Greeks. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Gurgán

  • Wuzhu coins of the Western Han in the coin gallery of the Shanghai Museum.
    Wuzhu coins of the Western Han in the coin gallery of the Shanghai Museum. Photograph: Gary Lee Todd, 2010, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Han dynasty

  • The city of Datong and its basin in northern Shanxi, photographed from the International Space Station in 2010. One identification makes Heng'an the Yunzhong county of the Tang and places it at Datong county.
    The city of Datong and its basin in northern Shanxi, photographed from the International Space Station in 2010. One identification makes Heng'an the Yunzhong county of the Tang and places it at Datong county. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Heng'an

  • Envoy of the Hua (滑國), as the Liang court called the Hephthalites, carrying a bowl. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist.
    Envoy of the Hua (滑國), as the Liang court called the Hephthalites, carrying a bowl. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist. Handscroll, ink on paper; National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N. Copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, The National Palace Museum, Taipei, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Hephthalites

  • The snow-covered valley of the Hari Rud east of Herat, photographed from the International Space Station in 2003.
    The snow-covered valley of the Hari Rud east of Herat, photographed from the International Space Station in 2003. Astronaut photograph ISS006-E-25613. NASA, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Herat

  • A dry lake bed on the plateau of Zhangbei county in northern Hebei, photographed from the International Space Station in 2015. Modern scholarship places Huaihuang near Zhangbei, on the edge of the Mongolian plateau.
    A dry lake bed on the plateau of Zhangbei county in northern Hebei, photographed from the International Space Station in 2015. Modern scholarship places Huaihuang near Zhangbei, on the edge of the Mongolian plateau. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Huaihuang

  • The irrigated valley of the Kunduz river, here called the Surkhab, around Baghlan in northern Afghanistan, photographed from the International Space Station in May 2007. Huo is placed at Kunduz by some and at Ghori on the road from Kunduz to Kabul by others; Baghlan lies between the two.
    The irrigated valley of the Kunduz river, here called the Surkhab, around Baghlan in northern Afghanistan, photographed from the International Space Station in May 2007. Huo is placed at Kunduz by some and at Ghori on the road from Kunduz to Kabul by others; Baghlan lies between the two. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Huo

  • The booklet open at page 6: runiform lines in black with red punctuation, and the Chinese Buddhist text of the other side showing at the edge.
    The booklet open at page 6: runiform lines in black with red punctuation, and the Chinese Buddhist text of the other side showing at the edge. British Library, Or.8212/161, via the International Dunhuang Project. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Irk Bitig

  • A page of the life of Li Jing in chapter 93 of the Xin Tang Shu, in a Japanese edition of 1750, in the National Diet Library, Tokyo. In the seventh column from the right, the text says that Ilig fled to the Iron Mountain (鐵山) to make a stand and sent envoys to ask that his state be received in submission.
    A page of the life of Li Jing in chapter 93 of the Xin Tang Shu, in a Japanese edition of 1750, in the National Diet Library, Tokyo. In the seventh column from the right, the text says that Ilig fled to the Iron Mountain (鐵山) to make a stand and sent envoys to ask that his state be received in submission. Image: National Diet Library, Japan. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Montaña de Hierro

  • Lake Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan between the snow-covered ranges of the Tian Shan, photographed from the International Space Station in October 2019. Xuanzang's Record calls it the Great Clear Lake, long from east to west and surrounded by mountains on all sides.
    Lake Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan between the snow-covered ranges of the Tian Shan, photographed from the International Space Station in October 2019. Xuanzang's Record calls it the Great Clear Lake, long from east to west and surrounded by mountains on all sides. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Issyk-Kul

  • Remains of the Han wall at the Jade Gate Pass in the desert west of Dunhuang, August 2011.
    Remains of the Han wall at the Jade Gate Pass in the desert west of Dunhuang, August 2011. Photograph: Raki_Man, 2011, CC BY 3.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Puerta de Jade

  • A pavilion at the spring called Jiuquan, 'Wine Spring', in Suzhou, the modern town of Jiuquan in Gansu, photographed by Irving C. Yew of Sven Hedin's Sino-Swedish expedition in December 1934.
    A pavilion at the spring called Jiuquan, 'Wine Spring', in Suzhou, the modern town of Jiuquan in Gansu, photographed by Irving C. Yew of Sven Hedin's Sino-Swedish expedition in December 1934. Image: Irving C. Yew, Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Jiuquan

  • A Tuvan shaman with his frame drum before a felt yurt, photographed about 1900. It shows the practice as ethnographers recorded it among the Turkic peoples of southern Siberia, thirteen centuries after the Göktürks.
    A Tuvan shaman with his frame drum before a felt yurt, photographed about 1900. It shows the practice as ethnographers recorded it among the Turkic peoples of southern Siberia, thirteen centuries after the Göktürks. Photograph: unknown Russian photographer, about 1900; Hamburgisches Museum für Völkerkunde. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Kam (chamán túrquico)

  • The so-called Moses coin, a Khazar silver coin from the Spillings hoard on Gotland, in the museum at Visby.
    The so-called Moses coin, a Khazar silver coin from the Spillings hoard on Gotland, in the museum at Visby. Photograph: W. Carter, 2015, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Kaganato jázaro

  • Fragment of a Liao-dynasty tomb mural showing a Khitan man and a Khitan boy, from a tomb at Paolou Hill in Lindong, excavated in 1988.
    Fragment of a Liao-dynasty tomb mural showing a Khitan man and a Khitan boy, from a tomb at Paolou Hill in Lindong, excavated in 1988. Photograph: BabelStone, 2016, CC BY-SA 3.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Khitan

  • The irrigated oasis around Urgench by the Amu Darya, astronaut photograph, 2022.
    The irrigated oasis around Urgench by the Amu Darya, astronaut photograph, 2022. Astronaut photograph iss067e212667. NASA, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Corasmia

  • Envoy of Khotan (于闐), holding a small flask. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist.
    Envoy of Khotan (于闐), holding a small flask. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist. Handscroll, ink on paper; National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N. Copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, The National Palace Museum, Taipei, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Jotán

  • Armoured horsemen on both sides of a city gate, a wall painting from the Buddhist cave temples of the Kucha region.
    Armoured horsemen on both sides of a city gate, a wall painting from the Buddhist cave temples of the Kucha region.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Kucha

  • Bowls of shubat, fermented camel milk (left), and kumis, fermented mare's milk (right).
    Bowls of shubat, fermented camel milk (left), and kumis, fermented mare's milk (right). Photograph: Upyernoz, 2010, CC BY 2.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Kumis

  • Gold coin of the Kushan king Kanishka, struck about 130 CE in the region of Gandhara.
    Gold coin of the Kushan king Kanishka, struck about 130 CE in the region of Gandhara. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 99.35.3024, Bequest of Joseph H. Durkee, 1898, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Kushan Empire

  • Lake Sevan in Armenia with snow on the surrounding mountains, astronaut photograph, April 2002.
    Lake Sevan in Armenia with snow on the surrounding mountains, astronaut photograph, April 2002. Astronaut photograph ISS004-E-10651. NASA, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Lago Sevan

  • The Big Wild Goose Pagoda in the Ci'en monastery at Xi'an, the former Chang'an, where Xuanzang translated the scriptures he brought back.
    The Big Wild Goose Pagoda in the Ci'en monastery at Xi'an, the former Chang'an, where Xuanzang translated the scriptures he brought back. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2009, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Life of Xuanzang

  • The Danube in Serbia where the Great Morava flows into it, photographed from the International Space Station on 25 June 2016. The Roman city of Margus lay near this confluence, by the modern village of Dubravica east of Belgrade.
    The Danube in Serbia where the Great Morava flows into it, photographed from the International Space Station on 25 June 2016. The Roman city of Margus lay near this confluence, by the modern village of Dubravica east of Belgrade. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Margus

  • The city of Shuozhou and the plain around it in northern Shanxi, photographed from the International Space Station in 2011. One identification places Mayi east of Shuo county, on the east bank of the Mayi river.
    The city of Shuozhou and the plain around it in northern Shanxi, photographed from the International Space Station in 2011. One identification places Mayi east of Shuo county, on the east bank of the Mayi river. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Mayi

  • The mosque and mausoleum of Yusuf Hamadani at ancient Merv, in a colour photograph taken between 1905 and 1915. The shrine is of the twelfth century.
    The mosque and mausoleum of Yusuf Hamadani at ancient Merv, in a colour photograph taken between 1905 and 1915. The shrine is of the twelfth century. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii, between 1905 and 1915; Library of Congress, no known restrictions.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Merv

  • Silver plate with a Sasanian king hunting rams from horseback, Iran, mid-fifth to mid-sixth century. The rider turns in the saddle and draws the bow at full gallop.
    Silver plate with a Sasanian king hunting rams from horseback, Iran, mid-fifth to mid-sixth century. The rider turns in the saddle and draws the bow at full gallop. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 34.33, Fletcher Fund, 1934. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tiro con arco a caballo

  • The Nišava river in Niš, southern Serbia, with the walls of the town's fortress along its bank, photographed in 2014. Roman Naissus, the modern Niš and the birthplace of Constantine, lay on the right bank of the Nišava.
    The Nišava river in Niš, southern Serbia, with the walls of the town's fortress along its bank, photographed in 2014. Roman Naissus, the modern Niš and the birthplace of Constantine, lay on the right bank of the Nišava. Image: Gagarin Miljkovich, CC BY 2.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Naissus

  • An embroidered hanging from the burial mounds of Noin-Ula, first century BCE to first century CE, as shown in a museum.
    An embroidered hanging from the burial mounds of Noin-Ula, first century BCE to first century CE, as shown in a museum. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2022, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Noin Ula

  • Limestone relief of Emperor Xiaowen and his entourage worshipping the Buddha, Northern Wei dynasty, about 522–23.
    Limestone relief of Emperor Xiaowen and his entourage worshipping the Buddha, Northern Wei dynasty, about 522–23. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 35.146, Fletcher Fund, 1935, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Wei del Norte

  • The stone gate and the funerary couch from the tomb of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao under the Zhou who died in 579, as shown at the Shaanxi History Museum in Xi'an. The painted and gilded reliefs of the couch show scenes from his life, among them his dealings with the nomads.
    The stone gate and the funerary couch from the tomb of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao under the Zhou who died in 579, as shown at the Shaanxi History Museum in Xi'an. The painted and gilded reliefs of the couch show scenes from his life, among them his dealings with the nomads. Photograph: Deadkid dk, 2010, CC BY-SA 3.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Zhou del Norte

  • The Yellow River and the dunes of the Kubuqi desert on the northern edge of the Ordos, photographed from the International Space Station in 2022.
    The Yellow River and the dunes of the Kubuqi desert on the northern edge of the Ordos, photographed from the International Space Station in 2022. Astronaut photograph ISS067-E-122535. NASA, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Ordos

  • Bronze plaque of a tiger devouring a ram, attributed to the Xiongnu, about the second century BCE.
    Bronze plaque of a tiger devouring a ram, attributed to the Xiongnu, about the second century BCE. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 49.132, Rogers Fund, 1949, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Ordos bronzes

  • The Orkhon valley in central Mongolia, August 2024.
    The Orkhon valley in central Mongolia, August 2024. Photograph: Jonashtand, 2024, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Valle del Orjón

  • The Amu Darya, the Oxus of the ancient writers, near Kerki in Turkmenistan, 1995.
    The Amu Darya, the Oxus of the ancient writers, near Kerki in Turkmenistan, 1995. Photograph: Klaus Schönitzer, 1995, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Oxo

  • The irrigated oasis of Bukhara at the western end of the Zerafshan valley, surrounded by desert and lakes, photographed from the International Space Station in June 2002. Paikent lay in this oasis at the edge of the desert.
    The irrigated oasis of Bukhara at the western end of the Zerafshan valley, surrounded by desert and lakes, photographed from the International Space Station in June 2002. Paikent lay in this oasis at the edge of the desert. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Paikent

  • The excavated ruins of the Sogdian town of Panjikent in the upper Zarafshan valley, Tajikistan, photographed in 2023. Panjikent is the most extensively and continuously excavated town of Central Asia.
    The excavated ruins of the Sogdian town of Panjikent in the upper Zarafshan valley, Tajikistan, photographed in 2023. Panjikent is the most extensively and continuously excavated town of Central Asia. Image: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Panjikent

  • The brick tower mausoleum in the town of Barda in Azerbaijan, photographed in 2019. Partaw, the capital of Caucasian Albania, is identified with the present town of Barda.
    The brick tower mausoleum in the town of Barda in Azerbaijan, photographed in 2019. Partaw, the capital of Caucasian Albania, is identified with the present town of Barda. Image: Ludvig14, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Partaw

  • Foundations of the palace complex at Pliska.
    Foundations of the palace complex at Pliska. Photograph: Svilen Enev, 2007, CC BY-SA 3.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Pliska

  • Opening leaf of the Radziwiłł (Königsberg) Chronicle, a fifteenth-century copy of the Rus chronicle.
    Opening leaf of the Radziwiłł (Königsberg) Chronicle, a fifteenth-century copy of the Rus chronicle. Radziwiłł Chronicle, 15th century, reproduction of the manuscript, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Russian Primary Chronicle

  • The mausoleum of Ismail Samani at Bukhara, a monument of the Samanid dynasty.
    The mausoleum of Ismail Samani at Bukhara, a monument of the Samanid dynasty. Photograph: Adam Jones, 2012, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Samanids

  • Riders on camels and a line of white birds in a procession from the paintings of the Hall of the Ambassadors at Afrasiab, the old site of Samarkand, seventh century. The paintings left Uzbekistan for the first time in 2022 for an exhibition at the Louvre.
    Riders on camels and a line of white birds in a procession from the paintings of the Hall of the Ambassadors at Afrasiab, the old site of Samarkand, seventh century. The paintings left Uzbekistan for the first time in 2022 for an exhibition at the Louvre. Wall painting: Hall of the Ambassadors, Afrasiab (Samarkand), seventh century. Photograph: Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Samarcanda

  • Silver drachm of the Sasanian empire, about 629 CE.
    Silver drachm of the Sasanian empire, about 629 CE. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 36.30.306, Rogers Fund, 1936, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Persia sasánida

  • Folio 707v of the Shahnama made for Shah Tahmasp, showing Khusrau Parviz's charge against Bahram Chubina. Painted in Iran, about 1530–35.
    Folio 707v of the Shahnama made for Shah Tahmasp, showing Khusrau Parviz's charge against Bahram Chubina. Painted in Iran, about 1530–35. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1970.301.72, Gift of Arthur A. Houghton Jr., 1970, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Shahnameh

  • A shaman of the Minusinsk Tatars, the Khakas of the upper Yenisei, in ceremonial dress with his face covered, holding a drum. The printed caption says that his face is covered when he shamanises.
    A shaman of the Minusinsk Tatars, the Khakas of the upper Yenisei, in ceremonial dress with his face covered, holding a drum. The printed caption says that his face is covered when he shamanises. Photographer unknown, 1900 to 1915; Wellcome Collection, from the papers of M. A. Czaplicka. Public domain mark.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Chamanismo

  • Fields near Samarkand, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915.
    Fields near Samarkand, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Sogdiana

  • A Turkic stone statue in the Ancient States Gallery of the National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar.
    A Turkic stone statue in the Ancient States Gallery of the National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2017, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Figuras de piedra

  • Farmland of the Chu valley around the town of Tokmak in Kyrgyzstan, photographed from the International Space Station in September 2013. Suyab stood on the Chu; its site, known today as Ak-Beshim, lies near Tokmak.
    Farmland of the Chu valley around the town of Tokmak in Kyrgyzstan, photographed from the International Space Station in September 2013. Suyab stood on the Chu; its site, known today as Ak-Beshim, lies near Tokmak. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Suyab

  • Meanders of the Syr Darya in southern Kazakhstan, astronaut photograph, 2016.
    Meanders of the Syr Darya in southern Kazakhstan, astronaut photograph, 2016. Astronaut photograph ISS048-E-12868. NASA, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Sir Daria

  • Opening pages of the Persian version of al-Tabari's History by Bal'ami, a manuscript of the Il-Khanid period.
    Opening pages of the Persian version of al-Tabari's History by Bal'ami, a manuscript of the Il-Khanid period. Library of Congress, African and Middle East Division, Persian Manuscript Collection, 1-85-154.69, item record, public domain (no known restrictions).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tabari

  • The ruins of the citadel of Aulie-Ata, the modern Taraz, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872.
    The ruins of the citadel of Aulie-Ata, the modern Taraz, from the Turkestan album of 1865–1872. Photograph: Turkestan album; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Talas

  • Copper cash coins of the Tang with the legend Kaiyuan tongbao.
    Copper cash coins of the Tang with the legend Kaiyuan tongbao. Photograph: Gary Lee Todd, 2007, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tang

  • A page of the notice on Gaochang in chapter 83 of the Sui Shu, in a Yuan-period printed edition repaired in 1531, in the National Archives of Japan. On the left-hand page the text names the Red Rock Mountain north of Gaochang and, seventy li beyond it, Tanhan Mountain, printed here with the character that later editors corrected.
    A page of the notice on Gaochang in chapter 83 of the Sui Shu, in a Yuan-period printed edition repaired in 1531, in the National Archives of Japan. On the left-hand page the text names the Red Rock Mountain north of Gaochang and, seventy li beyond it, Tanhan Mountain, printed here with the character that later editors corrected. Image: National Archives of Japan. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Monte Tanhan

  • The Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin, between the Tian Shan in the north and the Kunlun in the south, in a MODIS satellite image of 2001.
    The Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin, between the Tian Shan in the north and the Kunlun in the south, in a MODIS satellite image of 2001. Image: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team. NASA Earth Observatory, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Cuenca del Tarim

  • Gold solidus of Justin II, emperor in Constantinople from 565 to 578, in whose fourth year the envoys of Istemi swore the alliance.
    Gold solidus of Justin II, emperor in Constantinople from 565 to 578, in whose fourth year the envoys of Istemi swore the alliance. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 2004.151.a, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: La alianza göktürk-bizantina

  • Silver plate with a Sasanian king hunting rams, gilded and inlaid with niello. Iran, middle of the fifth to middle of the sixth century.
    Silver plate with a Sasanian king hunting rams, gilded and inlaid with niello. Iran, middle of the fifth to middle of the sixth century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 34.33, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: El conflicto comercial göktürk-sasánida

  • Runiform lines on the south face of the first Tonyukuk stone in the Nalaikh valley, photographed in June 1909.
    Runiform lines on the south face of the first Tonyukuk stone in the Nalaikh valley, photographed in June 1909. G. J. Ramstedt and Sakari Pälsi, 1909, Finnish Heritage Agency, record, CC BY 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: La escritura túrquica antigua

  • The army of Zhang Yichao on the march, with its banners, its cavalry and dancers between the columns, from the wall painting in Cave 156 at Mogao near Dunhuang. The painting commemorates the rising of 848, in which Zhang Yichao drove the Tibetan garrison out of Dunhuang.
    The army of Zhang Yichao on the march, with its banners, its cavalry and dancers between the columns, from the wall painting in Cave 156 at Mogao near Dunhuang. The painting commemorates the rising of 848, in which Zhang Yichao drove the Tibetan garrison out of Dunhuang. Wall painting: unknown painter, late Tang period; Mogao Cave 156, Dunhuang. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Imperio tibetano

  • Painted earthenware tomb figure of an armoured horseman, Northern Wei dynasty, sixth century. The Western Wei, one of the two states into which the Northern Wei split in 534, were the Göktürks’ allies against the Rouran.
    Painted earthenware tomb figure of an armoured horseman, Northern Wei dynasty, sixth century. The Western Wei, one of the two states into which the Northern Wei split in 534, were the Göktürks’ allies against the Rouran. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 20.39.3, Rogers Fund, 1920. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: La guerra de independencia de los göktürk

  • Gold dinar dated 79 AH (698–99 CE), with an Arabic inscription.
    Gold dinar dated 79 AH (698–99 CE), with an Arabic inscription. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 99.35.2386, Bequest of Joseph H. Durkee, 1898, Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: The Umayyad Caliphate

  • A page from the first book of the Record of the Western Regions, the account of the pilgrim Xuanzang, in a Southern Song print of the Buddhist canon. It describes the Thousand Springs, 千泉, four hundred li west of Suyab, where the Göktürk khan came every year to escape the summer heat.
    A page from the first book of the Record of the Western Regions, the account of the pilgrim Xuanzang, in a Southern Song print of the Buddhist canon. It describes the Thousand Springs, 千泉, four hundred li west of Suyab, where the Göktürk khan came every year to escape the summer heat. Image: Sixi canon print, Southern Song; scan National Diet Library, Japan. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Mil Fuentes

  • Herds below the snow peaks of the Tian Shan in Kyrgyzstan, 2023.
    Herds below the snow peaks of the Tian Shan in Kyrgyzstan, 2023. Photograph: Bgag, 2023, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tian Shan

  • A view over Tiflis, the modern Tbilisi, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915.
    A view over Tiflis, the modern Tbilisi, photographed by Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii between 1905 and 1915. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. No known restrictions on publication.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tiflis

  • The Tuul river at Ulaanbaatar.
    The Tuul river at Ulaanbaatar. Photograph: Römert, 2015, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tola

  • The painted and gilded back panels of the stone funerary couch from the tomb of An Jia at Xi'an, buried in 579.
    The painted and gilded back panels of the stone funerary couch from the tomb of An Jia at Xi'an, buried in 579. Photograph: Momo and Gary Todd, 2022, file page, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tumba de An Jia

  • The Zarafshan range seen from the north across the valley of the Zarafshan near Samarkand, in a colour photograph taken between 1905 and 1915.
    The Zarafshan range seen from the north across the valley of the Zarafshan near Samarkand, in a colour photograph taken between 1905 and 1915. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii, between 1905 and 1915; Library of Congress, no known restrictions.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Transoxiana

  • Gold bowl from the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós, seventh to ninth century, in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
    Gold bowl from the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós, seventh to ninth century, in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Photograph: Wolfgang Sauber, 2015, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós

  • One of a pair of gold earrings, Avar work, 550 to 650.
    One of a pair of gold earrings, Avar work, 550 to 650. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 17.191.4, CC0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tribus túrquicas en Europa

  • Back panel of the funerary couch of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao at the Zhou court who died in 579. Two men kneel facing each other inside a yurt, a gilded vessel between them; others drink before the tent, and a laden camel and a donkey rest below. The scene is taken to show An Jia at talks with a Göktürk chief.
    Back panel of the funerary couch of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao at the Zhou court who died in 579. Two men kneel facing each other inside a yurt, a gilded vessel between them; others drink before the tent, and a laden camel and a donkey rest below. The scene is taken to show An Jia at talks with a Göktürk chief. Shaanxi History Museum, Xi’an. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2019, CC0 (detail).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Turkic-Sogdian Synthesis

  • Envoy of the Tuyuhun, labelled 河南, the name under which the southern histories treat their kingdom. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist.
    Envoy of the Tuyuhun, labelled 河南, the name under which the southern histories treat their kingdom. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist. Handscroll, ink on paper; National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N. Copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, The National Palace Museum, Taipei, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tuyuhun

  • Uyghur donor, wall painting from Cave 17 at Bezeklik, about the tenth to eleventh century, photographed in Berlin in 2006.
    Uyghur donor, wall painting from Cave 17 at Bezeklik, about the tenth to eleventh century, photographed in Berlin in 2006. Photograph: Gryffindor, 2006, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Reino uigur de Qocho

  • Excavated Roman walls and brick pillars at the archaeological site of Viminacium near Kostolac in eastern Serbia, photographed in 2020. In 441 Viminacium was the first great city that the Huns took in their Balkan wars, and they razed it to the ground.
    Excavated Roman walls and brick pillars at the archaeological site of Viminacium near Kostolac in eastern Serbia, photographed in 2020. In 441 Viminacium was the first great city that the Huns took in their Balkan wars, and they razed it to the ground. Image: Ivan Radic, CC BY 2.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Viminacium

  • The lower Volga and its wide floodplain between Volgograd and Astrakhan, photographed from the International Space Station on 13 March 2007. Menander calls the river the Attila; the Roman envoy Zemarchos came to it in 571 on his way home from Istemi.
    The lower Volga and its wide floodplain between Volgograd and Astrakhan, photographed from the International Space Station on 13 March 2007. Menander calls the river the Attila; the Roman envoy Zemarchos came to it in 571 on his way home from Istemi. Image: NASA. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Volga

  • Horsemen in armour on armoured horses ride down robbers on foot in the story of the Five Hundred Robbers, a wall painting in Cave 285 at Mogao near Dunhuang. The cave was painted under the Western Wei and carries dedications of 538 and 539.
    Horsemen in armour on armoured horses ride down robbers on foot in the story of the Five Hundred Robbers, a wall painting in Cave 285 at Mogao near Dunhuang. The cave was painted under the Western Wei and carries dedications of 538 and 539. Wall painting: unknown painter, Western Wei period (535–557); Mogao Cave 285, Dunhuang. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Wei Occidentales

  • Tower on a bastion of the city wall of Liangzhou, today Wuwei, photographed in 1906.
    Tower on a bastion of the city wall of Liangzhou, today Wuwei, photographed in 1906. Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, 1906, Finnish Heritage Agency, record, CC BY 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Wuwei

  • The opening page of book 84 of the Sui Shu, the chapter on the Göktürks, in a Japanese print of 1844. Its first lines give the second account of Göktürk origins, which sets their forebears in a state upon the Western Sea, 西海.
    The opening page of book 84 of the Sui Shu, the chapter on the Göktürks, in a Japanese print of 1844. Its first lines give the second account of Göktürk origins, which sets their forebears in a state upon the Western Sea, 西海. Image: Kōdōkan, Takamatsu (print, 1844); scan National Diet Library, Japan. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Xihai

  • Bronze belt plaque with a tiger devouring a ram, Xiongnu, about second century BC.
    Bronze belt plaque with a tiger devouring a ram, Xiongnu, about second century BC. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 49.132, Rogers Fund, 1949. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Xiongnu

  • The inscription of Ujuk-Archan on the upper Yenisei, five lines of runiform script with transcription, as Wilhelm Radloff printed it from the squeezes of the Finnish expedition.
    The inscription of Ujuk-Archan on the upper Yenisei, five lines of runiform script with transcription, as Wilhelm Radloff printed it from the squeezes of the Finnish expedition. W. Radloff, Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, St Petersburg 1895, p. 305. Public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Yenisei inscriptions

  • A street with a gateway in Hami, the oasis town identified with Yiwu, photographed by C. G. Mannerheim on his journey through Central Asia and China between 1906 and 1908.
    A street with a gateway in Hami, the oasis town identified with Yiwu, photographed by C. G. Mannerheim on his journey through Central Asia and China between 1906 and 1908. Image: C. G. Mannerheim, Finnish Heritage Agency, CC BY 4.0.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Yiwu

  • Opening of chapter 1 of the Zizhi tongjian in a printed edition of the Song period.
    Opening of chapter 1 of the Zizhi tongjian in a printed edition of the Song period. Sima Guang, Zizhi tongjian, Song-period edition, reproduction, public domain.

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Zizhi tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance)

  • The Katun range under a clear sky: a line of snow-covered summits with Belukha at the centre, bare brown ridges in front of them
    The Katun range from the Kara-Tyurek pass, with Belukha at its centre and the Akkem valley below. Photograph: Александр Лещёнок, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Panorama Aparece en: Altái

  • A Persian miniature of a polo match: riders on horses of many colours with polo sticks on a pale field, spectators on a rocky slope and a blue sky above
    Siyavash plays polo before Afrasiab. A page of the Shahnameh made for Shah Tahmasp at Tabriz, about 1525–30, painting attributed to Qasim ibn ʿAli. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1970.301.26, gift of Arthur A. Houghton Jr., 1970; detail. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab

  • A Persian miniature on a red ground: a half-naked captive kneels between attendants, one of whom holds him by the hair, while an armoured man with a helmet stands over him with a drawn sword
    Kay Khosrow puts Afrasiab to death. A page of a Shahnameh, probably from Isfahan, about 1330–40. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1974.290.21, bequest of Monroe C. Gutman, 1974; detail. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab

  • The bare, eroded surface of a wide mound under a clear sky, with the domes and portals of a city and a mountain range beyond
    The Afrasiab mound, the site of Samarkand before the Mongol period, with the domes of the later city behind it. Photograph: David Stanley, 2012, CC BY 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab, Afrasiab paintings

  • Three standing figures in white caftans patterned with woven roundels, their faces and hands partly lost, against a faded blue ground
    Three figures in white silk caftans with woven roundels, in the lower file on the left half of the west wall. There is more than one view of who they are. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • A white caftan covered with columns of cursive writing, and beside it seated figures seen from behind, with long dark plaits hanging down their backs
    The upper file of the west wall, left half: the white caftan bearing the long Sogdian inscription, and beside it seated figures seen from behind with long plaited hair, the Göktürks of the painting. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • The right half of a wall painting in a museum hall: a row of faded standing figures in brown and ochre, and at the right edge a frame of vertical poles
    The right half of the west wall. The foreign envoys stand in a row; at the far right, beside a frame of banner poles, stand the two figures in feathered caps. Photograph: amanderson2, 2018, CC BY 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • Two standing figures, drawn almost only in outline on a faded ground, with long swords at the waist, beside vertical poles
    The two figures in feathered caps at the right end of the west wall. Their paint survives almost only as outline. Photograph: amanderson2, 2018, CC BY 2.0; detail.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • A long boat drawn across a faded wall, carrying a group of standing figures, with swirling water, fish-like creatures and a black bird below it
    The north wall: a boat with Chinese court ladies on the water, and water creatures beneath it. The tallest figure is taken to be an empress or a princess. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • A heavily faded section of wall painting in blue and ochre, in which the outlines of horses and riders can barely be made out
    The north wall, right part: riders at a hunt, taken to be the hunt of the Chinese emperor. Little more than the outlines survives. Photograph: Jean Housen, 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • A long frieze on a bright blue ground: a white elephant at the left, riders on horses and camels, a row of white birds and figures on foot
    The procession on the south wall, from the white elephant at its head to the riders on camels and the white birds. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • The painting as it survives: two riders on a camel, a line of white birds, a standing man in a white robe and the legs of horses from the frieze above, on a faded blue ground with large losses of plaster
    Riders on camels, a line of white birds and a standing man in the procession on the south wall of the Hall of the Ambassadors, seventh century: the painting as it survives, and the same section in an original artistic reconstruction for the atlas, after the photograph. The reconstruction restores the faded colours and fills the losses of plaster. What it paints into the losses, the saddled camel on the right among them, is conjecture. Photograph: Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0. Reconstruction: original artistic rendering for the atlas after this photograph, 2026, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • A white elephant with a decorated saddle-cloth on a blue ground; the figures that rode on its back are lost
    The white elephant at the head of the procession on the south wall. The riders on its back are lost. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • A fragment of wall painting: part of a large rider in a red garment patterned with birds, a golden scabbard and a saddle-cloth edged with pearl roundels
    What survives of the outsized rider on the south wall, taken to be Varkhuman: a red silk garment patterned with birds, a golden scabbard and a saddle-cloth bordered with pearl roundels. Photograph: Richard Mortel, 2023, CC BY 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • Belukha, the highest summit of the Altai, seen across the moraine and ice of the Akkem glacier under a summer sky
    Belukha, at 4 506 metres the highest summit of the range, seen from the Akkem glacier on its northern side. The bare moraine in the foreground and the ice tongue behind it are what the upper Altai looks like above the forest. Photograph: Ondřej Žváček, 2007, CC BY 2.5.

    En el texto Aparece en: Altái

  • The Belukha massif photographed from orbit: snow-covered peaks and glacier tongues radiating from the centre, brown valleys around them
    The Belukha massif and the Katun range from the International Space Station, looking straight down. The glaciers run out from the summit block in several directions; the brown ground around them is the treeless upper slope, and the pale lake near the top of the picture is one of the glacier-fed lakes of the Akkem valley. Photograph: NASA, ISS024-E-15459 (2010), public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Altái

  • A rocky river valley on the Ukok plateau: a milky glacial river on the left, boulders and grass in the foreground, red rock walls and a notch in the ridge behind
    The Ak-Alakha river on the Ukok plateau, in the south of the range, with the channel behind it through which a lake dammed by ice once drained across the ridge into the neighbouring valley. The milky colour of the water is rock flour, ground by the glaciers upstream. Photograph: A. N. Rudoy, 2000, CC BY-SA 3.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Altái

  • Satellite image of a high plateau: brown and green ground dotted with dark lakes, snow-covered mountains along the bottom edge
    The Ukok plateau in a Landsat 7 image at thirty metres a pixel, near natural colour. The dark spots are lakes in a permafrost basin; the snow along the lower edge is the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola massif on the Mongolian border. The frozen barrows of the Pazyryk period on this plateau owe their preservation to the ground shown here. Image: NASA, Landsat 7 (2006), public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Altái

  • A broad grassy valley high in the mountains, a river winding through it in loops, snow-covered peaks along the horizon under a clear sky
    The valley of the Ak-Alakha on the Ukok plateau, one of the places where the frozen barrows of the Pazyryk period lie. The river winds through a basin that is grassland in summer and permafrost underneath. Photograph: Kobsev, 2006, CC BY 2.5.

    En el texto Aparece en: Altái

  • Line drawing: a shaman with a large frame drum crouches before seated Altaians under a tree; tents stand on the slope behind
    Altaians at the conjuring of spirits by a shaman, in the open beside a tree, with tents behind. Drawing in Radloff’s account of his years in the Altai. W. Radloff, Aus Sibirien, vol. 2, Leipzig 1893, plate 1, Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Animismo

  • Line drawing: the hide of a horse stretched on a long slanting pole resting on a frame of posts
    A sacrificial place of the Altaians: the hide of the offered horse hung on a pole above a frame of posts. W. Radloff, Aus Sibirien, vol. 2, Leipzig 1893, plate 1, Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Animismo

  • An old woman in a checked dress kneels in the sun and churns with a long wooden dasher in a tall cylindrical churn
    Churning butter with a dasher in a tall churn. The liquid left in the churn when the butter has been lifted out is what Kashgari calls ayran. From an album of views of the Yakutsk region, late nineteenth or early twentieth century. Irkutsk State University. Library of Congress, World Digital Library, free to use.

    En el texto Aparece en: Ayran

  • Leather bags and carved wooden goblets on a table: a tall skin bag with a carved stopper in the middle, two skins on the right, and seven wooden cups
    Vessels for kumys among the Yakuts, whose word for milk food is ürüŋ , "white": in the middle a skin bag in which the kumys is made, on the right two skins for keeping it, the others wooden drinking cups. Photograph: L. Veniukov; Novosibirsk State Museum of Regional History. Library of Congress, World Digital Library, free to use.

    En el texto Aparece en: Ayran

  • An openwork gold buckle with two crouching felines attacking ibexes, set as a mirrored pair
    Gold belt buckle with paired felines attacking ibexes, Xiongnu, about third to second century BC, the time of Bagatur. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 17.190.1672, Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan, 1917. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    En el texto Aparece en: Bagatur (Modu Chanyu)

  • Aerial photograph of a ruined walled city among green fields, the outlines of an inner and an outer wall drawn in white dashes, the Tian Shan on the horizon, labels in Chinese and English
    The ruins of Beshbalik from the air, as the information board at the site shows them: the inner city within the outer city, the West Temple beyond the West River, and the Tian Shan on the horizon. The arrow at lower right points north. Photograph of the information board at the Beiting ruins.

    En el texto Aparece en: Beshbalik

  • A weathered stone figure in green grassland under a cloudy sky: a face with heavy brows and a drooping moustache, and a vessel held at the chest
    A carved stone figure on the open steppe: the face with brows and moustache, and a vessel held at the chest. It is a figure of the kind that stood at the enclosure, which is often called a balbal.

    En el texto Aparece en: El entierro y el balbal

  • A grave marked by standing stones on the open steppe, with two camels
    A grave marked by standing stones on the steppe between Schargaldschut and Lake Biir in Mongolia, with two camels, photographed in 1909. The collection does not date the grave itself. Finnish Heritage Agency (Museovirasto), General Ethnographic Photo Collection, VKK156:146. Photograph by Sakari Pälsi, 1909. Finna, CC BY 4.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Nómadas euroasiáticos

  • A family on the move across the steppe, its goods loaded on yaks
    A Mongol family moving across the steppe in 1909, with their goods carried on yaks. Finnish Heritage Agency (Museovirasto), General Ethnographic Photo Collection, VKK156:38. Photograph by Sakari Pälsi, 1909. Finna, CC BY 4.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Nómadas euroasiáticos

  • Felt tents standing for sale, one with its lattice frame still uncovered
    Felt tents standing for sale at Urga, today Ulaanbaatar, in 1909. On the right the lattice frame and roof ring of one tent are still uncovered. Finnish Heritage Agency (Museovirasto), General Ethnographic Photo Collection, VKK156:89. Photograph by Sakari Pälsi, 1909. Finna, CC BY 4.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Nómadas euroasiáticos

  • A gold plaque in the form of a stag with its antlers drawn out into open loops
    Gold plaque of a stag with antlers drawn out into open loops, Scythian, 400–300 BC. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1985.77, The Severance and Greta Millikin Purchase Fund. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    En el texto Aparece en: Nómadas euroasiáticos, History of the Turkic peoples

  • The inside of a round frame drum: a carved wooden handle, an iron crossbar hung with brass bells and cloth strips, and iron crescents along the rim
    A shaman’s drum from the Altai and Khakassia, collected in 1892, seen from behind: brass bells hang from the crossbar. Drum and bell are the two instruments Menander names at the purification of 569. Etnografiska museet, Stockholm, no. 1892.03.0354. Photograph: Daderot, 2014, CC0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Kam (chamán túrquico)

  • A bearded man in a long coat, in profile, holding a large frame drum hung with white pelts
    A shaman of the second rank in the Minusinsk district on the upper Yenisei, with his drum, photographed in 1897 on the expedition of Joseph de Baye. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Société de Géographie, SG XCD-199. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Kam (chamán túrquico)

  • A manuscript page in Uyghur script in two columns, with a line of Arabic calligraphy across the top
    A page of the Vienna manuscript, copied at Herat in 1439 in Uyghur script, with a heading in Arabic letters. Facsimile of the Vienna manuscript, St Petersburg 1890, public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Kutadgu Bilig

  • Domed mud-brick tombs among heaps of rubble under a pale sky, two men standing by a wall
    The mausoleum of Akhmed Zamchi in the ruin fields of ancient Merv, between 1905 and 1915. Photograph: Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii, between 1905 and 1915; Library of Congress, no known restrictions.

    En el texto Aparece en: Merv

  • A round bronze mirror with lobed rim; two horsemen at full gallop draw their bows among birds, clouds and a mountain
    Bronze mirror with a hunting scene, China, Tang dynasty, eighth century. Two horsemen draw their bows at full gallop. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 25.20.3, Rogers Fund, 1925. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    En el texto Aparece en: Tiro con arco a caballo

  • A bearded emperor in a flat-topped crown with pendants and a dark robe over red garments, walking between two attendants; a column of Chinese characters in the upper right corner
    Emperor Wu of the Zhou in the Thirteen Emperors Scroll, a handscroll attributed to the Tang court painter Yan Liben and painted in the seventh century. It is a later depiction, not a portrait from life. The inscription calls him Emperor Wu of the Later Zhou, Yuwen Yong, counts five emperors in twenty-five years, and notes that he destroyed the Buddhist law. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Painting attributed to Yan Liben; reproduction from The Yorck Project. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Zhou del Norte

  • A stone slab with a pointed top: in a niche a crowned figure seated with one hand raised, two standing attendants on lotus pedestals, and below them two lions flanking an incense burner
    Laozi seated between two attendants, a Daoist stone image from Shaanxi dated 564, ten years before the ban. The figure sits in the posture of a Buddha; lions and an incense burner fill the base. Field Museum, Chicago. Photograph: Mary Harrsch, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Zhou del Norte

  • A round-topped stone shrine: in an arched niche a seated Buddha on a lotus between standing disciples and bodhisattvas, with a muscular guardian figure on each side
    Buddhist stone shrine of the Zhou period from Shaanxi: the Buddha seated on a lotus between disciples and bodhisattvas, with a guardian on either side. Field Museum, Chicago. Photograph: Mary Harrsch, 2016, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Zhou del Norte

  • A slender silver ewer on a beaded foot, with a tall handle ending in a small human head and figures in relief around its body
    Replica of the gilded silver ewer from the tomb of Li Xian at Guyuan, shown at the National Museum of China in Beijing. The ewer was made in Central Asia; the figures in relief on its body come from Greek myth. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2011, CC0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Zhou del Norte

  • A wall painting in red, blue, black and white: a small flying figure playing a lute among long streaming scarves
    A flying celestial playing a lute, from the wall paintings of cave 301 at Mogao near Dunhuang, of the Zhou period. Wall painting, Mogao cave 301. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Zhou del Norte

  • A painted arch above a doorway: a large monster mask with spread feathers in the middle, a winged figure on each side, and red flowers along the edges
    Modern copy of the painting above the gate of her tomb: a monster mask between two winged figures. Hebei Museum. Copy: Hebei Museum. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2014, CC0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Princess Linhe, Tomb of Princess Linhe

  • Envoy of the Rouran, labelled 芮芮國, the name the southern courts used for them. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist.
    Envoy of the Rouran, labelled 芮芮國, the name the southern courts used for them. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist. Handscroll, ink on paper; National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N. Copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, The National Palace Museum, Taipei, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.

    En el texto Aparece en: Kaganato rouran

  • The rounded top of a dark inscribed stone slab with a carved emblem in its centre and a row of runic signs along the bottom edge
    The crown and upper runes of the Kül Tegin stone, photographed by the Finnish expedition of 1890. Photograph: Finnish expedition of 1890, Inscriptions de l’Orkhon recueillies par l’expédition finnoise 1890, Helsingfors 1892, Tab. 2, public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Segundo Kaganato göktürk, History of the Turkic peoples

  • Two men beside a cart and a white horse on open steppe, one of them seated on a large boulder
    General view of the site of the Bilge Khan monument on the Orkhon, photographed in 1890. Photograph: Finnish expedition of 1890, Inscriptions de l’Orkhon recueillies par l’expédition finnoise 1890, Helsingfors 1892, public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Segundo Kaganato göktürk

  • Line drawing of the skin of a round drum painted with human figures, animals, birds, trees and a tent, divided by a horizontal band
    The outer side of an Altaian shaman’s drum: men, animals, birds and trees painted on the skin, above and below a dividing band. W. Radloff, Aus Sibirien, vol. 2, Leipzig 1893, plate 1, Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Chamanismo

  • Line drawing of the inside of a round drum: an upright handle shaped as a figure with a face, a crossbar hung with pendants, and two struts below
    The inside of the same kind of drum: the handle shaped as a figure with a head, and the crossbar hung with pendants. W. Radloff, Aus Sibirien, vol. 2, Leipzig 1893, plate 1, Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Chamanismo

  • An engraving of the inside of a wooden dwelling: a shaman in a fringed coat holds a drum above his head and dances beside a sick man lying on a bed, while a family sits by a hearth with a hanging cauldron
    A Yakut shaman invoking his spirits to cure a sick man, an engraving titled "A Jakutian Priest invoking his deities to cure a sick man". The Yakut, who call themselves Sakha, speak a Turkic language. The date of the print is not recorded. Engraving by S. Davenport, date not recorded; Wellcome Collection. Public domain mark.

    En el texto Aparece en: Chamanismo

  • An engraving of a man in a long coat hung with iron rings and discs, with antler-like prongs at his shoulders and his head bowed, holding an arrow in both hands, with captions in Russian, German and French beneath
    A Tungus shaman on the Argun, seen from the front: a coat hung with iron rings and discs, antler-like prongs at the shoulders, an arrow in the hands. The Tungus speak a Tungusic language. The plate shows the wider Siberian pattern and not the Göktürks. Plate from J. G. Georgi, Description de toutes les nations de l'Empire de Russie, 1776, Boston Public Library copy at the Internet Archive. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Chamanismo

  • An engraving of the same man seen from behind, with long strips of hide hanging down his back, three iron rings at the collar and antler-like prongs above them, and bells at the hem of the coat
    The same Tungus shaman from behind: long strips down the back, iron rings at the collar under the antler-like prongs, and bells at the hem of the coat. Plate from J. G. Georgi, Description de toutes les nations de l'Empire de Russie, 1776, Boston Public Library copy at the Internet Archive. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Chamanismo

  • A black-and-white photograph of two men in front of a thatched house: one in a fur-trimmed coat and a pointed hat holds a drum behind him, the other, seated and wearing a feathered headdress, holds a frame drum and a beater
    A Nanai shaman priest and his assistant, each with a frame drum, photographed about 1895. The Nanai, called Goldi in the older literature, are a Tungusic people and not a Turkic one. Photograph by William Henry Jackson, about 1895; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, World's Transportation Commission collection. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Chamanismo

  • A black-and-white photograph of a shaman in a fringed apron and a dark feathered headdress, holding a large frame drum, on a river bank in winter
    A Nanai shaman in regalia with a frame drum on a river bank, photographed between 1890 and 1900. The shadow of the photographer falls in the foreground. Photograph by William Henry Jackson, 1890 to 1900; Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, World's Transportation Commission collection. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Chamanismo

  • A black-and-white photograph of a man seen from behind and from the side, in a coat hung with iron pendants, rings and bells and a fringe, beating a round drum held at his left, on an open plain
    A shaman with a drum in full costume, seen from behind: iron pendants, a large ring with a bell at the back and a long fringe. The printed caption reads "Privileged priest versed in the sorceries of shamanism". The place and date of the photograph are not recorded. Photographer and date not recorded; Wellcome Collection. Public domain mark.

    En el texto Aparece en: Chamanismo

  • An engraving of a man with bristling hair, his face set in a scowl, in a coat hung with strips, tassels and pendants, holding a frame drum in one hand and a beater with rings in the other, with captions in Russian, German and French beneath
    A shaman of Kamchatka with a frame drum, a ringed beater and a coat hung with strips and pendants, a plate titled "Ein Schamann in Kamtschatka". The Kamchadal are not a Turkic people. The plate shows the wider Siberian pattern and not the Göktürks. Plate from J. G. Georgi, Description de toutes les nations de l'Empire de Russie, 1776, Boston Public Library copy at the Internet Archive. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Chamanismo

  • A manuscript page with six columns of Persian verse in black ink between red rules, framed in gold
    A page of a Shahnama made in Baghdad about 1299, from the reign of Nushirwan (Khosrow I): the war between the Khan of Chin, the khan of the Turks in the Persian epic, and the Haitalians, the Hephthalites. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1944.480.2.b, CC0.

    En el texto Aparece en: La guerra göktürk-heftalita, 555–563

  • A tall brick wall and a huge broken parabolic arch standing alone in a flat desert
    The Taq Kasra at Ctesiphon, the great vaulted hall of the Sasanian palace on the Tigris, photographed in 1932. Photograph: American Colony Photo Department, 1932; Library of Congress, no known restrictions.

    En el texto Aparece en: El conflicto comercial göktürk-sasánida

  • A tall weathered stone pillar covered from top to bottom in vertical lines of runic letters, standing in open grassland
    The upper part of the south face of the first Tonyukuk stone in the Nalaikh valley, photographed in June 1909. Photograph: G. J. Ramstedt and Sakari Pälsi, 1909, Finnish Heritage Agency, CC BY 4.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Tonyukuk, Inscripción de Tonyukuk

  • Large broken blocks of a stone coffin lying on bare ground on an open plain, with a tent at the left edge
    The stone coffin at the Tonyukuk tomb, seen from the southwest, in 1909. Photograph: Sakari Pälsi, 1909, Finnish Heritage Agency, CC BY 4.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Tonyukuk, Inscripción de Tonyukuk

  • A wide view over a grass plain with scattered stone blocks, a few upright stones and two tents in front of low hills
    The Tonyukuk tomb, seen from the southwest corner of its earth bank, in 1909. Photograph: Sakari Pälsi, 1909, Finnish Heritage Agency, CC BY 4.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Inscripción de Tonyukuk

  • A small silver mount with two openings at the top and a rounded double knob below
    Silver belt ornament, Avar or Byzantine work, about 575. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 17.191.179, CC0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Tribus túrquicas en Europa

  • A faded wall painting: a row of standing figures in long coats against a blue ground, with the lower edge of a row of seated figures above them
    West wall of the Hall of the Ambassadors at Afrasiab, Samarkand, middle of the seventh century: a row of standing figures in long coats. Above them runs the lower edge of the seated figures with long plaits whom the museum’s drawing of the wall marks as Turkic guards. Photograph: Jean Housen, 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Turkic-Sogdian Synthesis

  • Two painted pottery warrior figures with crested helmets and fierce faces in a dark museum case, a bilingual museum label in front of them
    Two painted pottery warriors from the tomb of Hou Yi at Hujiagou in Xianyang, a burial of the Western Wei period in the country round Chang'an, now in the Shaanxi History Museum in Xi'an. Photograph: Hugh Llewelyn, 2009, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Wei Occidentales

  • A standing painted pottery figure of an official in a small cap, a belted jacket and wide trousers, on a square base in a museum case
    Pottery figure of a military official of the Western Wei period in the National Museum of China, Beijing. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2011, CC0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Wei Occidentales

  • A stone stele with a rounded top: a seated Buddha in an arched niche between standing attendants, with small carved figures and an inscription panel below
    Buddhist stele of the Western Wei period, a seated Buddha between attendants, in the Beilin Museum in Xi'an, the city that was Chang'an. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2011, CC0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Wei Occidentales

  • A tall stone stele carved in several registers: a Buddha seated with attendants in the upper niche, a Buddha seated cross-legged in the lower niche, and rows of small figures and scenes around them
    Buddhist stele of the Western Wei period, carved in registers with two seated Buddhas and scenes in relief, in the Xi'an Museum. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2011, CC0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Wei Occidentales

  • Lines of runiform script with a numbered transcription beside them
    The Ujuk-Archan inscription from the upper Yenisei in runiform script, with transcription, as Wilhelm Radloff printed it in 1895. W. Radloff, Die alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei, St Petersburg 1895, p. 305. Public domain.

    En el texto Aparece en: Kaganato de los kirguises del Yeniséi

  • Painted and gilded stone reliefs in three panels: riders meeting, two men feasting inside a yurt, a banquet under a pavilion
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura. Funerary couch of An Jia, a Sogdian sabao at the Zhou court who died in 579, three of its back panels: a meeting of riders and talks at a low table, a feast in a yurt with a laden camel below, a banquet with dancers. Shaanxi History Museum, Xi’an. Photograph: Gary Todd, 2019, CC0.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: El viaje de Istemi hacia el oeste

  • Rows of runes cut in stone, in an old photograph
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura. Runes on the east face of the Kül Tegin stone, photographed by the Finnish expedition of 1890. Inscriptions de l’Orkhon, Helsingfors 1892, Tab. 4; National Library of Finland, Public domain.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: Nombres, títulos y pretensiones

  • Armoured horsemen by a city gate, a wall painting from the Kucha region
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: La partición del Primer Imperio göktürk

  • The envoy of the Rouran, a drawing in ink on paper
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura. Envoy of the Rouran, labelled 芮芮國, from a copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”. National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: Auge y caída del Imperio rouran

  • The crown of an inscribed stone, in an old photograph
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura. Crown and upper runes of the Kül Tegin stone, photographed by the Finnish expedition of 1890. Inscriptions de l’Orkhon, Helsingfors 1892, Tab. 2; National Library of Finland, Public domain.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: La caída de los göktürk

  • Runes cut in a standing stone, in an old photograph
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura. Upper part of the south face of the first Tonyukuk stone, photographed in June 1909 by G. J. Ramstedt and Sakari Pälsi (cropped). Finnish Heritage Agency, VKK532:464, CC BY 4.0.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: El renacimiento de los göktürk

  • Bronze belt plaque with a tiger devouring a ram
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 49.132, Rogers Fund, 1949. Open Access, public domain (CC0).

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: Los xiongnu

  • A broken stone crown carved with dragons, in an old photograph
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura. Fragment of the dragon crown of the Karabalghasun stone, photographed by the Finnish expedition of 1890. Inscriptions de l’Orkhon, Helsingfors 1892, Tab. 46; National Library of Finland, Public domain.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: Uigures y kirguises

Representaciones modernas

Ilustraciones, reconstrucciones y pinturas de hoy.

Imagen principal 64 · En el texto 12 · Itinerario de lectura 6 · La töre túrquica 1 · Página 1

  • An Lushan in a modern portrait.
    An Lushan in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: An Lushan

  • Anagui in a modern portrait.
    Anagui in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Anagui

  • Are Khan in a modern portrait.
    Are Khan in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Are Khan

  • A Göktürk nobleman seated on a felt rug, in a modern drawing.
    A Göktürk nobleman seated on a felt rug, in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Baga

  • Bagatur in a modern portrait.
    Bagatur in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Bagatur (Modu Chanyu)

  • Battle of Dzungaria, 552 in a modern illustration.
    Battle of Dzungaria, 552 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Batalla de Zungaria, 552

  • Battle of Huaihuang, 552 in a modern illustration.
    Battle of Huaihuang, 552 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Batalla de Huaihuang, 552

  • Bayanchur Khan in a modern portrait.
    Bayanchur Khan in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Bayanchur Khan

  • Bilge Khan in a modern drawing.
    Bilge Khan in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Bilge Khan

  • Bumin Khan in a modern portrait.
    Bumin Khan in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Bumin Khan

  • A holder of the title at a feast with a drinking horn, in a modern illustration.
    A holder of the title at a feast with a drinking horn, in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Daluobian

  • Donghu in a modern illustration.
    Donghu in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Donghu

  • Empress Yujiulü in a modern portrait.
    Empress Yujiulü in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Emperatriz Yujiulü

  • An elder officer of the khaganate in a modern illustration: the age that the title names.
    An elder officer of the khaganate in a modern illustration: the age that the title names. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Geli Daguan

  • Göktürk Expansion along the Silk Road in a modern illustration.
    Göktürk Expansion along the Silk Road in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Expansión göktürk a lo largo de la Ruta de la Seda

  • Göktürk Expansion into Europe in a modern illustration.
    Göktürk Expansion into Europe in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Expansión göktürk hacia Europa

  • Göktürk raid of 542 in a modern illustration.
    Göktürk raid of 542 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Incursión göktürk de 542

  • Göktürk war of restoration, 679–687 in a modern illustration.
    Göktürk war of restoration, 679–687 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Göktürk war of restoration, 679–687

  • Göktürks in a modern illustration.
    Göktürks in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Göktürk

  • A commander with his horse before his riders, in a modern illustration: the horse and the command that the title names.
    A commander with his horse before his riders, in a modern illustration: the horse and the command that the title names. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Helan Suni Que

  • Heqin in a modern illustration.
    Heqin in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Heqin

  • Runes of the Tonyukuk stone, the Göktürk realm in 552, the Altai from space, a Scythian gold stag, the empire of Attila in 453 and riders on a Tang bronze mirror.
    Runes of the Tonyukuk stone, the Göktürk realm in 552, the Altai from space, a Scythian gold stag, the empire of Attila in 453 and riders on a Tang bronze mirror. Photographs: G. J. Ramstedt and Sakari Pälsi, Finnish Heritage Agency (CC BY 4.0); NASA, astronaut photograph iss069e071176 (public domain); The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1985.77 (CC0); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 25.20.3 (CC0). Maps: © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: History of the Turkic peoples

  • Huhanye Chanyu in a modern portrait.
    Huhanye Chanyu in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Huhanye Chanyu

  • Huns in a modern illustration.
    Huns in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Hunos

  • A Göktürk archer in a modern illustration: the strength and courage that the title names.
    A Göktürk archer in a modern illustration: the strength and courage that the title names. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Ishbara (título)

  • Issik Khan in a modern drawing.
    Issik Khan in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Issik Khan

  • Istemi in a modern portrait.
    Istemi in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Istemi

  • An aged dignitary in a modern illustration: the high office that men of great age held.
    An aged dignitary in a modern illustration: the high office that men of great age held. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Keluo Chuo

  • Khan (Khagan) in a modern illustration.
    Khan (Khagan) in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Khan (kagan)

  • A Göktürk chur on horseback before a camp, with a golden wolf-head standard behind him, in a modern drawing.
    A Göktürk chur on horseback before a camp, with a golden wolf-head standard behind him, in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Külüg Chur

  • Kut in a modern illustration.
    Kut in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Kut

  • Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan in a modern portrait.
    Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan

  • Laoshang Chanyu in a modern portrait.
    Laoshang Chanyu in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Laoshang Chanyu

  • Loose-rein prefectures in a modern illustration.
    Loose-rein prefectures in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Loose-rein prefectures

  • Mobei campaign, 119 BC in a modern illustration.
    Mobei campaign, 119 BC in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Campaña de Mobei, 119 a. C.

  • On Oq in a modern illustration.
    On Oq in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: On Oq

  • Ötüken in a modern illustration: an inscribed stele in the forested upland, with swords set upright in the ground around it.
    Ötüken in a modern illustration: an inscribed stele in the forested upland, with swords set upright in the ground around it. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Ötüken

  • A peri at a spring in a modern illustration: the shape the being takes in later Turkic storytelling, not in any source of the khaganates.
    A peri at a spring in a modern illustration: the shape the being takes in later Turkic storytelling, not in any source of the khaganates. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Peri

  • Rise of Anagui Khan in a modern illustration.
    Rise of Anagui Khan in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: El ascenso de Anagui Khan

  • Rouran in a modern illustration.
    Rouran in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Rouran

  • Siege of Baideng in a modern illustration.
    Siege of Baideng in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Asedio de Baideng

  • Two Göktürk dignitaries in conversation at the entrance of a felt tent at dusk, in a modern drawing.
    Two Göktürk dignitaries in conversation at the entrance of a felt tent at dusk, in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Sifa

  • An officer with a comb at a walled market town, in a modern illustration: the hair of the title's name and the office likened to a prefect's.
    An officer with a comb at a walled market town, in a modern illustration: the hair of the title's name and the office likened to a prefect's. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Suoge Tudun

  • A young Göktürk prince, a tegin, in a modern drawing.
    A young Göktürk prince, a tegin, in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tegin

  • The Court Debate of 630 in a modern illustration.
    The Court Debate of 630 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: El debate de la corte de 630

  • The fall of Ordu-Balık, 840 in a modern illustration.
    The fall of Ordu-Balık, 840 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: La caída de Ordu-Balık, 840

  • The Göktürk interregnum, 630–682 in a modern illustration.
    The Göktürk interregnum, 630–682 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: El interregno göktürk, 630–682

  • The Huns and the Xiongnu in a modern illustration.
    The Huns and the Xiongnu in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Los hunos y los xiongnu

  • The tiered cosmos in a modern illustration: Uçmag above, the earth in the middle, Tamag below, the world tree through all three.
    The tiered cosmos in a modern illustration: Uçmag above, the earth in the middle, Tamag below, the world tree through all three. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Los tres mundos

  • The Turkic ethnogenesis debate in a modern illustration.
    The Turkic ethnogenesis debate in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: El debate sobre la etnogénesis túrquica

  • The officers of the khaganate before the khan's tent in a modern illustration, beneath the standard with the golden wolf's head.
    The officers of the khaganate before the khan's tent in a modern illustration, beneath the standard with the golden wolf's head. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Los veintiocho rangos

  • Tiele in a modern illustration.
    Tiele in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Tiele

  • Töre in a modern illustration.
    Töre in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Töre

  • Toy in a modern illustration.
    Toy in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Toy

  • Ulukayın in a modern illustration: the birch at the centre of the world, its crown among the stars.
    Ulukayın in a modern illustration: the birch at the centre of the world, its crown among the stars. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Ulukayın, el árbol del mundo turco

  • Uyghur Khaganate in a modern illustration.
    Uyghur Khaganate in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Kaganato uigur

  • Western Göktürk Khaganate in a modern illustration.
    Western Göktürk Khaganate in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Kaganato göktürk occidental

  • Xianbei in a modern illustration.
    Xianbei in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Xianbei

  • Xiongnu split of 48 in a modern illustration.
    Xiongnu split of 48 in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Escisión xiongnu de 48

  • Yabgu in a modern illustration.
    Yabgu in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Yabgu

  • Elders of the western Göktürks in council inside a felt tent, the khan listening at the back, in a modern drawing.
    Elders of the western Göktürks in council inside a felt tent, the khan listening at the back, in a modern drawing. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Yanhongda

  • Yenisei Kirghiz in a modern illustration.
    Yenisei Kirghiz in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Yenisei Kirghiz

  • A Göktürk rider at the gallop in a modern illustration: the bravery and strength that the word names.
    A Göktürk rider at the gallop in a modern illustration: the bravery and strength that the word names. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Yinghefu

  • Zhizhi Chanyu in a modern portrait.
    Zhizhi Chanyu in a modern portrait. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    Imagen principal Aparece en: Zhizhi Chanyu

  • The same section reconstructed: the blue ground and the ochre camels in fresh colour, the riders, the birds and the standing man complete, and a camel with a saddle cloth where the photograph shows only losses
    Riders on camels, a line of white birds and a standing man in the procession on the south wall of the Hall of the Ambassadors, seventh century: the painting as it survives, and the same section in an original artistic reconstruction for the atlas, after the photograph. The reconstruction restores the faded colours and fills the losses of plaster. What it paints into the losses, the saddled camel on the right among them, is conjecture. Photograph: Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0. Reconstruction: original artistic rendering for the atlas after this photograph, 2026, CC BY-SA 2.0.

    En el texto Aparece en: Afrasiab paintings

  • A woman on a grey horse against a blue sky and forested hills, in a tall black headdress with a gilt ornament, a white blouse and a red skirt
    A rider in a modern reconstruction of the dress of the Pazyryk barrows: the tall headdress, the light blouse and the red skirt. A staged photograph of the present day, not a find.

    En el texto Aparece en: Altái

  • A memorial enclosure on the steppe at sunrise: a setting of stone slabs, a carved figure holding a cup, and a long line of rough stones running toward the rising sun
    A memorial enclosure in an original artistic rendering for the atlas: the setting of stone slabs, the carved figure with the cup at the chest, and the line of balbals running east toward the sunrise. It shows no particular site. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

    En el texto Aparece en: El entierro y el balbal

  • Three stone figures with moustaches holding cups at the chest, painted in ochre against a deep blue sky filled with chariots, deer, an archer and runic signs; a line of small stones on the horizon
    Three carved figures with cups at the chest and daggers at the belt, in a modern painting. Behind them the painter has set chariots, deer and an archer in the manner of steppe rock art, and signs in the manner of Old Turkic runes; a line of stones runs along the horizon.

    En el texto Aparece en: El entierro y el balbal

  • A figure in red on black: antlers and two rayed stalks rising from a spiral head, a patterned robe, a round drum marked with a deer and trees in one hand and a beater in the other
    A kam with drum and beater, in a modern graphic in red on black: an antlered headdress, a spiral in place of the face, and a drum marked with a deer and trees.

    En el texto Aparece en: Kam (chamán túrquico)

  • Bare-chested men with long plaits carving runic inscriptions into stone slabs on a mountain meadow, beside a carved stone figure and a carved base
    The cutting of runic stones on the steppe, in a modern illustration. The inscription names its makers otherwise: the carvers were sent by the Chinese emperor, and Yollug Tegin wrote the text. Illustration as published by e-history.kz.

    En el texto Aparece en: Inscripción de Kül Tegin

  • A dark figure with seven rays ending in round knobs rising from its head, arms spread, above a row of small figures, beside a quartered circle, a tree and runic signs
    A figure with a rayed head over a row of smaller figures, beside a quartered circle, a tree and signs in the manner of Old Turkic runes: an image in the style of steppe rock art.

    En el texto Aparece en: Tengri

  • A black-and-white drawing: a jaw harp over a spoked wheel at the centre, surrounded by rock-art figures of deer, riders and dancers, a figure with a sun for a head, and bands of runic signs below
    A modern drawing that gathers motifs of present-day Tengrism: a jaw harp over a spoked wheel, figures in the manner of steppe rock art, a figure with a sun for a head, and bands of signs in the manner of Old Turkic runes. It belongs to the modern revival, not to the sixth century.

    En el texto Aparece en: Tengrismo

  • Gold figures on black: a standing figure whose head is a ring of dots and circles, surrounded by an archer, deer, an elk, a spoked wheel and other signs
    A figure with a rayed head among an archer, deer, an elk and a spoked wheel: a modern rendering in gold on black after the rock art of Kazakhstan.

    En el texto Aparece en: The steppe before the Xiongnu

  • A warrior in a fur cap with a round shield, beneath a tall standard with a crescent finial, a crossbar and long streamers, drawn in black and white
    A steppe warrior beneath a standard with a metal finial and long streamers, in a modern drawing. Drawing: signed jonele_art.

    En el texto Aparece en: Tuğ

  • Armoured riders at the gallop on a dusty plain; the leader in a pointed helmet and red coat, behind him a pole topped with a wolf’s head and a long patterned banner
    Göktürk riders under a standard with a wolf’s head, in a modern painting. The Zhou Shu reports that a golden wolf’s head was set on the Göktürk standards; the armour, the banner and the scene are the painter’s.

    En el texto Aparece en: Tuğ

  • A crowded scene of musicians in white shirts and embroidered caps playing long-necked lutes, fiddles, a dulcimer, frame drums and flutes, with singers among them
    Muqam , a painting of 1984 by the Uyghur painter Ghazi Ehmet: singers and musicians of the Uyghur muqam with long-necked lutes, fiddles, a dulcimer, frame drums and flutes. It shows the Uyghurs of the twentieth century, eleven centuries after the dispersal of 840. Painting: Ghazi Ehmet, 1984.

    En el texto Aparece en: Uyghurs

  • The Age of the Xiongnu and the Huns
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: La era de los xiongnu y los hunos

  • The Ashina Dynasty
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: La dinastía Ashina

  • The Rise of the Göktürks
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: El ascenso de los göktürk

  • Göktürk riders under a standard, in a modern painting
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: La guerra de independencia de los göktürk

  • The World of the Steppe
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: El mundo de la estepa

  • Turkic Cosmology
    Imagen de portada de un itinerario de lectura.

    Itinerario de lectura Aparece en: Cosmología túrquica

  • Law and assembly
    Imagen de portada de un grupo en la página La töre túrquica.

    La töre túrquica Aparece en: Ley y asamblea

  • Imagen de la página para los artículos que están por llegar.

    Página Aparece en: Este artículo está por llegar

Cinco lenguas

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Nuevo, edición básica:OʻzbekchaҚазақшаКыргызча