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Cada forma registrada de cada nombre, con el artículo detrás. Un nombre hallado en una fuente puede buscarse tal como allí se escribió: Mukan es 木杆可汗 en el Zhou Shu y Muγan en la piedra de Bugut.

Esta página y el menú están en español. Una parte de los artículos existe también en español; el resto está en inglés y así se indica.

3244 formas para 1126 artículos, en 6 escrituras. La transliteración erudita, la forma de la fuente y la forma que emplean los artículos están una junto a otra; donde un artículo dice en qué se apoya una forma, la nota va con ella. Las direcciones de redirección no son nombres y no figuran aquí.

Escritura latina 2021

Lemas, transcripciones y las formas de las fuentes occidentales

A

  • *alp il čur Túrquico antiguo Amilzuri Pueblos The Turkic form that some scholars reconstruct: hero, people, commander.
  • *Anagasts Gótico Anagastes Personas The Gothic form that some scholars set behind the name.
  • *Angisgiri Túrquico antiguo Angisciri Pueblos A proposed form, from the word for field.
  • *arïɣ qan Túrquico antiguo Kreka Personas The Turkic form that some scholars reconstruct, the pure princess.
  • *Aršila Túrquico antiguo Arsilas Personas A reconstruction on which Arsilas is the name of the Ashina house.
  • A-pao-chi, Apaoki Inglés Abaoji Personas The older romanisations of the Chinese form. No Khitan form of the name is given by the Chinese texts.
  • AA and MM. III Alemán Altın Köl Inscriptions Fuentes The letters under which Radloff prints the first and the second stone; his spelling of the place is Altyn-Köl.
  • aaruul Mongol Qurut Comidas y bebidas The Mongolian name of dried curd, made today from yak and cow milk.
  • Abangbu Abangbu Personas
  • Abaoji Abaoji Personas
  • Abaoji's campaign to the Orkhon (924) Abaoji's campaign to the Orkhon (924) Batallas y sucesos
  • Abrui and Shir-i Kishvar Abrui and Shir-i Kishvar Batallas y sucesos
  • Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Malik aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī Árabe aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī Fuentes The author to whom the edition assigns the work; one manuscript names an al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad al-Marġanī.
  • Abū Muzāhim Árabe Sulu Khan Personas The by-name the Arabic sources give him: the butting one.
  • Abusi Abusi Pueblos
  • Acatziri Latín Akatziri Pueblos Jordanes: Acatziri, gens fortissima.
  • Aco Aco Instituciones y títulos
  • aco Turco Aco Instituciones y títulos The reading of Turkish scholarship, also written ace. It is a modern rendering of the Chinese characters and is not taken from a Kirghiz text.
  • Ädiz Túrquico antiguo Ediz Pueblos The turkological form of the name in the runiform texts of the Uyghur age, where it is read with a query on the Tariat stele and in a rock text at Zamyn Buuts.
  • Aetius Aetius Personas
  • Afrasiab Afrasiab Personas
  • Afrasiab Inglés Afrasiab paintings Fuentes The mound on which old Samarkand lay, named after the legendary king Afrasiab; the paintings are named after the mound.
  • Afrasiab Inglés Samarkand Lugares The name of the ancient site.
  • Afrasiab paintings Afrasiab paintings Fuentes
  • Afrāsiyāb Persa Afrasiab Personas The New Persian form of the Shahnameh.
  • Afu River Afu River Lugares
  • Afuzhiluo Afuzhiluo Personas
  • ağač-eri Túrquico antiguo Akatziri Pueblos Forest people; one of several proposed etymologies, all conjectures.
  • Agni Sánscrito Karashahr Lugares The name of the kingdom in the Sanskrit leaves of the northern rim, equated with the Yanqi of the Chinese.
  • ak adgır Túrquico antiguo Kül Tegin's Horses Instituciones y títulos White stallion; the stallion of the Bayırku that Kül Tegin rode against the Kırgız.
  • Ak-Beshim Inglés Suyab Lugares The name of the archaeological site.
  • Akatziri Akatziri Pueblos
  • Aksu Aksu Lugares
  • Aksu Túrquico Aksu Lugares The modern name of the oasis with which Gumo is identified.
  • al-Balādhurī al-Balādhurī Fuentes
  • al-Iṣṭakhrī al-Iṣṭakhrī Fuentes
  • al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah Personas
  • al-Jarrāḥ ibn ʿAbdallāh Árabe al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah Personas The scholarly transliteration of the name.
  • al-Masʿūdī al-Masʿūdī Fuentes
  • Alans Alans Pueblos
  • Alara Alara Religiones
  • Alara Turco Alara Religiones A given name in Turkey today and the name of a river, a castle and a caravanserai near Alanya.
  • Alchon Huns Alchon Huns Pueblos
  • Alp Är Toŋa Túrquico antiguo Afrasiab Personas Karakhanid Turkic of the eleventh century, in Kashgari's Dīwān, which renders the name in Arabic as King Afrāsiyāb (Dankoff/Kelly I, 92).
  • Alp Ilitʿuer Armenio Ilteber Instituciones y títulos The prince of the Caucasian Huns in 681–682. The manuscripts give a dozen spellings and no two agree.
  • Alp Inanč Túrquico antiguo Alp Inanch Personas The Turkic form of the name as Drompp writes it; he gives no derivation.
  • Alp Inanch Alp Inanch Personas
  • Alp Šalčı Túrquico antiguo Kül Tegin's Horses Instituciones y títulos Read as the name of a white horse; Tekin's glossary lists Šalčı as a personal name.
  • Alpidzuri, Alcildzuri Latín Amilzuri Pueblos Jordanes names two peoples where Priscus has one.
  • Altai Altai Lugares
  • Altai runiform inscriptions Altai runiform inscriptions Fuentes
  • Altaian Creation Story Altaian Creation Story Religiones
  • Altay yazıtları Turco Altai runiform inscriptions Fuentes The Turkish name; the studies write of the inscriptions of the Altai Republic and of the mountain Altai (Dağlık Altay).
  • Altın Köl Inscriptions Altın Köl Inscriptions Fuentes
  • Altın-Köl I (E 28) Turco Altın Köl Inscriptions Fuentes The form of the Turkish literature. E 28 is the number of the stone in the numbering of the Yenisei inscriptions.
  • Altın-Köl II (E 29) Turco Altın Köl Inscriptions Fuentes The second stone, E 29.
  • Altuigurisch Alemán Old Uyghur Lenguas The German name.
  • altun Túrquico antiguo Metals and Metalworking in Kashgari's Dictionary Instituciones y títulos Altun, gold. Kashgari glosses it with the Arabic dahab.
  • Altun yış Túrquico antiguo Altai Lugares The Golden Forest of the Tonyukuk inscription; the Turkic name behind the Chinese calque.
  • altun yıs Túrquico antiguo Ektag Lugares Golden Forest, the name the Orkhon inscriptions give the Altai. The equation with Ektag is an interpretation, not a statement of either text.
  • Altziagiri Latín Kutrigurs Pueblos Jordanes' Hunnic people by Cherson; they have been equated with the Kutrigurs.
  • Alxon Armenio Alchon Huns Pueblos Named with Walxon in the Armenian Geography among the peoples of Scythia. Some scholars take the two names for one people.
  • Amga Korgan Amga Korgan Lugares
  • amga korgan Túrquico antiguo Amga Korgan Lugares The form in the Kül Tegin inscription, on the north face.
  • Amgı korgan Túrquico antiguo Amga Korgan Lugares The form in the Bilge Khan inscription.
  • Amilzuri Amilzuri Pueblos
  • Ammianus Marcellinus Ammianus Marcellinus Fuentes
  • Amrak Amrak Personas
  • Amrak Túrquico antiguo Amrak Personas The reconstructed form; the modern name Emre is said to derive from it.
  • Amu Darya Inglés Oxus Lugares
  • An Lushan An Lushan Personas
  • An Nuopantuo An Nuopantuo Personas
  • Ana Bulgarca Turco Oghur Turkic Lenguas Proto-Bulgar, the ancestor of the branch in Turkish scholarship.
  • Anagai Anagai Personas
  • Anagaios Griego Anagai Personas Latin-letter transcription of Menander's form.
  • Anagast Inglés Anagastes Personas A shortened form used in modern accounts.
  • Anagastes Anagastes Personas
  • Anagastes Latín Anagastes Personas The form of the Latin edition of Priscus, which calls him the son of Ornigisclus.
  • Anagui Anagui Personas
  • Anagui Khagan Inglés Anagui Personas Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Anāhitā-banda Sogdiano An Nuopantuo Personas Servant of Anāhitā, a name attested in Sogdian onomastics.
  • Anancastes Latín Anankhast Personas The form of the Latin translation in Müller's edition.
  • Anankhast Anankhast Personas
  • Anbei Protectorate Anbei Protectorate Lugares
  • Ancestor Cult Ancestor Cult Religiones
  • Anchan Juni Anchan Juni Instituciones y títulos
  • Ancient DNA studies of the steppe Inglés Archaeogenetics of the Steppe Empires Controversias The common name of the field in the studies themselves, which speak of ancient DNA, paleogenomics and archaeogenetics.
  • Ancient Letters Inglés Sogdian Ancient Letters Fuentes The name the letters have carried in the literature since their edition; they are the oldest Sogdian letters known.
  • Angisciri Angisciri Pueblos
  • Angisciri Latín Angisciri Pueblos Jordanes: Angisciros, Angiscires.
  • Animism Animism Religiones
  • animism Inglés Animism Religiones The term of E. B. Tylor, 1871, first for the doctrine of souls and then for the doctrine of spirits in general. It is not a word of any steppe people.
  • Anluochen Anluochen Personas
  • Anxi Protectorate Anxi Protectorate Lugares
  • Aoshe Shad Aoshe Shad Personas
  • Apa Túrquico antiguo Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) Personas The Turkic name or title that the Chinese form is understood as; this identification is that of the Turkological dictionaries and of the study of the Begre stele.
  • Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) Personas
  • Apa Tarkan Apa Tarkan Instituciones y títulos
  • Apar Túrquico antiguo Rouran Pueblos The Apar of the Orkhon inscriptions are commonly identified with the Rouran or the Avars; the identification is argued.
  • Apar Túrquico antiguo Rouran Khaganate Estados The Avars named among the mourners in the Kül Tegin inscription; whether the word means the Rouran, the European Avars, or both is argued.
  • äpmäk Túrquico Bread Comidas y bebidas The form of the Yaghma, the Tukhsi and part of the Oghuz and the Kipchak, according to Kashgari.
  • Aquileia Aquileia Lugares
  • Aquileiensis civitas Latín Aquileia Lugares The city of Aquileia, the metropolis of Venetia, in Jordanes's account of the siege.
  • Ar-sori Chuvasio Arçura Religiones The form in which the Finno-Ugric and Siberian handbook of 1927 gives the name, glossed 'Half-human'.
  • Arab–Khazar Wars (642–737) Arab–Khazar Wars (642–737) Guerras
  • Archaeogenetics of the Steppe Empires Archaeogenetics of the Steppe Empires Controversias
  • Arçura Arçura Religiones
  • Arçuray Turco Arçura Religiones Variant spelling in modern Turkish handbooks, with Arçurı and Arsurı.
  • Arçuri Chuvasio Arçura Religiones The Chuvash form of the name.
  • Ardaric Ardaric Personas
  • Ardaricus Latín Ardaric Personas Jordanes: Gepidarum rex ... Ardaricus; also Ardarichus.
  • Are Are Linajes
  • Are Khan Are Khan Personas
  • Argu Argu Lugares
  • ärklig Túrquico antiguo Erklig Religiones The adjective: possessed of power, having authority. The form the older language uses.
  • Ärklig Qan Túrquico antiguo Erklig Religiones The lord of the dead of the Old Uyghur Buddhist texts, where the figure renders the Indian Yama.
  • Army of the Steppe Empires Army of the Steppe Empires Instituciones y títulos
  • Arsilas Arsilas Personas
  • Arslan Túrquico antiguo Arsilas Personas The Turkic word arslan, 'lion', read into the Greek form in the literature; the Greek gives only Arsilas.
  • Arslan Túrquico antiguo Heshana Khan Personas A possible Turkic name behind the Chinese forms; the lemma stays Heshana.
  • Arzyuri Chuvasio Arçura Religiones The spelling in the Russian transcription; the Chuvash poet Mikhail Fedorov gave a poem this title.
  • Asceltus Latín Askel Personas The Latin version of Anastasius has Ascelti regis, as recorded in de Boor's apparatus.
  • Asena Túrquico antiguo Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Religiones The name of the she-wolf of the origin legend, the mother of the ten sons.
  • Asena Túrquico antiguo Ashina Linajes A modern name for the she-wolf of the origin legend; the Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu leave her unnamed.
  • Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Religiones
  • Ashide Ashide Linajes
  • Ashide Wumo Chur Ashide Wumo Chur Personas
  • Ashide Yuanzhen Ashide Yuanzhen Personas
  • Ashina Ashina Linajes
  • Ashina Funian Ashina Funian Personas
  • Ashina Helu Ashina Helu Personas
  • Ashina Simo Ashina Simo Personas
  • Asian Huns Inglés Xiongnu Estados A usage that identifies the Xiongnu with the Huns; the identification is argued and not adopted as a finding.
  • Askel Askel Personas
  • Aškuzai Acadio Scythians Pueblos Iškuzai, Aškuzai in the Semitic records; the biblical Ashkenaz belongs to the same set.
  • aspron ospition Griego Sarkel Lugares The Greek words with which De administrando imperio 42 explains Sarkel, 'white house'. The text says that Sarkel means 'white house' among the Khazars.
  • Assembly at Mount Yanzhi (609) Assembly at Mount Yanzhi (609) Batallas y sucesos
  • aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī Fuentes
  • ata kültü Turco Ancestor Cult Religiones The Turkish scholarly term for the cult of the ancestors; it is not a word of any source of the khaganates.
  • Atabeg Atabeg Instituciones y títulos
  • atabeg Turco Atabeg Instituciones y títulos The compound as the Seljuk chanceries wrote it: ata, father, and beg, lord.
  • atabey Turco Atabeg Instituciones y títulos The modern Turkish spelling, general in the Turkish literature.
  • Atïl Túrquico antiguo Attila Personas The Turkic name of the Volga, Atïl or Itil, with which the name has been connected; others reject the connection and derive the name from Gothic atta, father.
  • Atil Árabe Itil Lugares The form Canard writes for the river and the city in Ibn Fadlan's report. The dictionary of Yaqut heads its article Itil, with Atil in brackets.
  • Atïl Túrquico Volga Lugares The Turkic name of the river, also Itil, which the Greek forms may render.
  • Atli Nórdico antiguo Attila Personas The Attila of the Old Norse poems; Ætla in Old English.
  • ätmäk Túrquico Bread Comidas y bebidas 'Bread', the common form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077.
  • Attila Attila Personas
  • Attila Latín Attila Personas
  • Attila's Balkan wars Attila's Balkan wars Guerras
  • Attila's invasion of Gaul Inglés Hunnic invasion of Gaul, 451 Guerras
  • Attila's invasion of Italy Inglés Hunnic invasion of Italy, 452 Guerras
  • Avar Craftsmen Avar Craftsmen Instituciones y títulos
  • Avars Avars Pueblos
  • Awusili Irkin Awusili Irkin Personas
  • Axian Shad Axian Shad Personas
  • Ay Ata Ay Ata Religiones
  • Ay Ata Turco Ay Ata Religiones Moon Father.
  • Ay Atam Turco Ay Ata Religiones My Moon Father; the name of the first man in the origin legend copied by al-Dawādārī.
  • ay tängridä Túrquico antiguo Ay Ata Religiones By the god of the moon; the Turkic phrase behind the Chinese transcription in the titles of the Uyghur khagans.
  • Ayran Ayran Comidas y bebidas
  • ayrān Túrquico Ayran Comidas y bebidas The form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077, glossed with the Arabic maḫīḍ, 'churned milk'. The oldest record of the word.
  • äyrän Tártaro Ayran Comidas y bebidas Tatar.
  • Az Az Pueblos
  • Az Túrquico antiguo Az Pueblos The ethnonym as the transcriptions give it. The word also means 'few', so each passage has to be read for its sense.
  • Ažo, Ajo, aco Inglés Are Khan Personas The forms of the name in Russian and Turkish scholarship. None of them is a Turkic word that can be shown to lie behind the Chinese characters.

B

  • Bāb al-Abwāb Árabe Derbent Lugares The gate of gates, the Arabic name Golden gives beside Darband.
  • Bactra Griego Balkh Lugares
  • Bactria Bactria Lugares
  • Badghis Badghis Lugares
  • Bādhghēs Árabe Badghis Lugares Bâdhgês in the German translation of Tabari, named together with Herat.
  • bäg Túrquico antiguo Beg Instituciones y títulos The Turkological normal form; the quality of the first vowel is written differently in different handbooks.
  • Baga Baga Instituciones y títulos
  • Bagatur Túrquico antiguo Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) Personas The reconstruction that reads the Han-period values of the two graphs and the rule by which Chinese renders a foreign -r with -n, giving *baġtur beside baġatur, 'hero'. The word is attested from the Danube Bulgars to the Mongols; the equation with 冒頓 is a reconstruction and carries a question mark in the literature. It is nevertheless the only one of the three current forms that reaches for the second-century-BC sound.
  • Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) Personas
  • Bagha Khan Bagha Khan Personas
  • Bagha Shad Bagha Shad Personas
  • Baghatur Baghatur Instituciones y títulos
  • Baghatur Khan Baghatur Khan Personas
  • bägni Túrquico Millet Beer Comidas y bebidas Beer of wheat, millet or barley in Kashgari.
  • Bahram Chobin Bahram Chobin Personas
  • Bahrām Čōbīn Persa Bahram Chobin Personas DMG. The byname Čōbīn, 'the wooden', is of unknown origin.
  • Bai Ülgen Altaico Ülgen and Kayra Khan Religiones Rich Ülgen, in Radloff's account the god of the sixteenth heaven.
  • Baidao Plain Baidao Plain Lugares
  • Baidie Cotton Baidie Cotton Instituciones y títulos
  • Baikand Árabe Paikent Lugares The form in Narshakhi and the Arabic geographers, as de la Vaissière quotes them.
  • Bain Tsokto inscriptions Inglés Tonyukuk inscription Fuentes After the find-spot; the literature also writes Bayn Tsokto and Bain Chokto.
  • Bajanāk Árabe Pechenegs Pueblos
  • Balamber Balamber Personas
  • Balamber Latín Balamber Personas Jordanes: Balamber rex Hunnorum.
  • Balamerus Latín Valamir Personas Balamer the Scythian, to whom the eastern Romans paid 300 pounds of gold a year, in the Latin of Priscus; a prince of the Goths in the summary of the edition, and sometimes identified with Valamir.
  • Balane Latín Bulan Personas The Latin rendering in the first printed translation of the reply, by Buxtorf in 1660.
  • Balangar Árabe Balanjar Lugares The form in Tabari's account of Sinjibu, in Noeldeke's translation: the Abkhaz, the Bangar and the Balangar.
  • Balanjar Balanjar Lugares
  • Balanjar Árabe Balanjar Lugares The usual scholarly form for the city and for the group.
  • Balasaghun Balasaghun Lugares
  • Balasagun Inglés Balasaghun Lugares
  • balbal Túrquico antiguo Burial and the balbal Religiones The rough stones set in a line east of a grave; the word is untranslated and kept.
  • balbal Túrquico antiguo Stone Figures Religiones In the inscriptions the word names the stones set up for a dead man, among them an enemy ruler; the archaeological literature has also used it for the carved figures.
  • Balimber Latín Balamber Personas The form that one proposal restores, assuming that the name was assimilated to the Gothic Valamer.
  • Balkh Balkh Lugares
  • Ban Chao Ban Chao Personas
  • Banquet of the Wine Fountain (647) Banquet of the Wine Fountain (647) Batallas y sucesos
  • baqır Túrquico antiguo Metals and Metalworking in Kashgari's Dictionary Instituciones y títulos Baqır, copper.
  • baqsy Otra Shamanism Religiones Kazakh: the ritual specialist who plays the qyl-qobyz, written baksa in the older literature.
  • Baranjar Árabe Balanjar Lugares The form for the family of about 5,000 people, women and men, that Ibn Fadlan met in the Volga Bulgar country. It is connected with the Balanjar of Khazaria.
  • Barda Inglés Partaw Lugares The town in Azerbaijan with which Partaw is identified.
  • Bardores Bardores Pueblos
  • Bardores Latín Bardores Pueblos Variant reading Bardares.
  • Barjik Barjik Personas
  • Barjik Persa Barjik Personas The form of the name in Bal'amī's Persian version of al-Ṭabarī. The manuscripts give many garbled forms, and al-Ṭabarī himself does not name the leader.
  • bark Túrquico antiguo Burial and the balbal Religiones The grave building, raised beside the stone and decorated with carving.
  • bark Túrquico antiguo Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Instituciones y títulos Building, tomb. The thing that the carvers were brought to make, together with the inscribed stone, *bitig taş*.
  • Barmūdha Árabe Parmudha Personas aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī, in Zotenberg's translation Barmoûdha (pp. 648–658).
  • Bars Beg Bars Beg Personas
  • bars beg Túrquico antiguo Bars Beg Personas As the working translation of the Kül Tegin inscription transcribes the name in the passage on the reign of Bilge Khan's uncle: kırkız kaganı bars beg erti, 'the khan of the Kırgız was Bars Beg'.
  • Bars-bek Inglés Bars Beg Personas The spelling of the name in Russian and Kyrgyz scholarship. No Chinese form of the name is known.
  • Basich Basich Personas
  • Basmïl Basmïl Pueblos
  • Basmïl Túrquico antiguo Basmïl Pueblos The Turkic form, from the inscriptions of the Uyghur period and from later Turkic sources.
  • Battle of Ardabil (730) Battle of Ardabil (730) Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Baidao (583) Battle of Baidao (583) Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Balanjar (652) Battle of Balanjar (652) Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Bolchu Battle of Bolchu Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Bukhara Battle of Bukhara Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Dzungaria, 552 Battle of Dzungaria, 552 Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Huaihuang, 552 Battle of Huaihuang, 552 Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Jingyang (626) Battle of Jingyang (626) Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Lake Sevan (629–630) Battle of Lake Sevan (629–630) Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Mount Dajin (600) Battle of Mount Dajin (600) Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Mount Mulai (553) Battle of Mount Mulai (553) Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of the Catalaunian Plains Battle of the Catalaunian Plains Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of the Iron Mountain (630) Battle of the Iron Mountain (630) Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of the Nedao Battle of the Nedao Batallas y sucesos
  • Battle of Zhoupan (582) Battle of Zhoupan (582) Batallas y sucesos
  • Bay Balïq Bay Balïq Lugares
  • Bay Balïq Túrquico antiguo Bay Balïq Lugares The name as the Šine-Usu inscription gives it, west side, line 5; balïq means town.
  • bay terek Turco Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Religiones The rich poplar of the later Turkic epic tradition, commonly identified with the world tree.
  • Bay-Balık Turco Bay Balïq Lugares The spelling of the Turkish literature. The element bay means rich.
  • Bayan-Ölgii inscriptions Inglés Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 Fuentes The seven finds of the Mongolian Altai, in the province of Bayan-Ölgii.
  • Bayanchur Khan Bayanchur Khan Personas
  • Bayirku Bayirku Pueblos
  • bayrak Turco Tuğ Instituciones y títulos The flag proper, distinguished from the tailed standard in the later vocabulary.
  • bayram Túrquico Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary Costumbres y pasatiempos 'Festival day' among the Oghuz; Kashgari derives it from baḏram, 'joy and laughter among the people' (Dankoff/Kelly I, 359).
  • Be-ca-nag Tibetano Pechenegs Pueblos The form in a Tibetan translation of an eighth-century Uyghur account of the northern peoples.
  • bediz Túrquico antiguo Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Instituciones y títulos Carving, decoration. Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines N11 to N13, and south face, lines S9 to S11.
  • bedizçi Túrquico antiguo Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Instituciones y títulos Carver. The inscriptions name the Chinese carvers with this word, *bedizçi* and *bedizçig*.
  • Befreiungskrieg Alemán The Turkic War of Independence Guerras The German term.
  • Beg Beg Instituciones y títulos
  • Begre inscription (E 11) Begre inscription (E 11) Fuentes
  • Begre stele Inglés Begre inscription (E 11) Fuentes
  • Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) Fuentes
  • Bei Shi (History of the Northern Dynasties) Bei Shi (History of the Northern Dynasties) Fuentes
  • Beihai Beihai Lugares
  • Beilou Pass Beilou Pass Lugares
  • Beiting Beiting Lugares
  • bek Túrquico antiguo Beg Instituciones y títulos The devoiced form, general where the word stands at the end of a word group.
  • Belaya Vezha Ruso Sarkel Lugares The name in the Rus chronicle, 'white tower'. The town the chronicle says Sviatoslav took in 965 is equated with Sarkel; the equation is disputed.
  • Berel Berel Lugares
  • beş balık Túrquico antiguo Beshbalik Lugares Five Towns, the Turkic name, from the later Uyghur material; the Tang chapters write Beiting.
  • Besenyő Húngaro Pechenegs Pueblos
  • Beshbalik Beshbalik Lugares
  • bey Turco Beg Instituciones y títulos The modern Turkish outcome, by way of beg > beğ > bey.
  • bi Kipchako Beg Instituciones y títulos The Kipchak form; Kazakh bi, the judge of customary law, belongs to it.
  • Bi Chanyu Bi Chanyu Personas
  • biçin yıl Túrquico antiguo The twelve-year animal cycle Instituciones y títulos The Year of the Monkey, in which his monument was completed; 732 by back-reckoning.
  • Big Berel Kurgan Inglés Berel Lugares Kurgan 1, the largest mound of the cemetery, opened in 1865; the older literature calls it the Great Berel kurgan.
  • Bigilas Bigilas Personas
  • Bilge Kagan Inglés Bilge Khan inscription Fuentes
  • Bilge Kağan Hazinesi Turco Bilge Khan's Golden Crown Fuentes "The Bilge Kağan treasure", the name the excavators gave to the whole hoard; whether it was Bilge Khan's is disputed.
  • Bilge Kağan Tacı Turco Bilge Khan's Golden Crown Fuentes The Turkish name of the diadem; the literature also writes "the crown attributed to Bilge Kağan".
  • Bilge Khagan Inglés Bilge Khan Personas Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Bilge Khagan inscription Inglés Bilge Khan inscription Fuentes Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Bilge Khan Bilge Khan Personas
  • Bilge Khan inscription Bilge Khan inscription Fuentes
  • Bilge Khan's Golden Crown Bilge Khan's Golden Crown Fuentes
  • Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) Batallas y sucesos
  • Bilge Tonyukuk Boyla Baga Tarkan Túrquico antiguo Tonyukuk Personas His full style, line 6 of his inscription.
  • Bin-gheul Inglés Thousand Springs Lugares A Turkic name of the same meaning, 'thousand springs', which some scholars set beside the Chinese; the notes to the English translation of the Life give Myn-bulak and Bingheul.
  • Bittugures Bittugures Pueblos
  • Bittugures Latín Bittugures Pueblos
  • Black Carts Inglés Heichezi Pueblos The English rendering of the reference literature.
  • Bleda Bleda Personas
  • Bleda Latín Bleda Personas
  • Bloomery Furnaces of the South Altai Bloomery Furnaces of the South Altai Instituciones y títulos
  • Bochan Bochan Personas
  • Bochanos Griego Bochan Personas Latin-letter transcription of Menander's form.
  • Bod chen po Inglés The Tibetan Empire Estados Great Tibet, the empire's name for itself in its own records.
  • Bodeng Ningli Bodeng Ningli Lugares
  • Bögü Khan Bögü Khan Personas
  • Bögü Khan Túrquico antiguo Kapgan Khan Personas Line 34 of the Tonyukuk inscription and the fragmentary line 50; the same man.
  • Boisci Boisci Pueblos
  • Boisci Latín Boisci Pueblos
  • bökli Túrquico antiguo Goguryeo Estados In the list of peoples who came to mourn the founders, from the direction of the sunrise. The equation with Goguryeo is the most common identification and is not stated by the text.
  • Bolān Árabe Bulan Personas A modern transcription of the name, used in the discussion of his date.
  • Boma Boma Pueblos
  • Bone and Horn Working Bone and Horn Working Instituciones y títulos
  • Book of Han Inglés Han Shu Fuentes
  • Book of the Later Han Inglés Hou Han Shu Fuentes
  • Book of Wei Inglés Wei Shu Fuentes
  • Boqan Túrquico antiguo Bochan Personas A Turkic interpretation of the Greek form proposed in the literature, with a query.
  • Border Markets Border Markets Instituciones y títulos
  • böri Túrquico antiguo Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Religiones The Old Turkic word, in the simile böri teg, like wolves.
  • böri Túrquico antiguo Böri (Guard) Instituciones y títulos The Old Turkic word for wolf, in the simile böri teg, 'like wolves'; the inscriptions do not use it of the guard.
  • Böri Túrquico antiguo Börü Khan Personas The Turkic word for wolf, read behind the Chinese 步離.
  • Böri (Guard) Böri (Guard) Instituciones y títulos
  • Börü Túrquico antiguo Börü Khan Personas The Turkic form of the name in one modern account.
  • Börü Khan Börü Khan Personas
  • Börü Shad Börü Shad Personas
  • Bosporos Bosporos Lugares
  • Bouzēros Gliabaros Griego Busir Glavan Personas A second garbled form in the same chronicle. Dunlop gives Bousērou Gliabarou.
  • Boyla Kutlug Yargan Boyla Kutlug Yargan Personas
  • Boyla qutluğ yarğan Túrquico antiguo Boyla Kutlug Yargan Personas The self-name in the first sentence of the Suji inscription, in the transcription as printed: Boyla qutluğ yarğanmen, 'I am Boyla Kutlug Yargan'.
  • böz Uigur antiguo Baidie Cotton Instituciones y títulos The word for cloth, above all cotton cloth, in Uyghur; one translation of the account of 981 says that baidie is böz.
  • boz at Túrquico antiguo Kül Tegin's Horses Instituciones y títulos Grey horse; the colour of the horses of Tadık Çor and Išbara Yamtar and of the mount at Bolču.
  • Bread Bread Comidas y bebidas
  • Breviarium Latín Nikephoros Fuentes The Latin name under which the work is often cited.
  • Bride-Price in Livestock Bride-Price in Livestock Instituciones y títulos
  • Bronze Mirrors of the Steppe Bronze Mirrors of the Steppe Instituciones y títulos
  • bu kök kirsün qizil čiqsün Túrquico antiguo The Iron Oath Instituciones y títulos The oath formula in Kashgari's entry tämür. Kashgari's translation: 'May this (iron) go in blue and come out red'.
  • Buchārā Árabe Bukhara Lugares The Arabic form in Tabari and Dinawari, as Nöldeke gives it; the Sogdian name is not read in a primary source here.
  • Buda Húngaro Bleda Personas The Hungarian form in the medieval Hungarian chronicle tradition, which names the town of Buda after him.
  • Buddhism among the Göktürks Buddhism among the Göktürks Religiones
  • bugan chuluu Mongol Deer stones Instituciones y títulos The Mongolian name; the English is a translation of it.
  • Bugu Bugu Pueblos
  • Bugut inscription Bugut inscription Fuentes
  • Bugut stele Inglés Bugut inscription Fuentes
  • Bukadur Turco Baghatur Khan Personas The form of one modern account, which reads the first element of the title.
  • Bukhar Khuda Bukhar Khuda Instituciones y títulos
  • Bukhār Khudā Persa Bukhar Khuda Instituciones y títulos
  • Bukhara Bukhara Lugares
  • Bulan Bulan Personas
  • Bulgar Turkic Inglés Oghur Turkic Lenguas The name that ties the branch to the Bulgars, its best known speakers.
  • Bulgars Bulgars Pueblos
  • Buli Shad Buli Shad Personas
  • Bulkhan Georgiano Bulan Personas The name of a Khazar commander that the Georgian chronicle is said to give for the raid of 730. The same chronicle names a general Bluč'an about 800. Whether either man is the same as Bulan is argued.
  • Buluzhen Khan Buluzhen Khan Personas
  • Bumin Khan Bumin Khan Personas
  • Bumın Túrquico antiguo Bumin Khan Personas Turkological normal form of the name as the Kül Tegin and Bilge Khan inscriptions write it in runes; the equation with 土門 rests on phonetic reconstruction.
  • Buqaraq Túrquico antiguo Bukhara Lugares The city-folk of Bukhara among the mourners of 732, in the working translation of the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • Bürgerkrieg Alemán The Göktürk Civil War Guerras The German term, under which the war is dated from 584.
  • Burial and the balbal Burial and the balbal Religiones
  • Busir Inglés Busir Glavan Personas Dunlop's reading of the first part of the name. Zajączkowski reads the whole as Bäzir Yilbars. Glavan is taken from the second part, Gliabanos.
  • Busir Glavan Busir Glavan Personas
  • buxsum Túrquico Millet Beer Comidas y bebidas Millet beer in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, glossed with the Arabic mizr.
  • Buyeo Buyeo Estados
  • Buyruk Buyruk Instituciones y títulos
  • buyruk Túrquico antiguo Buyruk Instituciones y títulos In the founders' passage: buyrukı yeme bilge ermis erinç, alp ermis erinç.
  • Byang phyogs na rgyal po du bzhugs pa’i rabs gyi yi ge Tibetano Old Tibetan report on the northern kings Fuentes The heading of the second Tibetan text on the reverse of the manuscript, the report itself.
  • Byzantium Byzantium Estados

C

  • Čāč Sogdiano Chach Lugares De la Vaissière's form; Ilaq is the Angren valley beside it.
  • čäčgä Túrquico antiguo Felt, Cloth, Leather and Wood in Kashgari's Dictionary Instituciones y títulos Weaver's reed, the comb of a loom.
  • čākar Sogdiano Chakar Instituciones y títulos
  • čališ Túrquico Wrestling Costumbres y pasatiempos 'Wrestling', glossed with the Arabic musāraʿa (Dankoff/Kelly I, 284).
  • Cambridge Document Inglés The Schechter letter Fuentes The name under which the letter is also cited. The manuscript is held at Cambridge University Library.
  • Camels Camels Instituciones y títulos
  • Campaign of Marwan (737) Campaign of Marwan (737) Batallas y sucesos
  • campi Catalaunici Latín Battle of the Catalaunian Plains Batallas y sucesos Jordanes: the Catalaunian plains, which are also called the Mauriacian.
  • Captives and the Unfree Captives and the Unfree Instituciones y títulos
  • Capture of Apa (587) Capture of Apa (587) Batallas y sucesos
  • Capture of Ilig Khan (630) Capture of Ilig Khan (630) Batallas y sucesos
  • carpenta Latín Wagons of the Steppe Peoples Instituciones y títulos Wagons in which the Huns live, in Ammianus Marcellinus 31.2.10.
  • Catulfus Latín Katulph Personas The form of the Latin translation in Müller's edition.
  • Cave of the ancestors Cave of the ancestors Lugares
  • Cefu yuangui Cefu yuangui Fuentes
  • Chach Chach Lugares
  • Chadir Túrquico Wulei Lugares One identification of the site: Chadir, some fifty kilometres east of Bugur.
  • Chakar Chakar Instituciones y títulos
  • Chan Chino Emperor Wuzong of Tang Personas His given name. On 11 April 846 he decreed that it be changed to Yan, in the hope of halting his decline.
  • Chang'an Chang'an Lugares
  • Chanyu Chanyu Instituciones y títulos
  • Charaton Charaton Personas
  • Chebi Khan Chebi Khan Personas
  • Chelchal Chelchal Personas
  • Chelchal Latín Chelchal Personas The form of the Latin edition of Priscus, which calls him a Hun by race.
  • Chembukh Armenio Chepetukh Instituciones y títulos The form in Sebeos, chapter 28, of the commander on the Oxus.
  • Chepetukh Chepetukh Instituciones y títulos
  • Chepetukh Armenio Chepetukh Instituciones y títulos The form in Sebeos, chapter 29, in the notice on the Pass of Chor; English transliteration.
  • Chepetukh Armenio Tong Yabgu Personas The commander under the great Khak'an, king of the regions of the north, in Sebeos; taken for a garbled form of the same title yabgu.
  • Cherson Cherson Lugares
  • Chersona Latín Cherson Lugares Getica § 32, among the Greek towns on the Pontic coast, and § 37, iuxta Chersonam.
  • Chersonesus Inglés Cherson Lugares The ancient town on the south-western coast of the Crimea, with which the translator of Menander identifies Cherson.
  • Chichak Griego Tzitzak Personas A spelling used in the English literature on the Khazars.
  • Chiji Shad Chiji Shad Personas
  • Chik Chik Pueblos
  • Chinese Bans on the Export of Iron Chinese Bans on the Export of Iron Instituciones y títulos
  • Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Instituciones y títulos
  • Chinese transcriptions of Turkic Chinese transcriptions of Turkic Lenguas
  • Chinese Weaponsmiths among the Xianbei Chinese Weaponsmiths among the Xianbei Instituciones y títulos
  • Chionitae Latín Huns Pueblos The Latin writers' name for the group on the Persian frontier; whether it belongs to the same people is a separate question.
  • Choito-Tamir Inglés Hoyto Tamir inscriptions Fuentes The spelling of the place in Radloff's edition of 1895, which printed the ten texts that Klementz copied in 1893.
  • Chorpan Tarkhan Chorpan Tarkhan Personas
  • Choscho-Zaidam Alemán Khöshöö Tsaidam Lugares The spelling of the report on the excavation of 1958.
  • Chounu Khan Chounu Khan Personas
  • Chrysaphius Chrysaphius Personas
  • Chula Khan Chula Khan Personas
  • Chumukun Chumukun Pueblos
  • Chunyu Tan Chunyu Tan Personas
  • Chur Chur Instituciones y títulos
  • Church of the East Church of the East Religiones
  • Chuzhe River Chuzhe River Lugares
  • Čiček Túrquico antiguo Tzitzak Personas A conjectured Turkic form of the name; it means 'flower'.
  • Cicek Túrquico antiguo Tzitzak Personas A spelling of Čiček used in the English literature on the marriage of 732.
  • Çigşi Çigşi Instituciones y títulos
  • çigşi Túrquico antiguo Çigşi Instituciones y títulos The form in the Yenisei epitaphs.
  • Čik Túrquico antiguo Chik Pueblos The ethnonym as the translations of the Bilge Khan inscription give it: Chik in one rendering, Cik in the reference literature.
  • čik Túrquico Knucklebones Costumbres y pasatiempos 'A particle used in playing knuckles'; when the bone falls on its underside one says čik turdï (Dankoff/Kelly I, 265).
  • çikşi Túrquico antiguo Çigşi Instituciones y títulos A second interpretation of the same spelling.
  • Cimmerians Cimmerians Pueblos
  • Çince yazım Turco Chinese transcriptions of Turkic Lenguas The usual Turkish phrase for the Chinese spelling of a Turkic word.
  • Climate and the steppe empires Climate and the steppe empires Controversias
  • čögän Túrquico Polo Costumbres y pasatiempos 'Polo stick', glossed with the Arabic ṣawlajān (Dankoff/Kelly I, 306).
  • Coinage of the Huna Peoples Coinage of the Huna Peoples Instituciones y títulos
  • Commandant of Slaves Inglés Tongpu Duwei Instituciones y títulos The usual English rendering of 僮僕都尉. The word 僮僕 means youths or servants; the rendering is a translator's choice.
  • Compendium of the Turkic Dialects Inglés Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Fuentes
  • Composite bow Composite bow Instituciones y títulos
  • Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism Batallas y sucesos
  • čor Túrquico antiguo Chur Instituciones y títulos The turkological reading of the Chinese transcription.
  • Čorpan Tʿarxan Armenio Chorpan Tarkhan Personas Movses Dasxuranci II.16, in Dowsett's transliteration (p. 104): 'a prince of theirs called Čorpan Tʿarxan'.
  • Craftsmen in the Steppe Empires Craftsmen in the Steppe Empires Instituciones y títulos
  • Culture of the Turkic Peoples Culture of the Turkic Peoples Costumbres y pasatiempos
  • Cwcn Sogdiano Jiuquan Lugares Cwcn, in line 5 of Ancient Letter II, identified with Jiuquan in the translation.

D

  • Da Ci'ensi Sanzang fashi zhuan Chino Life of Xuanzang Fuentes Pinyin of the short title.
  • Da Tang Xiyu ji Chino Record of the Western Regions Fuentes Pinyin.
  • dağ kültü Turco Sacred Mountains Religiones The Turkish scholarly term for the reverence of mountains; it is not a word of any source of the khaganates.
  • Daguan Daguan Instituciones y títulos
  • Dali City Dali City Lugares
  • Daluobian Daluobian Instituciones y títulos
  • Damozhi Damozhi Personas
  • Danube Bulgaria Danube Bulgaria Estados
  • Darband Persa Derbent Lugares The Persian name, 'closed gate'; Nöldeke writes Derbend for Tabari's form.
  • Darband Persa Iron Gate Lugares Not the Caspian Derbent; the pass in the Baysun range.
  • Datan Khan Datan Khan Personas
  • Daxi Wu Daxi Wu Personas
  • De administrando imperio De administrando imperio Fuentes
  • De origine actibusque Getarum Latín Jordanes Fuentes The title of the work, commonly called the Getica.
  • Death of Attila Death of Attila Batallas y sucesos
  • Death of Princess Dayi Death of Princess Dayi Batallas y sucesos
  • Death of Tulan Khan Death of Tulan Khan Batallas y sucesos
  • Deer stones Deer stones Instituciones y títulos
  • Defeat of the Tiele, 546 Defeat of the Tiele, 546 Batallas y sucesos
  • Defection of Töles (628) Defection of Töles (628) Batallas y sucesos
  • Del Uul inscriptions Inglés Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 Fuentes The four texts on the rock group of Del Uul in the province of Dund Govi.
  • Dengizich Dengizich Personas
  • Dengzhu Dengzhu Personas
  • Derbent Derbent Lugares
  • Dewashtich Inglés Dēwāštīč Personas The form without diacritics.
  • Dēwāštīč Dēwāštīč Personas
  • Di-de Yi-si-nan-shu Chino Tatik Iznanchu Personas The Pinyin of the Chinese form; the characters are not given in any work used here.
  • Dieluozhi Dieluozhi Personas
  • Dihqan Dihqan Instituciones y títulos
  • dihqān Persa Dihqan Instituciones y títulos
  • Dingan Dachang Gongzhu Chino Princess Taihe Personas Dingan Grand Senior Princess, written 定安大長公主 in the Tang Huiyao and 定安公主 in the Xin Tang Shu; the title she received on her return in 843.
  • Dingling Dingling Pueblos
  • Dingxiang Dingxiang Lugares
  • Dintzic Latín Dengizich Personas Jordanes: rex Hunnorum Dintzic filius Attilae.
  • Dinzirichus Latín Dengizich Personas The Easter Chronicle; Marcellinus Comes writes Denzic.
  • Diplomacy of the Steppe Empires Diplomacy of the Steppe Empires Instituciones y títulos
  • Diqincha Diqincha Personas
  • Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Fuentes
  • Dîvânu Lugâti't-Türk Turco Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Fuentes
  • Diwan Diwan Personas
  • Djordjân Francés Gurgan Lugares Le Djordjân, the French rendering of the Arabic name in Zotenberg's translation of al-Thaʿalibi.
  • Dochia Dochia Religiones
  • Doğu Balık Turco Togu Balık Lugares The spelling of a Turkish study that reads togu as doğu, east.
  • Donghu Donghu Pueblos
  • Dou Xian Dou Xian Personas
  • Dövön stele Inglés Rock inscriptions found in Mongolia, 2018 to 2021 Fuentes The standing stone with a tamga, a text in Uyghur script and a two-letter runiform text.
  • Drums and Banners for the Khans Drums and Banners for the Khans Instituciones y títulos
  • drw’’n Sogdiano Dunhuang Lugares
  • Dsungarei Alemán Dzungaria Lugares The German form; the name is that of the Dzungar Mongols of the seventeenth century and is applied to the region by convention.
  • Du-lü-shi Alp Du-lü-shi Alp Personas
  • Du-lü-shi Alp Chino Du-lü-shi Alp Personas The Pinyin and Turkic reading in the translation of the Kirghiz petition; the characters are not given. The Tang pronunciation of the first three syllables suggests something like Tölish.
  • Duan Duan Linajes
  • Dubo Dubo Pueblos
  • Dujin Garrison Dujin Garrison Lugares
  • Duke of Wei Inglés Li Deyu Personas The title Wuzong gave him in 844.
  • Dukhyn Buuts inscription Inglés Rock inscriptions found in Mongolia, 2018 to 2021 Fuentes The rock text with two published readings that differ completely.
  • Duliu Duliu Personas
  • Duman Turco Duman (Touman) Personas The form of the Turkish tradition, used as the name in every language. Neither Touman nor Douman is used.
  • Duman (Touman) Duman (Touman) Personas
  • Dunhuang Dunhuang Lugares
  • Duoxifu Duoxifu Personas
  • Dusuliu Dusuliu Personas
  • džaurun Otra Scapulimancy Religiones Kirghiz name of the shoulder blade, in the form Potanin recorded in north-western Mongolia; the Mongolian name he gives is tal.
  • Dzungaria Dzungaria Lugares
  • ıdok Túrquico antiguo Yer-Su Spirits Religiones The reading with o in the second syllable, which takes o and ö as phonemes of non-first syllables and for which this word is a standard example; the Orkhon inscriptions spell it with the sign for back d.
  • ıduk baş Túrquico antiguo Sacred Mountains Religiones A second sacred head, the place of the battle of 701; it may or may not be the same as Tamag.
  • ıduk ötüken yış Túrquico antiguo Sacred Mountains Religiones The sacred Ötüken forest, the one forested upland that the inscriptions call sacred.
  • ıduk yer sub Túrquico antiguo Water Cult Religiones The sacred Earth-and-Water; the pair in which water stands in the inscriptions.
  • ıduq ötüken yış Túrquico antiguo Ötüken Lugares The sacred Ötüken forest, E23. The epithet has been glossed as kutlu, blessed; the transcription reads ıduq.
  • ıduq yer sub Túrquico antiguo Animism Religiones Related term, not a name for animism: the sacred Earth-and-Water of the inscriptions, treated in its own article.

E

  • E 11 Inglés Begre inscription (E 11) Fuentes The number of the stele in the catalogue of the Yenisei inscriptions.
  • Early Nomads Inglés The steppe before the Xiongnu Controversias The archaeologists' name for the equestrian pastoral cultures of the first millennium BC, Pazyryk among them.
  • Eastern Türk Khaganate; Later Türk Khaganate Inglés Second Göktürk Khaganate Estados Names the literature uses; 'Second' is the usual one.
  • Eastern Wei Eastern Wei Estados
  • Ebodalo Bactriano Hephthalites Pueblos Understood as a self-designation in Bactrian documents from the kingdom of Rob; this interpretation is recent and not settled.
  • Ectag Latín Ektag Lugares The form of the Latin translation in Müller's edition: in monte qui vocatur apud ipsos Ectag, montem aureum diceres.
  • eçüm apam Túrquico antiguo Ancestor Cult Religiones My forefathers, in the Kül Tegin inscription; Bumin and Istemi are the forefathers named.
  • Edeco Edeco Personas
  • Edica Latín Edeco Personas The father of Odoacer in the Latin sources, identified with Edeco by some scholars and rejected by others.
  • Edict of Emperor Wen against the Göktürks (583) Edict of Emperor Wen against the Göktürks (583) Batallas y sucesos
  • Ediz Ediz Pueblos
  • edzen Mongol Iye Religiones The Buryat word for owner, Mongolic and not Turkic; the Tungus word is amaka. They stand beside the Turkic forms in the ethnographic record.
  • ee, eezi Altaico Iye Religiones The Altaian forms, in the compounds su eezi, tu eezi, ot eezi and the like; plural eeler. The collectors also record ie, iye and izi.
  • eer Túrquico antiguo Horse harness Instituciones y títulos The Old Turkic word for saddle.
  • Egiin Gol Egiin Gol Lugares
  • ekin ara kişi oglı Túrquico antiguo The three worlds Religiones Between the two, the sons of men; mankind's place given as a position rather than a world.
  • Ektag Ektag Lugares
  • elig yıl Túrquico antiguo The Göktürk interregnum, 630–682 Estados Fifty years; the inscription's own reckoning of the period, counted from the fall of the eastern khaganate.
  • Ellac Ellac Personas
  • Ellac Latín Ellac Personas Jordanes: filius Attilae maior natu nomine Ellac. Priscus does not name him.
  • eltäbär Túrquico antiguo Ilteber Instituciones y títulos The form used where the first vowel is read as open; the handbooks divide.
  • Elterish Khan Inglés Ilterish Khan Personas Thomsen's and Ross's spelling; the literature also writes Elteriš and İlteriş.
  • Embassy of Cui Junsu (608) Embassy of Cui Junsu (608) Batallas y sucesos
  • Embassy of Maximinus to Attila Embassy of Maximinus to Attila Batallas y sucesos
  • Embassy of Priscus Inglés Embassy of Maximinus to Attila Batallas y sucesos Named after the historian who described it.
  • Embassy of Valentinos (576) Embassy of Valentinos (576) Batallas y sucesos
  • Embassy of Yu Qingze (584) Embassy of Yu Qingze (584) Batallas y sucesos
  • Emperor Gaozu of Han Emperor Gaozu of Han Personas
  • Emperor Wu of Han Emperor Wu of Han Personas
  • Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Personas
  • Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Personas
  • Emperor Wuzong of Tang Emperor Wuzong of Tang Personas
  • Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (846–859) Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (846–859) Personas
  • Emperor Yizong of Tang Emperor Yizong of Tang Personas
  • Empire of Attila Inglés Hunnic Empire Estados The usual name for the realm at its height.
  • Empress Ashina Empress Ashina Personas
  • Empress Yujiulü Empress Yujiulü Personas
  • Envoys and Embassies Envoys and Embassies Instituciones y títulos
  • Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Fuentes
  • Er At Er At Costumbres y pasatiempos
  • er at Túrquico antiguo Er At Costumbres y pasatiempos The two words of line E31 of the Kül Tegin inscription, er, 'man', and at, 'name'. The meaning of the pair is disputed.
  • er atım Túrquico antiguo Er At Costumbres y pasatiempos The formula of the Yenisei epitaphs, 'my name as a man', which stands before the dead man's name on many stones.
  • Er Chanyu Er Chanyu Personas
  • Ērānšahr Persa Sasanian Persia Estados The empire's own name, the realm of the Iranians; the Sasanian house is named after Sasan, the ancestor of Ardashir I.
  • erkin Túrquico antiguo Irkin Instituciones y títulos The turkological view; the Kül Tegin inscription has the compound name Ulug Irkin for the chief of the Bayirku.
  • Erklig Erklig Religiones
  • Erlik Altaico Altaian Creation Story Religiones The name given to the first man in Radloff's version and to the clay figure in Verbitskii's; glossed by Verbitskii as manly.
  • Erlik Turco Erklig Religiones The form under which the figure is known from the ethnography of the Altai, and the form of most popular accounts.
  • erlik adı Turco Er At Costumbres y pasatiempos The Turkish gloss, 'name of manhood', with which the editors usually render er at.
  • Ermenrichus Latín Hermanaric Personas Ammianus: Ermenrichus, bellicosissimus rex.
  • Ernak Ernak Personas
  • Esik kurgan inscription Inglés Issyk inscription Fuentes The spelling of one of the Turkish studies.
  • Eski Türkçe Turco Old Turkic Lenguas The name of the language in Turkish scholarship.
  • Eski Uygurca Turco Old Uyghur Lenguas The name of the language in Turkish scholarship.
  • Etil Túrquico Itil Lugares Golden gives Atil, Etil and Itil side by side for the city and for the river.
  • Eurasian Nomads Eurasian Nomads Pueblos
  • Eyang Ridge Eyang Ridge Lugares

F

G

H

I

  • Ibn Fadlan Ibn Fadlan Fuentes
  • Ibn Rusta Ibn Rusta Fuentes
  • Ibouzēros Gliabanos Griego Busir Glavan Personas A garbled form in the anonymous Byzantine chronicle of the eighth century. Golden calls the forms in this chronicle obviously defective.
  • iççi Yakuto Iye Religiones The Yakut owner-spirit, of rivers, lakes, stones, the forest, vessels and tools; it belongs neither to the good spirits of the sky nor to the evil spirits of the underworld.
  • Ichā Árabe Khazar Dual Kingship Instituciones y títulos Ibn Rusta's name for the king who holds the command. The editors find the word enigmatic.
  • ičränki Túrquico antiguo Yizhi-lianji Personas The Turkic form from which the Chinese may be derived, itself taken as a distortion of the rank ičräki. The study notes that the transcription poses some problems.
  • idi Túrquico antiguo Animism Religiones Master, owner. The inscription has idisiz, 'without a master', of land and water; Kashgari glosses idi as master and as a name of God.
  • Idi Idi Instituciones y títulos
  • idi Túrquico antiguo Idi Instituciones y títulos In the compound idisiz, 'without a master', in the east face of the Kül Tegin inscription, where the formula is said first when the Az are set in order and then of the Kögmen, when the Az and the Kirghiz are set in order.
  • idi Túrquico antiguo Iye Religiones Master, owner, lord. The inscription has idisiz, 'without a master', of land and water; Kashgari glosses idi as master and as a name of God. A second idi, before a negative, means 'not at all'.
  • iik Altaico Horse Sacrifice Religiones The light-coloured horse that every married man owes to Ülgen, in Verbitskii's spelling.
  • Ikar Ikar Lugares
  • Ikh Bichigt inscription Inglés Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 Fuentes The rock with a runiform line, two words in Uyghur script and three tamgas, in Govi-Ugtaal.
  • Ikhe Khushotu inscription Inglés Küli Čor inscription Fuentes After the find-spot. The literature also writes Ihe-Hüşötü, Ihe-Huşotu and Ikhe-Khushotu.
  • Ildico Ildico Personas
  • Ildico Latín Ildico Personas Jordanes, after Priscus: puellam Ildico nomine decoram valde.
  • Ilig Khan Ilig Khan Personas
  • Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) Batallas y sucesos
  • ilig külüg šad baga ïšbara qaġan Túrquico antiguo Ishbara Khan Personas The full string of titles the Chinese preserve in transcription, as Peter B. Golden reconstructs it.
  • ilik Túrquico antiguo Ellac Personas The Turkic word for ruler or prince with which the name is equated; some scholars take Ellac as a title rather than a name.
  • Illig Illig Instituciones y títulos
  • illig Túrquico antiguo Illig Instituciones y títulos 'Having a realm', as some interpret 伊利; the word occurs in the inscriptions, but not as part of a title.
  • Ilteber Ilteber Instituciones y títulos
  • Ilteber Túrquico antiguo Ilteber Instituciones y títulos The Turkological normal form, as in the Sogdian contract of 639 from Gaochang, which de la Vaissière renders 'Ilteber-king'.
  • Ilterish Khan Ilterish Khan Personas
  • in modum circensium cursibus ambientes Latín Riding Round the Dead Religiones Riding round in courses after the manner of the circus games; the horsemen at Attila's funeral, Getica 256.
  • Inal Inal Instituciones y títulos
  • inal Turco Inal Instituciones y títulos The form in Turkish and Russian scholarship. Gardīzī's Kimek chief is Yinal yabgu and Ibn Faḍlān's Oghuz deputy the Lesser Yinal, in the renderings of the literature.
  • Inel Khan Inel Khan Personas
  • Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Personas
  • Irbis Shegui Khan Irbis Shegui Khan Personas
  • Irk Bitig Irk Bitig Fuentes
  • Irkin Irkin Instituciones y títulos
  • Iron Gate Iron Gate Lugares
  • Iron Mountain Iron Mountain Lugares
  • Iron of the Bayegu Iron of the Bayegu Instituciones y títulos
  • ïšbara Túrquico antiguo Ishbara (Title) Instituciones y títulos The transcription of the same word on the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • Išbara Jabğu Túrquico antiguo Sparzeugun Personas A Turkic equivalent offered with a question mark by some scholars.
  • Ïšbara Tölis Túrquico antiguo Ishbara Tolis Khan Personas The reading of the title: ïšbara is the word in Ishbara Khan's title in the east, tölis the name of the eastern half of a Göktürk people.
  • Ishbara (Title) Ishbara (Title) Instituciones y títulos
  • Ishbara Khan Ishbara Khan Personas
  • Ishbara Tolis Khan Ishbara Tolis Khan Personas
  • Ishbara's Hunt (587) Ishbara's Hunt (587) Batallas y sucesos
  • Islam Islam Religiones
  • Issik Khagan Inglés Issik Khan Personas Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Issik Khan Issik Khan Personas
  • Issyk cup Inglés Issyk inscription Fuentes After the object. The kurgan is also written Issık and Esik, and the town near it Alma-Ata in the older studies.
  • Issyk inscription Issyk inscription Fuentes
  • Issyk-Kul Issyk-Kul Lugares
  • Istemi Istemi Personas
  • Istemi Khagan Inglés Istemi Personas Form with the khaganal title, as the inscriptions, the Tang histories and much of the literature give it.
  • Istemi's campaign against Persia, 569 Istemi's campaign against Persia, 569 Batallas y sucesos
  • Itil Itil Lugares
  • Itimari Itimari Pueblos
  • Itimari Latín Itimari Pueblos
  • Iusta Grata Honoria Latín Honoria Personas Justa Grata Honoria, her full name on her coins and in an inscription.
  • Ivolga Ivolga Lugares
  • Ivolga fortress Inglés Ivolga Lugares The English literature calls the site the Ivolga fortress or the Ivolga settlement.
  • iyä, igä Uigur antiguo Iye Religiones The late spellings of idi in Old Uyghur texts, derived from idi through a late change of the intervocalic d to y. The Old Uyghur Golden Light Sutra has umay iyäsi, 'owner of the placenta'.
  • iye Túrquico Animism Religiones The owner-spirit of the Altaians, who also say ie and izi; the Yakut form is iççi. The forms are those of the ethnographic record, not of the Göktürk sources.
  • Iye Iye Religiones
  • iye Turco Iye Religiones The form of the Turkish literature, where the word has also taken the sense of protector, hami ruh.

J

  • Jabogan inscription Jabogan inscription Fuentes
  • Jade Gate Jade Gate Lugares
  • Jangar Inglés Yami Khan Personas A modern form of his personal name 染干 Rangan, used on the maps of the civil war.
  • Jaxartes Griego Syr Darya Lugares
  • Jayḥūn Árabe Oxus Lugares
  • Jebu Xak'an Armenio Meeting of Heraclius and Ziebel (627) Batallas y sucesos The Armenian history of the Albanians, which joins the titles yabgu and khagan.
  • J̌ebu Xakʿan Armenio Tong Yabgu Personas The name of Heraclius's ally in the Armenian history of the Caucasian Albanians, read by Peter B. Golden as Yabgu Khagan and equated with the Sir Yabgu of the Greek sources; Édouard Chavannes took him for a Khazar chief.
  • Jian River Jian River Lugares
  • Jiaohe Jiaohe Lugares
  • Jie Jie Pueblos
  • Jie couplet Inglés The language of the Xiongnu Controversias The four words in the Jin Shu that are the only connected text ever assigned to the language.
  • Jin Midi Jin Midi Personas
  • Jin River Jin River Lugares
  • Jingyang Jingyang Lugares
  • Jinyang Jinyang Lugares
  • Jinyang campaign, 563–564 Jinyang campaign, 563–564 Batallas y sucesos
  • Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) Fuentes
  • Jiuquan Jiuquan Lugares
  • John of Asia Inglés John of Ephesus Fuentes The other name under which he is known, from his mission in the province of Asia.
  • John of Ephesus John of Ephesus Fuentes
  • Jordanes Jordanes Fuentes
  • Jornandes Latín Jordanes Fuentes The author's name in the lesser manuscripts and the early editions; the primary manuscripts write Jordanes.
  • Joseph of Khazaria Joseph of Khazaria Personas
  • Joseph, son of Aaron Hebreo Joseph of Khazaria Personas The heading of the reply in Marcus's translation: Joseph the king, son of Aaron the king.
  • Juan-juan Inglés Rouran Pueblos Older transcription, still met in the literature; Golden writes Jou-jan.
  • Juan-juan Inglés Rouran Khaganate Estados Older Western transcription of the Chinese name.
  • Jujian Tegin Jujian Tegin Personas
  • Junchen Chanyu Junchen Chanyu Personas
  • Justin II Justin II Personas

K

  • K.M.JKATH Persa Kemijkat Lugares The consonants of the name in the Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam as Minorsky transliterates them. The last syllable is the Iranian word for town.
  • K.SAYM Persa Kyshtym Pueblos The consonant skeleton as Minorsky renders the Ḥudūd; the vowels are not given.
  • K'art'lis Cxovreba Georgiano Kartlis Tskhovreba Fuentes The scholarly transcription of the Georgian title.
  • Kabar Revolt Kabar Revolt Batallas y sucesos
  • Kabaroi Griego Kabar Revolt Batallas y sucesos The Greek form in the text of Constantine VII, in the transliteration of the English translation; the same people are the Kabars, Qabars or Kavars of the modern literature.
  • Kabaroi Griego Kabars Pueblos The name in De administrando imperio 39: 'the so-called Kabaroi'.
  • Kabars Kabars Pueblos
  • Kābul-šāh Árabe Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa Estados The name of the king of Kabul in the Arabic accounts of the eighth and ninth centuries.
  • Kaira Kan Altaico Ülgen and Kayra Khan Religiones The gracious khan, in Radloff's account Tengere Kaira Kan, the god of the seventeenth heaven.
  • kam Túrquico antiguo Shamanism Religiones The Turkic word for the ritual specialist. Turkic texts that use it date from the eleventh century on; the Göktürk inscriptions do not.
  • Kam (Turkic Shaman) Kam (Turkic Shaman) Religiones
  • kamlik Kipchako Shamanism Religiones In the Codex Cumanicus of 1303, kamlik etermen, 'I make a conjuration'; kamlik is also the Altaian word for a kam's conjuration.
  • Kamos Kamos Comidas y bebidas
  • Kang Shaoli Kang Shaoli Personas
  • Kang Sumi Kang Sumi Personas
  • Kangju Kangju Pueblos
  • Kapgan Khan Kapgan Khan Personas
  • Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) Batallas y sucesos
  • Kapgan's wars with the Tang, 698–716 Kapgan's wars with the Tang, 698–716 Guerras
  • Kapgan's western war, 709–713 Kapgan's western war, 709–713 Guerras
  • Kara Túrquico antiguo Issik Khan Personas Reconstruction of the personal name from the Chinese transcription; not attested in a Turkic-language source.
  • Kara-Khanid Khanate Kara-Khanid Khanate Estados
  • Karabalgasun Inglés Karabalghasun inscription Fuentes Also written Kara Balgasun and Qara Balghasun; the name is the later Mongol one for the ruined site, meaning the black city.
  • Karabalgasun Inglés Ordu-Balık Lugares The black town, the Mongolian name of the ruin field, and the name under which the trilingual stele is cited.
  • Karabalghasun inscription Karabalghasun inscription Fuentes
  • Karashahr Karashahr Lugares
  • Karashahr Túrquico Karashahr Lugares The modern name of the oasis with which Yanqi is identified.
  • Karı Çor Tegin epitaph Turco Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Fuentes The spelling of the Turkish editors, Aydın and Alyılmaz.
  • Karluk Karluk Pueblos
  • Karluk Yabgu State Karluk Yabgu State Estados
  • Kartlis Tskhovreba Kartlis Tskhovreba Fuentes
  • Kashgar Kashgar Lugares
  • Kashgar Túrquico Kashgar Lugares The modern name of the oasis with which Shule is identified.
  • kästäm Túrquico Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary Costumbres y pasatiempos A feast prepared for drinkers who come without formal arrangements (Dankoff/Kelly I, 360).
  • Katin Francés Kayen Personas The name in Patkanian's French version of Sebeos, as Chavannes cites it.
  • Katulph Katulph Personas
  • Katun Katun Instituciones y títulos
  • katun Túrquico antiguo Katun Instituciones y títulos In the line where Heaven takes İlteriš Khan and İlbilge Katun by the crown of the head.
  • Kayen Kayen Personas
  • Kayēn Armenio Kayen Personas Sebeos, chapter 10 (Abgaryan p. 73), in Thomson's transliteration: 'His mother, called Kayēn, was the daughter of the great Khakʿan, king of the Tʿetals'.
  • Kayrakan Altaico Ülgen and Kayra Khan Religiones The form of the Telengit and Soyot record; a great khan in Katanov's gloss.
  • Kc’n Sogdiano Wuwei Lugares
  • Kebineng Kebineng Personas
  • Keluo Chuo Keluo Chuo Instituciones y títulos
  • Kemijkat Kemijkat Lugares
  • kergeksiz Túrquico antiguo Gold and Silver in the Orkhon Inscriptions Instituciones y títulos The word that follows altun kümüş at the funerals. Translations give it as 'past all counting' and as 'beyond need'.
  • Kesh Kesh Lugares
  • khadang Persa Wood and Woodworking Instituciones y títulos A wood used for bows and arrows in the Hudud al-ʿĀlam and exported from the Kirghiz country. The Hudud does not say what tree it came from.
  • khagan Inglés Khan (Khagan) Instituciones y títulos The form most of the literature uses for the supreme ruler.
  • Khalaj Khalaj Pueblos
  • khalanj Persa Wood and Woodworking Instituciones y títulos A second wood that the Hudud lists with khadang, for Chach and for the Kirghiz country.
  • Khan (Khagan) Khan (Khagan) Instituciones y títulos
  • Khāqān Bih Árabe Khazar Dual Kingship Instituciones y títulos Ibn Fadlan's name for the king under the Great Khagan, in Canard's rendering Khaqan Beg. Bih stands for beg.
  • Khar-us inscription Inglés Ulaangom inscription Fuentes After the place of the find, Khar-us, also written Kara-su.
  • Khazar Customs and Tribute Khazar Customs and Tribute Instituciones y títulos
  • Khazar Dual Kingship Khazar Dual Kingship Instituciones y títulos
  • Khazar Khaganate Khazar Khaganate Estados
  • Khazar Mail and the Armourers of the Caucasus Khazar Mail and the Armourers of the Caucasus Instituciones y títulos
  • Khazar script Inglés Runiform inscriptions of the Khazar lands Fuentes The name some surveys use for the signs of the Don and Kuban groups. It assumes that the Khazars wrote them.
  • Khe-rged Tibetano Yenisei Kirghiz Pueblos One of several forms of the name in a Tibetan text of the eighth century, with Gir-tis and Hir-kis; taken to be the Kirghiz.
  • Kherkhir Griego Yenisei Kirghiz Pueblos The name of the people whose captive Istemi gave to the Byzantine envoy Zemarchos in 569; scholars take it for the Kirghiz.
  • Khirkhiz Persa Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Estados The form of the Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam in Minorsky's transliteration; its ruler is the Khirkhiz-khāqān.
  • Khitan Khitan Pueblos
  • Khorasan Khorasan Lugares
  • Khorâsân Francés Khorasan Lugares Le Khorâsân in Zotenberg's French translation of al-Thaʿalibi.
  • Khorezm Khorezm Lugares
  • Khöshöö Tsaidam Khöshöö Tsaidam Lugares
  • Khöshöö-Tsaidam Mongol Khöshöö Tsaidam Lugares The spelling with a hyphen, used for the lake and for the site.
  • Khosrow I Khosrow I Personas
  • Khosrow's gift of maidens (573) Khosrow's gift of maidens (573) Batallas y sucesos
  • Khotan Khotan Lugares
  • Khumdān Sogdiano Chang'an Lugares The Sogdian name, written ’xwmt’n in Ancient Letter II; it renders Xianyang, the Qin capital, as it was pronounced then.
  • Khurasan Inglés Khorasan Lugares The form of the English commentary on Sebeos, which renders the name as 'the regions of the east'.
  • Khwarazm Inglés Khorezm Lugares
  • Kidarites Kidarites Pueblos
  • kidiz Túrquico antiguo Felt Instituciones y títulos The Old Turkic word for felt.
  • kidiz Túrquico antiguo Felt, Cloth, Leather and Wood in Kashgari's Dictionary Instituciones y títulos Felt. The common Turkic word, still *kiyiz* and *kigiz* in the modern languages.
  • Kiev letter Inglés The Kievian letter Fuentes The name under which the letter is also cited. Whether it was written at Kiev is itself disputed.
  • Kievan letter Inglés The Kievian letter Fuentes The spelling used in the edition of Golb and Pritsak.
  • Killing of Heshana Khan (619) Killing of Heshana Khan (619) Batallas y sucesos
  • Kimek Kimek Pueblos
  • Kimek Khaganate Kimek Khaganate Estados
  • Kipchak Kipchak Pueblos
  • Kirghiz and Tibetan troops at Hedong (890) Kirghiz and Tibetan troops at Hedong (890) Batallas y sucesos
  • Kirghiz campaign against the Shiwei (848) Kirghiz campaign against the Shiwei (848) Batallas y sucesos
  • Kirghiz embassies of the Xiantong era (860–873) Kirghiz embassies of the Xiantong era (860–873) Batallas y sucesos
  • Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang (842–848) Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang (842–848) Batallas y sucesos
  • Kirghiz embassy of 648 Kirghiz embassy of 648 Batallas y sucesos
  • Kirghiz Entertainments Kirghiz Entertainments Costumbres y pasatiempos
  • Kirghiz Iron and Gold Kirghiz Iron and Gold Instituciones y títulos
  • kishachilo Mongol Stone Figures Religiones The Mongol name for upright stones, with or without a carved face, recorded in north-western Mongolia in 1876–77; the Uriankhai said kishatat and the Kirghiz syn-tas.
  • Kishi Altaico Altaian Creation Story Religiones The word for man; in Radloff's version the first being that the creator makes, and the one who dives.
  • Kishtim Túrquico Kyshtym Pueblos Minorsky's restitution of K.SAYM, written *Kishtim. Also Kištim or Kıştım; Kyshtym is the Russian form.
  • Kisrā Árabe Khosrow I Personas The Arabic form of the name in Tabari, which became the generic word for a Persian king.
  • kiyik Túrquico antiguo Hunting among the Göktürks Costumbres y pasatiempos Wild game; the word of line 8 of the inscription for what the Göktürks ate, beside tabıšgan, the hare.
  • kiyik yiyü tabıšgan yiyü Túrquico antiguo Steppe Diet Comidas y bebidas 'Eating deer, eating hare'; the Tonyukuk inscription on the first years of the restored khaganate.
  • kizhi kozhee Tuvano Stone Figures Religiones The Tuvan name for the figures; it is explained as "braided person" in one account and as "person-stone" in another.
  • Kıpçak Turco Kipchak Pueblos
  • Kırkız Túrquico antiguo Yenisei Kirghiz Pueblos The name in the Orkhon inscriptions, written in runes and transcribed kırkız.
  • Kızıl Kum (Ulaan Gom) Yazıtı Turco Ulaangom inscription Fuentes The title of one study of the stone.
  • Knucklebones Knucklebones Costumbres y pasatiempos
  • köčürmä oyun Túrquico Fourteen (Köčürmä Oyun) Costumbres y pasatiempos 'The game called Fourteen' (Dankoff/Kelly I, 364).
  • Kögmen Kögmen Lugares
  • kögmen Túrquico antiguo Kögmen Lugares kögmen aša, beyond the Kögmen, and kögmen yer sub, the land and water of the Kögmen, east face lines 17 and 20 of the Kül Tegin inscription and lines 15 and 17 of the Bilge Khan inscription, in Thomsen's count; also line 23 of the Tonyukuk inscription and line 5 of the west face of the Tariat inscription.
  • kögmen yış Túrquico antiguo Kögmen Lugares The Kögmen forest, or wooded range: kögmen yışıg toga yorıp, marching up over the Kögmen forest, east face line 35 of the Kül Tegin inscription and line 27 of the Bilge Khan inscription; line 28 of the Tonyukuk inscription.
  • kök tämür kerü turmās Túrquico antiguo The Iron Oath Instituciones y títulos A proverb in the same entry: 'The blue iron does not come to rest ineffectually'.
  • kök teŋri Túrquico antiguo Tengri Religiones The blue sky of the opening formula, in the phrase üze kök teŋri.
  • Kök Teŋri Túrquico antiguo Tengrism Religiones The blue sky of the opening formula; the modern Turkish Gök Tengri follows it.
  • kök türk Túrquico antiguo First Göktürk Khaganate Estados The Blue or Sky Türk of E2, a single attestation, from which the modern name Göktürks derives.
  • Köl Tigin Túrquico antiguo Kül Tegin Personas Turkological normal form; Kül or Köl is itself argued over.
  • Köl Tigin Túrquico antiguo Kül Tegin inscription Fuentes Turkological normal form of the name; Kül or Köl is itself argued over.
  • koñ yıl Túrquico antiguo The twelve-year animal cycle Instituciones y títulos The Year of the Sheep, in which Kül Tegin died; 731 by back-reckoning.
  • Kotzager Kotzager Pueblos
  • Kreka Kreka Personas
  • Kucha Kucha Lugares
  • Kuči Túrquico antiguo Kucha Lugares The Turkic form, from the later Uyghur material of the Tarim.
  • Kuci Sánscrito Kucha Lugares Kuci, in the Sanskrit leaves from Qizil of about 600, in the title Kuciśvara Kucimahārāja; taken there from the local language.
  • Kudai Altaico Ülgen and Kayra Khan Religiones God; the name by which the southern Altaian shamanists call Ülgen.
  • küdän Túrquico Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary Costumbres y pasatiempos 'Wedding feast', glossed with the Arabic walīma (Dankoff/Kelly I, 308).
  • Kuhanzhen Kuhanzhen Personas
  • Kujie Valley Kujie Valley Lugares
  • kul Túrquico antiguo Captives and the Unfree Instituciones y títulos Slave, male; in the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, in the line on how the state was lost. Kashgari glosses the word as slave.
  • Kül İç Čor inscription Inglés Küli Čor inscription Fuentes The name as the catalogue of 1983 and a study of 2023 read it. Orkun and Tekin read Küli Čor.
  • Kül Tegin Kül Tegin Personas
  • Kül Tegin inscription Kül Tegin inscription Fuentes
  • Kül Tegin's Horses Kül Tegin's Horses Instituciones y títulos
  • Küli Čor inscription Küli Čor inscription Fuentes
  • Külüg Bagha Külüg Bagha Personas
  • Külüg Bagha Túrquico antiguo Külüg Bagha Personas The reading of the Chinese name in the English-language literature. No Turkic form is attested; the reading rests on the sound of the Chinese characters.
  • Külüg Chur Külüg Chur Instituciones y títulos
  • Külüg Chur Inglés Külüg Chur Instituciones y títulos English rendering, with the first element taken for Turkic külüg, 'famous'.
  • kümüş Túrquico antiguo Metals and Metalworking in Kashgari's Dictionary Instituciones y títulos Kümüş, silver. The same word means a dirham, 'since it contains silver'.
  • Kumys Kumys Comidas y bebidas
  • kün ana Otra Kün Tengri Religiones Mother Sun; the Altaian shamanists swore by it, and the Altaians called the moon father.
  • kün ay täŋrikä Túrquico antiguo Kün Tengri Religiones To the gods of the sun and of the moon; the phrase of a Manichaean confession of sins in which the two lights are gods who dwell in two bright palaces.
  • kün täŋri Túrquico antiguo Kün Tengri Religiones God of the sun; the Old Uyghur texts use it for the sun. In the titles of the Uyghur khagans it stands as kün täŋridä, usually rendered 'by the god of the sun'.
  • Kün Tengri Kün Tengri Religiones
  • kün togsık Túrquico antiguo Kün Tengri Religiones The sun's rising; the east in the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • Kün Toyon Otra Kün Tengri Religiones The Yakut name of the Sun Lord, whose symbol is the iron or silver ring on the shaman's robe and cap.
  • Kunaksolan Túrquico antiguo Kunaxolan Personas A Turkic form offered with a question mark by some scholars.
  • Kunaxolan Kunaxolan Personas
  • Kunçuy Kunçuy Instituciones y títulos
  • kunçuy Túrquico antiguo Kunçuy Instituciones y títulos The form in the Orkhon and Yenisei inscriptions.
  • Kunduz Inglés Huo Lugares The town with which some identify Huo.
  • küŋ Túrquico antiguo Captives and the Unfree Instituciones y títulos Serving-woman or female slave, paired with kul in the Orkhon inscriptions.
  • Kürabir Kürabir Personas
  • Kürabir Túrquico antiguo Kürabir Personas The reading of the Chinese name in the English-language literature. No Turkic form is attested; the reading rests on the sound of the Chinese characters.
  • Kurbustan Altaico Altaian Creation Story Religiones A name of the creator in Verbitskii's version, where it is the Oirot name of Ülgen.
  • Kurbustan Altaico Ülgen and Kayra Khan Religiones In Verbitskii the Oirot name of Ülgen.
  • Kurgan Kurgan Instituciones y títulos
  • kurgan Túrquico Kurgan Instituciones y títulos The word is Turkic and reached the archaeological literature through Russian; the practice is far older than the word.
  • Kurıkan Túrquico antiguo Kurykan Pueblos In the lists of mourners and of enemies, once as the Three Kurıkan (Üč Kurıkan). The equation with 骨利幹 is the literature's interpretation, not a statement of either source.
  • Kursich Kursich Personas
  • kurultay Turco Toy Instituciones y títulos Modern Turkish, from the Mongol quriltai; the usual name in the Turkish-language literature, and today the word for a party congress.
  • Kurykan Kurykan Pueblos
  • Kushan Empire Kushan Empire Estados
  • Kut Kut Instituciones y títulos
  • Kut Turco Kut Instituciones y títulos Modern Turkish form; kutlu survives as the ordinary word for 'blessed'.
  • Kutadgu Bilig Kutadgu Bilig Fuentes
  • Ḳutadġu Bilig Túrquico antiguo Kutadgu Bilig Fuentes
  • Kutadgu Bilig Turco Kutadgu Bilig Fuentes
  • Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan Personas
  • Kutluk Túrquico antiguo Ilterish Khan Personas His personal name, behind the Chinese transcription. Written with a final k: a final -g of that kind did not exist among the Göktürks, and the -γ of the Turkological spelling Qutluγ is a convention of the transcription, not a sound of the language.
  • Kutluk Túrquico antiguo Kutluk Tegin Personas The Turkic reading of 骨咄祿, the characters the Tang histories also use for the personal name of Ilterish Khan. No text gives the envoy's name in Turkic.
  • Kutluk Tegin Kutluk Tegin Personas
  • Kutrigurs Kutrigurs Pueblos
  • kwrtrgr Siríaco Kutrigurs Pueblos The Kutrigurs in the Syriac list of peoples.
  • Kyrgyz runiform inscriptions Inglés Talas and Tian Shan runiform inscriptions Fuentes The runiform texts of Kyrgyzstan as a whole, which the studies treat together.
  • Kyshtym Kyshtym Pueblos
  • каменные бабы (kamennye baby) Ruso Stone Figures Religiones "Stone women", the traditional Russian collective name for stone statues of the steppe from several ages, applied also to the figures that Turkic Atlas treats.

L

M

N

  • Na-sai Chino Nezak Shahs Pueblos The king of Ko-p'i-shih (Kapisa) who sent an envoy to the Chinese court, in the Cefu Yuangui. Some scholars take it for the Bactrian form of Nizük.
  • Nad Sent Mikloş Turco Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós Fuentes The spelling of the Turkish literature.
  • Nadulu Shad Nadulu Shad Personas
  • Nagai Khan Nagai Khan Personas
  • Naissus Naissus Lugares
  • Naissus Latín Naissus Lugares The city that Attila had taken and destroyed and wanted as the market and boundary, in the edition of Priscus.
  • Naissus Latín Siege of Naissus Batallas y sucesos The city in the Latin of the edition of Priscus; the modern Niš.
  • Nakbanda Chino An Nuopantuo Personas The pronunciation of the time, by Pulleyblank's reconstruction, as Étienne de la Vaissière gives it.
  • Nalaikh Inscription Nalaikh Inscription Fuentes
  • Nalayh Yazıtı Turco Nalaikh Inscription Fuentes The Turkish form of the name, with Nalayh for the place.
  • Nalayha, Ulan-Bator kiremit yazıtı Turco Nalaikh Inscription Fuentes The catalogue entry of 1983: the tile inscription of Nalaikh, Ulaanbaatar.
  • Nan Qi Shu Nan Qi Shu Fuentes
  • Nan Shi Nan Shi Fuentes
  • Nanai-vandak Nanai-vandak Personas
  • Nanai-vandak Sogdiano Nanai-vandak Personas Servant of Nanai, a Sogdian name formed on the goddess Nanai; a common name, borne also by a traveller on the upper Indus and by the fathers of several men there.
  • Narshakhī, History of Bukhara Narshakhī, History of Bukhara Fuentes
  • Naṣr b. Sayyār Árabe Nasr ibn Sayyar Personas
  • Nasr ibn Sayyar Nasr ibn Sayyar Personas
  • Natra Natra Personas
  • Natrā Árabe Natra Personas Tabari, in Nöldeke's translation Natrâ (p. 289), with a query to the reading.
  • Nedao Latín Battle of the Nedao Batallas y sucesos Jordanes: in Pannonia iuxta flumen, cui nomen est Nedao.
  • Nestorian Christianity Inglés Church of the East Religiones
  • Nezak Shahs Nezak Shahs Pueblos
  • Nicephorus Latín Nikephoros Fuentes The Latin form of the author's name.
  • Night Attack on Dingxiang (630) Night Attack on Dingxiang (630) Batallas y sucesos
  • Nikephoros Nikephoros Fuentes
  • Niri Khan Niri Khan Personas
  • Nishu Bagha Shad Nishu Bagha Shad Personas
  • Nishufu Khan Nishufu Khan Personas
  • Nivar Túrquico antiguo Ishbara Khan Personas His own name. The Bugut inscription names the khan after Taspar as Nivar; Kljaštornyj and Livšic read it so, and Pritsak reads the Chinese personal name Shetu as Nabar. Shabolüe and Shetu are Chinese transcriptions.
  • Nizük Bactriano Nezak Shahs Pueblos The form of the name in the view of the series that makes the Nezak kings a Western Turkic dynasty of Kapisa and Gandhara. It goes back to a Saka word meaning 'fighter'.
  • Noin Ula Noin Ula Lugares
  • Northern Qi Northern Qi Estados
  • Northern Wei Northern Wei Estados
  • Northern Xiongnu Market at Wuwei (AD 84) Northern Xiongnu Market at Wuwei (AD 84) Batallas y sucesos
  • Northern Zhou Northern Zhou Estados
  • Noyon Uul Mongol Noin Ula Lugares The form of recent English-language work, after the Mongolian name of the mountains.
  • Noyun-Ula Turco Noin Ula Lugares The spelling of a Turkish work of 1984. Other Turkish and older works write Noin-Ula or Noin Ula.
  • Numijkat Árabe Bukhara Lugares One of the many names of Bukhara that the History of Bukhara lists; the same text gives the copper city and the city of merchants in Arabic.
  • Nushibi Nushibi Pueblos
  • nyčky MLK’ Persa medio Nezak Shahs Pueblos The Pahlavi legend on the coins, read Nezak Malka, 'King Nezak'. Earlier readings were Napki (npky) and Nspk. The reading nyčky is the one now accepted.

O

  • Obadiah of Khazaria Obadiah of Khazaria Personas
  • öčäš Túrquico Stakes and Wagers Costumbres y pasatiempos 'Wager', glossed with the Arabic muxāṭara (Dankoff/Kelly I, 104).
  • Octar Octar Personas
  • Octar Latín Octar Personas Jordanes, among the brothers of Mundzuc who ruled before Attila.
  • Ögä Túrquico antiguo Ögä Khan Personas The reading of the Chinese name in the English-language literature (Ögä Qaghan). No Turkic form is attested; the reading rests on the sound of the Chinese characters.
  • Ögä Khan Ögä Khan Personas
  • Oghur Turkic Oghur Turkic Lenguas
  • Oghuric Inglés Oghur Turkic Lenguas The spelling of the handbooks on the Turkic family; Oguric in other works.
  • Oghuz Oghuz Pueblos
  • Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari Lenguas
  • Oghuz Herds in Ibn Fadlan's Account Oghuz Herds in Ibn Fadlan's Account Instituciones y títulos
  • Oghuz Yabgu State Oghuz Yabgu State Estados
  • oğlan atım Túrquico antiguo Er At Costumbres y pasatiempos The counterpart on the epitaphs, 'my name as a child'.
  • ögsüz ak Túrquico antiguo Kül Tegin's Horses Instituciones y títulos The white horse Ögsüz, which Kül Tegin rode in the defence of the royal camp at Amga.
  • Ogurs Ogurs Pueblos
  • Oğuz ve Kıpçak lehçeleri Turco Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari Lenguas The usual Turkish phrase.
  • öjä, iyä Tártaro Iye Religiones The Volga Tatar forms, in Su iyäse, Urman iyäse, Öy iyäse and Cir iyäse.
  • Öktem Túrquico antiguo Octar Personas The Turkic form that has been proposed as the original of the name, meaning strong or proud.
  • Old Great Bulgaria Old Great Bulgaria Estados
  • Old Tibetan report on the northern kings Old Tibetan report on the northern kings Fuentes
  • Old Turkic Old Turkic Lenguas
  • Old Uyghur Old Uyghur Lenguas
  • Old Uygur Inglés Old Uyghur Lenguas The spelling of the grammar of Old Turkic, which keeps the term for the language of the manuscripts.
  • Omens and Divination Omens and Divination Religiones
  • on eki hayvanlı Türk takvimi Turco The twelve-year animal cycle Instituciones y títulos The name of the reckoning in modern Turkish scholarship.
  • on ok Túrquico antiguo On Oq Pueblos on ok bodun, the On Ok people, in the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines 18–19.
  • On Oq On Oq Pueblos
  • on oq Túrquico antiguo Western Göktürk Khaganate Estados The Ten Arrows, the confederation into which the western Göktürks dissolved after 630; the Kül Tegin inscription calls the Türgeš khan the khan of the Ten Arrows.
  • On-Ok Turco On Oq Pueblos
  • Onegesius Onegesius Personas
  • Ongi inscription Ongi inscription Fuentes
  • Ongin (Işbara Tarkan) yazıtı Turco Ongi inscription Fuentes The heading Tekin gives it in 1998, after the man who speaks in it.
  • Ongin inscription Inglés Ongi inscription Fuentes The form of the Turkish editions, after the river name Ongin. Ōsawa writes Ongi, which he takes from the Mongolian name of the river.
  • Onogurs Onogurs Pueblos
  • Or. 8212/161 Inglés Irk Bitig Fuentes The shelfmark of the manuscript; Tekin gives it as British Museum, Or. 8212.
  • Ordos Ordos Lugares
  • Ordos bronzes Ordos bronzes Instituciones y títulos
  • Ordos bronzes Inglés Ordos bronzes Instituciones y títulos A modern collective name, after the region where many were found; the objects are not confined to the Ordos.
  • Ordu Ordu Instituciones y títulos
  • ordu Túrquico antiguo Ordu Instituciones y títulos The Old Turkic word; it gives Ordu-Balık, the Uyghur capital, and by way of the Mongols the European word horde.
  • Ordu Balık Túrquico antiguo Karabalghasun inscription Fuentes The turkological name for the Uyghur capital itself; the equation with the ruins at Karabalghasun is the standard modern one.
  • ordu balık Túrquico antiguo Ordu-Balık Lugares Camp-town: ordu is the khan's camp, balık a walled town. The name the turkological literature uses; the Šine-Usu stone records the building of a walled seat without giving this name in the lines consulted.
  • Ordu-Balık Ordu-Balık Lugares
  • Ordu-Balıq Inglés Ordu-Balık Lugares The same name with final q, as part of the literature writes it.
  • Ordukent Túrquico antiguo Western Göktürk Khaganate Estados The Göktürk name of the seat at Suyab, 'the city of the army', as the literature reports it.
  • Orestes Orestes Personas
  • Orestes Pannonius Latín Orestes Personas Orestes the Pannonian, in the Anonymus Valesianus.
  • Organum Latín Argu Lugares The country William of Rubruck heard of in 1253, with its own language and script used by the Nestorians; identified with Argu.
  • Orkhon Turkic Inglés Old Turkic Lenguas The narrower term: the language of the Orkhon inscriptions alone, as against the whole Old Turkic period.
  • Orkhon valley Orkhon valley Lugares
  • Ostrogothae Latín Goths Pueblos The eastern Goths in Jordanes.
  • Ostrom Alemán Byzantium Estados East Rome, the term one view prefers to Byzantium.
  • Ötüken Ötüken Lugares
  • ötüken yış Túrquico antiguo Ötüken Lugares The Ötüken forest, or forested mountain; yış is the wooded upland, not a city.
  • Otuz Tatar Túrquico antiguo Tatars Pueblos The Thirty Tatars, in the lists of mourners and of enemies and in Bilge Khan's address.
  • Oxus Oxus Lugares
  • öz qonuqı Túrquico antiguo Soul Words Religiones Kashgari's entry: the soul's guest, the name of a part of the body that palpitates, said to be the spirit. The Old Uyghur öz konok renders a Sanskrit word for the vital point and is glossed as the place of the soul.
  • Ozmish Khan Ozmish Khan Personas

P

  • Paikent Paikent Lugares
  • pairikā Avéstico Peri Religiones The Avestan word behind Persian perī: a sorceress, a creature hostile to fire, water, cattle, plants and earth.
  • Pan Die Pan Die Personas
  • Panjikent Panjikent Lugares
  • Panticapaeum Inglés Bosporos Lugares The ancient name of the city, with which Menander's Bosporos is identified.
  • parīg Pahlavi Peri Religiones The Middle Persian form between the Avestan word and New Persian perī.
  • Parmudha Parmudha Personas
  • Parmūdha Árabe Parmudha Personas Tabari, in Nöldeke's translation Parmûdha (p. 272). The name stands fairly firm in the tradition and is also in Firdausi.
  • Partaw Partaw Lugares
  • Partaw Armenio Partaw Lugares The capital of Albania in the History of the Caucasian Albanians.
  • Paykent Inglés Paikent Lugares De la Vaissière's spelling.
  • Peace of Anatolius Peace of Anatolius Batallas y sucesos
  • Peace of Margus Inglés Treaty of Margus Batallas y sucesos
  • Pecheneg Confederation Pecheneg Confederation Estados
  • Pechenegs Pechenegs Pueblos
  • Pei Ju Pei Ju Personas
  • Pei Xingjian Pei Xingjian Personas
  • Pelliot tibétain 1283 Francés Old Tibetan report on the northern kings Fuentes The shelfmark of the manuscript in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, usually abbreviated P.T. 1283.
  • Penjikent Inglés Panjikent Lugares
  • Peri Peri Religiones
  • perî Persa Peri Religiones The New Persian word, borrowed into Turkic as peri.
  • peri Túrquico antiguo Peri Religiones The Persian loanword as it stands in the Karakhanid verse of 1069–1070 (couplet 4716).
  • peri han Turco Peri Religiones The peri-reader: the name for the Muslim kam in parts of East Turkestan.
  • perihon Persa Peri Religiones The Persian compound behind peri han, and possibly behind purhan as a name for the shaman.
  • Perozapat Armenio Partaw Lugares The name under which, according to the same history, the town was built at the order of the Persian king Peroz.
  • Pingliang Pingliang Lugares
  • Pizenaci Latín Pechenegs Pueblos
  • Placidia Latín Galla Placidia Personas Placidia, and Placidia Augusta, in Jordanes.
  • plaustra Latín Wagons of the Steppe Peoples Instituciones y títulos Wagons with which Attila fortified his camp, in Jordanes, Getica 210.
  • Pliska Pliska Lugares
  • Plunder of Luoyang and the Silk Payment (757) Plunder of Luoyang and the Silk Payment (757) Batallas y sucesos
  • Pofu Katun Pofu Katun Personas
  • Poliuhan Baling Poliuhan Baling Personas
  • Polo Polo Costumbres y pasatiempos
  • Poluomen Khan Poluomen Khan Personas
  • Poshi Tegin Poshi Tegin Personas
  • Post and Communication Post and Communication Instituciones y títulos
  • primores Latín Logades Instituciones y títulos The leading men of the Scythians, in the Latin of the edition.
  • Princess Anyi Princess Anyi Personas
  • Princess Changle Princess Changle Personas
  • Princess Huainan Princess Huainan Personas
  • Princess Linhe Princess Linhe Personas
  • Princess Qianjin Princess Qianjin Personas
  • Princess Taihe Princess Taihe Personas
  • Princess Xinyi Princess Xinyi Personas
  • Princess Yicheng Princess Yicheng Personas
  • Priscus Priscus Fuentes
  • Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) Batallas y sucesos
  • Procopius Procopius Fuentes
  • Protobulgarian sign corpus Protobulgarian sign corpus Fuentes
  • Pseudo-Avars Inglés The origin of the Avars Controversias The name for the Avars of Europe in Theophylact's account, which sets them apart from the Avars whom the Göktürks defeated. The question of their origin is often called the pseudo-Avar question.
  • Pseudo-Sebeos Inglés Sebeos Fuentes Used where the attribution is doubted.
  • Purification by Fire Purification by Fire Religiones

Q

  • *Qazar Túrquico antiguo Khazar Khaganate Estados The reconstructed Turkic form behind them all; what it means is not settled.
  • Qabar Túrquico Kabars Pueblos The scholarly spelling in Golden. The literature also writes Kabar, Kavar and Qavar.
  • qagan-beg Inglés Khazar Dual Kingship Instituciones y títulos The scholarly name for the executive ruler. The sources also call him beg, sad (shad) or yilig.
  • qaghan, qaġan, kağan Inglés Khan (Khagan) Instituciones y títulos Scholarly transcriptions.
  • qam Túrquico antiguo Kam (Turkic Shaman) Religiones The Old Turkic word for the ritual specialist, caught in a Manichaean text from Turfan and in the eleventh-century dictionary.
  • qam Túrquico antiguo Shamanism Religiones The turkological spelling of the same word.
  • Qapaghan Khan Inglés Kapgan Khan Personas The spelling of much of the literature.
  • Qāqin Árabe Kayen Personas The form chosen by the translator of Tabari among the greatly varying forms of the name in Masʿudi, because the Armenian writer seems to call her Kaiēn.
  • Qara Čurin Persa Tardush Personas The name of the Türk ruler in the Bukharan tradition whom Lev Gumilev identifies with Tardush; the identification cannot be established.
  • Qarakhanids Inglés Kara-Khanid Khanate Estados
  • Qarï Čor Tegin Inglés Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Fuentes
  • Qarluq Túrquico antiguo Karluk Pueblos karluk in the transcription of the inscription; Golden writes Qarluq; the English form is Karluk.
  • Qazar tili Turco The Khazar language Lenguas The language of the Khazars, as the Turkological literature calls it; the name of the people is spelled Qazar, Xazar or Hazar.
  • Qibi Qibi Pueblos
  • Qiedihou Chanyu Qiedihou Chanyu Personas
  • Qifchaq Árabe Kipchak Pueblos
  • Qifu Qifu Linajes
  • Qikou Qikou Lugares
  • qimiz Túrquico Kumys Comidas y bebidas The form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077, glossed with the Arabic al-āmiṣ: mare's milk poured into skins, fermented and drunk. The oldest record of the Turkic word.
  • Qinyu Shad Qinyu Shad Personas
  • Qocho Túrquico antiguo Gaochang Lugares The Uyghur name of the city, Qara Xoja, Chinese Gaochang; Golden's form for the later Uyghur kingdom.
  • qonaq Túrquico Millet Comidas y bebidas Coarse millet in Kashgari, glossed with the Arabic jāwars.
  • qopuz Túrquico Turkic Songs at the Tang Court Costumbres y pasatiempos 'Lute', in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077.
  • Que Dadu Shad Que Dadu Shad Personas
  • Quli Quli Lugares
  • Qūrī Persa Furi Pueblos Minorsky's restitution; also written Quri. Rashīd ad-Dīn has Quri beside Quriqan.
  • quriltai Mongol Toy Instituciones y títulos The Mongol assembly of the thirteenth century, the institution's best-known descendant.
  • Quriqan Persa Kurykan Pueblos The form of the reference literature, with Quri (Qori) as its short form in Rashīd ad-Dīn. Whether Quri is the same name as the Furi of the Ḥudūd is argued.
  • Qurut Qurut Comidas y bebidas
  • qurut Túrquico Qurut Comidas y bebidas The form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077, glossed with the Arabic aqiṭ, 'dried curds'.
  • qut Túrquico antiguo Kut Instituciones y títulos The turkological transcription of the word as it stands in the inscription, in the khan's statement that he ruled because his Kut was there.
  • Qutayba ibn Muslim Qutayba ibn Muslim Personas
  • qutluġ Túrquico antiguo Kut Instituciones y títulos The derived adjective, 'possessed of Kut', in turkological transcription; the name under which the restorer of the khaganate is known, Kutluk, is this word. Not applied to Ötüken in the inscription, which calls the forest ıduq, sacred.

R

S

  • *sak- Iranio Saka Pueblos One etymology derives the name from Iranian sak-, 'to go, flow, run', giving 'running, swift, vagrant', that is 'nomad'. It is one proposal among several and has been rejected.
  • *skuda Iranio Scythians Pueblos Iranian skuda, skuδa, 'archer', from Indo-European *skeuta; the Germanic words for shooter belong to the same root. The form is a reconstruction.
  • *Sumit Sogdiano Kang Sumi Personas The Sogdian name read in the Chinese form, from the Indian name Sumitta.
  • s'rtp'w Sogdiano Sabao Instituciones y títulos Sartapao, chief merchant, caravan master; the address of Ancient Letter V, to the chief merchant Aspandhat. The word comes from Indian sarthavaha through Bactrian.
  • Šāba Šāba Personas
  • Sāba Árabe Šāba Personas The Arabic reading of a name written with varying diacritical points.
  • Šāba Árabe Šāba Personas The form in the translation of Tabari.
  • Šāba, Sāwa Persa Bagha Khan Personas The Türk king of the Persian tradition, 'the greatest king of the Turks', identified with Bagha by some scholars and by Peter B. Golden with a son of Tardush.
  • Sabao Sabao Instituciones y títulos
  • Sabirs Sabirs Pueblos
  • Sabriel Hebreo Bulan Personas The name the Schechter Letter gives to the great prince who turns to Judaism and becomes king. Some scholars identify him with Obadiah, and another identifies him with Bulan.
  • Sacred Mountains Sacred Mountains Religiones
  • Sacrifice and the year Sacrifice and the year Religiones
  • sagu Túrquico antiguo The Battue Costumbres y pasatiempos A game battue; the word of the sixty-third omen of the Irk Bitig.
  • šāhiya Árabe Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa Estados The title that al-Biruni gives the kings of Kabul, as a modern history reports it.
  • Šāhnāma Persa Shahnameh Fuentes DMG; the Book of Kings.
  • Saka Saka Pueblos
  • Sakā Persa Saka Pueblos The Old Persian form; Herodotus says the Persians called all Scythians by this name.
  • Salt among the Turkic Peoples Salt among the Turkic Peoples Instituciones y títulos
  • šaman Otra Shamanism Religiones Evenki, a Tungusic language: the word from which English *shaman* comes. The Manchu form is saman.
  • Samandar Samandar Lugares
  • Samandar Árabe Samandar Lugares The form of the Arabic geographers and of Masʿūdī.
  • Samanids Samanids Estados
  • Samarkand Samarkand Lugares
  • samūr Árabe Furs and Musk among the Turkic Peoples Instituciones y títulos Sable, in Marvazī's account of the Kimak hunters; the translation of the Ḥudūd has samūr for sable-marten as well.
  • Sanguozhi Sanguozhi Fuentes
  • Sanmi Mountain Sanmi Mountain Lugares
  • Saŋun Saŋun Instituciones y títulos
  • saŋun Túrquico antiguo Saŋun Instituciones y títulos The form in the Yenisei epitaphs.
  • şaŋun Túrquico antiguo Saŋun Instituciones y títulos A third form of the same word.
  • Saragurs Saragurs Pueblos
  • Sarkel Sarkel Lugares
  • Sarkil Túrquico Sarkel Lugares Sarkel or Sarkil is counted among the Khazar words. If Sarkil is the right form, it could be an Oguric form, but the word is open to several interpretations.
  • Sarmatians Sarmatians Pueblos
  • Sasanian Persia Sasanian Persia Estados
  • sata Otra Yada Stone Religiones The Yakut name of the stone, which the Yakuts say is found inside animals.
  • Saviri Latín Sabirs Pueblos Jordanes, Getica 37: one of the two branches of the Huns.
  • Savirkʿ Armenio Sabirs Pueblos The Armenian form, as given in the literature.
  • Sāwa Persa Šāba Personas The Persian reading; Sāwa Shāh in the epic tradition.
  • sbr Siríaco Sabirs Pueblos
  • scala Lombardo Skull Cup Instituciones y títulos The Lombard name for such a cup, which Paul the Deacon renders with the Latin patera.
  • Scapulimancy Scapulimancy Religiones
  • scapulimancy Inglés Scapulimancy Religiones The modern term; omoplatoscopy is the same word made from Greek.
  • Scotta Latín Scottas Personas The form in the Latin of the edition.
  • Scottas Scottas Personas
  • Scultor Latín Askel Personas The ruler named by Corippus in his praise of Justin II; one view makes him Askel, another Istemi.
  • Scythians Scythians Pueblos
  • Scytho-Siberian cultural community Inglés The steppe before the Xiongnu Controversias The name for the shared culture of the mounted nomads across the steppe in the same age.
  • Seasonal Pastures Seasonal Pastures Instituciones y títulos
  • Seating at the Feast Seating at the Feast Costumbres y pasatiempos
  • Sebeos Sebeos Fuentes
  • Sebüktegin Sebüktegin Personas
  • Second Göktürk Khaganate Second Göktürk Khaganate Estados
  • seŋün Túrquico antiguo Saŋun Instituciones y títulos The form in the Orkhon inscriptions, with front vowels: čača seŋün, udar seŋün, enik seŋün, čaŋ seŋün, lisün tay-seŋün.
  • Sha-po-lüe Inglés Ishbara Khan Personas Wade–Giles form, as Peter B. Golden writes it.
  • Shad Shad Instituciones y títulos
  • Shadow empire Inglés Xiongnu: Making the First Steppe Empire Controversias Thomas Barfield's term for a steppe polity that rises and falls with the Chinese empire it extorts.
  • Shahnameh Shahnameh Fuentes
  • Shahr-i Sabz Persa Kesh Lugares The modern town with which Kesh is identified.
  • shaman Inglés Kam (Turkic Shaman) Religiones A Tungus word carried into European scholarship in the seventeenth century and applied to the whole of northern Eurasia since.
  • Shamanism Shamanism Religiones
  • Shanshan Shanshan Estados
  • Shanyu Inglés Chanyu Instituciones y títulos The reading the Tang used for their Shanyu protectorate; the same two characters.
  • Shanyu Protectorate Shanyu Protectorate Lugares
  • Shatial inscriptions Inglés Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus Fuentes After the site with by far the most Sogdian graffiti, about 550 of them.
  • Shatuo Shatuo Pueblos
  • Sheep Sheep Instituciones y títulos
  • Shegui Khan Shegui Khan Personas
  • Shelun Khan Shelun Khan Personas
  • Shi Xiong Shi Xiong Personas
  • Shibi Khan Shibi Khan Personas
  • Shiboqu Azhan Shiboqu Azhan Personas
  • Shih-po-ch'ü A-chan Inglés Shiboqu Azhan Personas The Wade-Giles form of the name, as it stands in the Turkish study of the title aco.
  • Shiji Shiji Fuentes
  • Shine-usu Inglés Šine-Usu inscription Fuentes After the find-spot; the literature also writes Šine Usu and Selenge inscription.
  • Shishu Huxi Shishu Huxi Personas
  • Shiveet Ulaan Shiveet Ulaan Lugares
  • Shiveet Ulan Inglés Shiveet Ulaan Lugares A spelling with one a, used in some English-language work.
  • Shiwei Shiwei Pueblos
  • Shuozhou Shuozhou Lugares
  • Si Yabgu Khan Si Yabgu Khan Personas
  • Si yu ki Francés Record of the Western Regions Fuentes The transcription of the French literature.
  • Siege of Baideng Siege of Baideng Batallas y sucesos
  • Siege of Bosporos, 576 Siege of Bosporos, 576 Batallas y sucesos
  • Siege of Naissus Siege of Naissus Batallas y sucesos
  • Siege of Tiflis (627–629) Siege of Tiflis (627–629) Batallas y sucesos
  • Sifa Sifa Instituciones y títulos
  • Sijie Sijie Pueblos
  • Sijie Irkin Sijie Irkin Personas
  • Silifa Silifa Personas
  • Silk in the Steppe Silk in the Steppe Instituciones y títulos
  • Silk Road Inglés Trade Routes of the Steppe Instituciones y títulos A modern name that later writers applied to the roads of Central Asia.
  • Šine-Usu inscription Šine-Usu inscription Fuentes
  • Sinǧibū Árabe Istemi Personas Sinjibu, the khagan in Tabari who killed the Hephthalite king and marched on Sul. The equation with Istemi is modern.
  • Şiveet-Ulaan Turco Shiveet Ulaan Lugares The spelling of the Turkish report of the Japanese-Mongolian expedition.
  • Six Garrisons Six Garrisons Instituciones y títulos
  • sıgıt Túrquico antiguo Burial and the balbal Religiones The wailing; sıgıtçı is the wailer, paired with yogçı in the lists of those who came.
  • Sır Tarduš Túrquico antiguo Xueyantuo Khaganate (Syr Tardush) Estados The turkological equation with the runiform Sır and Tarduš, proposed by Friedrich Hirth. Paul Boodberg holds that it rests on a misunderstanding.
  • Sır Yabgu Túrquico antiguo Istemi Personas Some modern scholars interpret the title as an elevated yabgu, above a tribal chief and below a khan.
  • Skottas Inglés Scottas Personas A transcription of the Greek form of the name.
  • Skull Cup Skull Cup Instituciones y títulos
  • Smbat Bagratuni's war with the khan Smbat Bagratuni's war with the khan Batallas y sucesos
  • Smendr Armenio Samandar Lugares The form in the Armenian Geography, which some scholars identify with the later Khazar city of Samandar.
  • sogdaq Túrquico antiguo Sogdians Pueblos The form of the Türk inscriptions; the Shine-usu inscription has Bayan Chor order the sogdaq and the Chinese to build Bay Balïq.
  • Sogdian Inglés The Sogdian language Lenguas The name of the language after the land, as in the literature.
  • Sogdian Ancient Letters Sogdian Ancient Letters Fuentes
  • Sogdian inscriptions of the Talas valley Sogdian inscriptions of the Talas valley Fuentes
  • Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus Fuentes
  • Sogdiana Sogdiana Lugares
  • Sogdians Sogdians Pueblos
  • Song Shu Song Shu Fuentes
  • Sorosgi Sorosgi Pueblos
  • Sorosgi Latín Sorosgi Pueblos Sorosgoi in the Greek of Priscus.
  • Soul Words Soul Words Religiones
  • South Yenisei inscriptions South Yenisei inscriptions Fuentes
  • Southern Xiongnu Southern Xiongnu Estados
  • Sparzeugun Sparzeugun Personas
  • Srg Sogdiano Luoyang Lugares The name in Ancient Letter II; the translator gives the identification.
  • Stakes and Wagers Stakes and Wagers Costumbres y pasatiempos
  • Stelae of the Golden Lake Inglés Altın Köl Inscriptions Fuentes Translation of the Russian name of the pair, stely Zolotogo ozera, the name under which Klyashtorny edited them.
  • Steppe Diet Steppe Diet Comidas y bebidas
  • Stone Figures Stone Figures Religiones
  • Strava Strava Religiones
  • strava Latín Strava Religiones Jordanes: stravam super tumulum eius quam appellant ipsi ingenti commessatione concelebrant, 'a strava, as they call it, they celebrate over his tomb with great revelling'.
  • sü Túrquico antiguo Army of the Steppe Empires Instituciones y títulos Army, host; the verb süle- means to march with an army, to campaign.
  • Su Dingfang Su Dingfang Personas
  • su kültü Turco Water Cult Religiones The Turkish scholarly term for the reverence of waters; it is not a word of any source of the khaganates.
  • Su Wu Su Wu Personas
  • sub Túrquico antiguo Water Cult Religiones Water, in the Orkhon spelling; the Old Uyghur texts write suv.
  • Subjugation of the Alans and Onogurs (before 576) Subjugation of the Alans and Onogurs (before 576) Batallas y sucesos
  • Submission of Ishbara (585) Submission of Ishbara (585) Batallas y sucesos
  • Submission of Yiwu (630) Submission of Yiwu (630) Batallas y sucesos
  • Sudzhi inscription Inglés Suji inscription Fuentes
  • Sughd Árabe Sogdiana Lugares The form of the Arab geographers; Ibn Hawqal describes its hospitality.
  • Sui Sui Estados
  • Sui Shu (Book of Sui) Sui Shu (Book of Sui) Fuentes
  • Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Batallas y sucesos
  • Suji inscription Suji inscription Fuentes
  • Ṣūl Árabe Derbent Lugares Sul, the region and gate that Tabari has Khosrow I fortify and the khagan Sinjibu approach. Whether it is the gate at Derbent is disputed: Nöldeke places Sul in Gurgan, at the south-eastern corner of the Caspian, and holds that Tabari has confused the works there with those at the Caucasus.
  • Ṣūl Árabe Gate of Sul Lugares Sul, in Tabari the name of a land, of a people and of a gate; Ṣûl in the German translation.
  • süle- Túrquico antiguo Warfare of the Steppe Empires Instituciones y títulos The verb the inscriptions use for a campaign: to march with an army (süledimiz, we campaigned).
  • Suli Chino Sogdiana Lugares Xuanzang's name for the whole land from Suyab to Kesh.
  • Suli Chino Sogdians Pueblos The name Xuanzang gives to the land and the people from Suyab to Kesh, in the Da Tang Xiyu ji as de la Vaissière quotes it.
  • Sulu Khan Sulu Khan Personas
  • süne Otra Soul Words Religiones The reasoning soul that takes the shape of a whole man when it leaves the body; found in men only.
  • süngüz başkan ıduk baş Túrquico antiguo Sacred Mountains Religiones As read in the Turkish edition: the holy summit west of which the Uyghur khan Bayanchur had his camp set up in 748.
  • Suni Shi Suni Shi Personas
  • Suo Suo Estados
  • Suoge Tudun Suoge Tudun Instituciones y títulos
  • Suopi Shad Suopi Shad Personas
  • sür Otra Soul Words Religiones Appearance, vigour, the soul that leaves the body; the Altaian ethnographers write sür, syur.
  • Şüräle Tártaro Arçura Religiones The Tatar and Bashkir name of the same figure; also Yarımtıq among the north-western Bashkirs.
  • Süüji inscription Inglés Suji inscription Fuentes A spelling of the place name used in the Turkological literature; the Russian editions write Sudzhi or Sudzhinskaya nadpis'.
  • Suwār Árabe Sabirs Pueblos The Arabic form; Ibn Khurdadhbih places the Suwar beyond Derbent.
  • Suyab Suyab Lugares
  • Sūyāb Árabe Suyab Lugares The form of the Arabic geographers, as Chavannes gives it.
  • Śveta Huna Sánscrito Alchon Huns Pueblos The White Huns of the Indian texts.
  • Sword of Mars Sword of Mars Religiones
  • Syr Darya Syr Darya Lugares
  • Szarvas bone needle case Inglés Szarvas needle case inscription Fuentes
  • Szarvas needle case inscription Szarvas needle case inscription Fuentes
  • ʾšynʾs Sogdiano Ashina Linajes The name as read in the Sogdian text of the Bugut inscription of about 584 by Yoshida and Moriyasu; the earliest non-Chinese attestation.

T

U

  • Uarkhonitai Griego The origin of the Avars Controversias Varchonites in the literature. The name the Göktürks gave the Avars in 576, in Menander's account of the embassy of Valentinus.
  • Üç Tuğlu Khan Üç Tuğlu Khan Personas
  • Üç Tuğlu Khan Turco Üç Tuğlu Khan Personas Khan of the Üç Tuğlu, the tribes of the left, in the form used for the Duolu; the lemma follows it.
  • uda bas- Túrquico antiguo Warfare of the Steppe Empires Instituciones y títulos To fall on someone in his sleep; the Kül Tegin inscription uses it of the Kırgız and of the Türgeš.
  • ügür Túrquico Millet Comidas y bebidas Millet in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, glossed with the Arabic duxn; a word of the Turks that the Oguz did not know.
  • Ulaangom inscription Ulaangom inscription Fuentes
  • ulaq Túrquico antiguo Post and Communication Instituciones y títulos The Turkic word that stands behind 鄔落, the relay horse of the post. Pelliot reads it as the oldest recorded form of the word.
  • Uldin Uldin Personas
  • Uldin Latín Uldin Personas Orosius, in the nominative; Marcellinus Comes writes Huldin.
  • Ülgen Altaico Ülgen and Kayra Khan Religiones The form of the name in the Altaian record; Radloff writes Ülgön and Ülgän. Glossed as the Great.
  • Ülgen and Kayra Khan Ülgen and Kayra Khan Religiones
  • Ultzinzures Ultzinzures Pueblos
  • Ulukayın Turco Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Religiones The form of the Altaian material and of the twentieth-century syntheses; it is not an Old Turkic word.
  • Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Religiones
  • Umay Umay Religiones
  • umay teg ögüm katun Túrquico antiguo Umay Religiones My mother the katun, who is like Umay; the attestation in the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • ut- Túrquico Stakes and Wagers Costumbres y pasatiempos 'To defeat (in the game, or other)' (Dankoff/Kelly I, 179); the passive utsuq- is 'some dirhams were wagered' (I, 216).
  • Utigurs Utigurs Pueblos
  • Uyghur Farming Uyghur Farming Instituciones y títulos
  • Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade Instituciones y títulos
  • Uyghur Khaganate Uyghur Khaganate Estados
  • Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho Estados
  • Uyghur victory over the Kirghiz (758) Uyghur victory over the Kirghiz (758) Batallas y sucesos
  • Uyghur–Kirghiz War Uyghur–Kirghiz War Guerras
  • Uyghurs Uyghurs Pueblos
  • uyran Chuvasio Ayran Comidas y bebidas Chuvash; 'buttermilk'.
  • üze kök teŋri, asra yagız yer Túrquico antiguo The three worlds Religiones The blue sky above and the brown earth below; the two-part cosmos of the opening formula.
  • üzüt Túrquico antiguo Soul Words Religiones Soul, spirit; in Old Uyghur texts the soul of a person that survives, and in the Altai of the nineteenth century the wandering soul of the dead.

V

  • Vahram Merhewandak Armenio Bahram Chobin Personas The form in the English translation of Sebeos; Merhewandak, 'servant of Mithra', is a byname.
  • Valamir Valamir Personas
  • Valamir Latín Valamir Personas Valamir and Valamer, king of the Ostrogoths, in Jordanes.
  • Valentinian III Valentinian III Personas
  • Valentinianus Latín Valentinian III Personas Valentinianus princeps and Valentinianus imperator in Jordanes; Valentinianus also in the Latin of Priscus.
  • Valentinos Valentinos Personas
  • Valentinus Latín Valentinos Personas The Latin form of Müller's translation and of the older literature.
  • Vandali Latín Vandals Pueblos
  • Vandals Vandals Pueblos
  • Vatagēs Armenio Badghis Lugares Vatage·s in the English translation of Sebeos, among the lands that Smbat Bagratuni's army plundered.
  • Vehrot Armenio Oxus Lugares Sebeos' name for the great river that Bahram Chobin crossed; the translators identify it with the Oxus. It is understood as the Armenian form of the Persian Weh-rōd, 'the good river'.
  • Vesegothae Latín Goths Pueblos The western Goths in Jordanes.
  • Vigilas Inglés Bigilas Personas A form some historians use, with Vigilius and Vigilans.
  • Viminacium Viminacium Lugares
  • Viminacium Latín Viminacium Lugares A city of the Moesians in Illyricum on the Ister, in the edition of Priscus.
  • Vltzinzures Latín Ultzinzures Pueblos Jordanes: Vltzinzures.
  • Volga Volga Lugares
  • Volga Bulgaria Volga Bulgaria Estados
  • Vrkan Armenio Gurgan Lugares The name in the Armenian history attributed to Sebeos, where Smbat Bagratuni is marzpan of Vrkan; the same history once writes Gurkan.

W

X

Y

  • ya Túrquico antiguo Composite bow Instituciones y títulos The Old Turkic word for bow.
  • Yabgu Yabgu Instituciones y títulos
  • Yabgus of Tokharistan Yabgus of Tokharistan Estados
  • Yabogan inscription (A 84) Inglés Jabogan inscription Fuentes The spelling and the catalogue number that one Turkish study uses.
  • yada Mongol Yada Stone Religiones The Mongolian form, written also jada; Rashid al-Din calls the rite yeda mishi.
  • Yada Stone Yada Stone Religiones
  • yada-tash Otra Yada Stone Religiones The Altaian name in the form Verbitskii and Radloff write it, jada tasch; the man who works it is the yadachi.
  • Yaglakar Yaglakar Linajes
  • Yaglakar Túrquico antiguo Yaglakar Linajes The Turkic form of the name. Old Uyghur runiform monuments name the dynasty by it several times, and the Tariat stele has the word at the end of a line of dignitaries.
  • yalabaç Túrquico antiguo Post and Communication Instituciones y títulos Envoy. The word of the Bilge Khan stone.
  • Yami Khan Yami Khan Personas
  • Yang Su's Northern Campaign (601–602) Yang Su's Northern Campaign (601–602) Batallas y sucesos
  • Yang Zhong Yang Zhong Personas
  • Yangdi's Visit to Yami Khan (607) Yangdi's Visit to Yami Khan (607) Batallas y sucesos
  • Yangsu Tegin Yangsu Tegin Personas
  • Yanhongda Yanhongda Instituciones y títulos
  • Yanmen Yanmen Lugares
  • yarın Túrquico antiguo Scapulimancy Religiones Kashgari's word for the shoulder blade, in a saying of the Turks that ties it to the fate of the state; his other word is ösin.
  • yarınčı Otra Scapulimancy Religiones Altaian diviner who reads the burnt shoulder blade, in the transcription of the Altai missionary Verbitskii.
  • Yarkand Yarkand Lugares
  • Yarkand Túrquico Yarkand Lugares The modern name of the oasis with which Suoju is identified.
  • Yarkhoto Túrquico Jiaohe Lugares The modern name of the ruins with which Jiaohe is identified, west of Turfan.
  • Yasa Mongol Töre Instituciones y títulos The Mongol code of the thirteenth century, held to have taken much of its substance from the Töre.
  • yat Túrquico antiguo Yada Stone Religiones Kashgari's word: a kind of divination with special stones with which one brings on rain, wind and the like; the diviner is the yatčï.
  • Yeltegin Árabe Parmudha Personas Dinawari's form, Jertegîn or Jeltegîn in Nöldeke's note (p. 272), Yer-tegin or Yel-tegin in Chavannes (p. 243); the translator of Tabari regards it as an adjustment to the Turkish names in -tegin of Dinawari's own day.
  • Yenisei epitaphs Inglés Yenisei inscriptions Fuentes The usual name in the literature for the grave inscriptions among them, which are most of the corpus.
  • Yenisei inscriptions Yenisei inscriptions Fuentes
  • Yenisei Kirghiz Yenisei Kirghiz Pueblos
  • Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Estados
  • Yenisei runiform inscriptions Inglés Yenisei inscriptions Fuentes
  • yer sub Túrquico antiguo Yer-Su Spirits Religiones Without ıduk, in the political sense: land and water that must not be left without a master.
  • Yer-Su Spirits Yer-Su Spirits Religiones
  • Yi Khan Yi Khan Instituciones y títulos
  • Yimek Túrquico Kimek Pueblos Imek, Yemek; a form with the loss of the initial k in some Kipchak dialects.
  • Yinan Khan Yinan Khan Personas
  • Yinčü ügüz Túrquico antiguo Syr Darya Lugares The Pearl River of the inscriptions; the equation with the Syr Darya is the usual reading, not a statement of the text.
  • Yinghefu Yinghefu Instituciones y títulos
  • Yingsuo Yingsuo Lugares
  • Yinnai Tegin Yinnai Tegin Personas
  • Yinshan Yinshan Lugares
  • Yintou Tegin Yintou Tegin Personas
  • Yir Bayırku Túrquico antiguo Bayirku Pueblos The 'land Bayirku' of the Kül Tegin inscription, E34 and S3.
  • Yiran Khan Yiran Khan Personas
  • Yiwu Yiwu Lugares
  • Yiwu Tudun Shad Yiwu Tudun Shad Personas
  • Yizhi Nishidu Yizhi Nishidu Personas
  • Yizhi-lianji Yizhi-lianji Personas
  • Yizhixie Chanyu Yizhixie Chanyu Personas
  • yılkı Túrquico antiguo Livestock Raids Instituciones y títulos Herd of horses; the word of the Bilge Khan inscription for the horse herds taken from the Tangut and the Tatabı.
  • Ymai Turco Umay Religiones One of the forms recorded among Turkic-speaking peoples of the Altai and Siberia in the modern period.
  • yog Túrquico antiguo Burial and the balbal Religiones The funeral and the funeral feast; yogçı is the mourner who attends it.
  • Yol Tengri Yol Tengri Religiones
  • yol teŋri Túrquico antiguo Yol Tengri Religiones The form in the omen book; the two words are written separately.
  • Youzhou Youzhou Lugares
  • Yucheng Khan Yucheng Khan Personas
  • Yueban Yueban Pueblos
  • Yuefu Shiji (Collection of Yuefu Songs) Yuefu Shiji (Collection of Yuefu Songs) Fuentes
  • Yuezhi Yuezhi Pueblos
  • Yugu Shad Chino Yukuk Shad Personas Pinyin reading of 欲谷設.
  • Yuḥanon of Ephesus Siríaco John of Ephesus Fuentes The Syriac form of the name, John.
  • Yujiulü Yujiulü Linajes
  • Yukuk Shad Yukuk Shad Personas
  • Yukuk Shad Túrquico antiguo Yukuk Shad Personas The Turkic form one modern account gives for the eastern prince.
  • Yulduz Inglés Yingsuo Lugares The valley with which one view identifies Yingsuo.
  • Yulin Yulin Lugares
  • Yumen Pass Inglés Jade Gate Lugares The pinyin name with the English rendering of the word for pass.
  • Yunzhong Yunzhong Lugares
  • Yushe Shad Yushe Shad Personas
  • Yuwen Yuwen Linajes
  • Yuwen Hu Yuwen Hu Personas
  • Yuwen Tai Yuwen Tai Personas
  • Yuwen Yong Chino Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Personas 宇文邕, his personal name; Wu is the posthumous title.

Z

Escritura rúnica túrquica antigua 32

La escritura de las inscripciones del Orjón y del Yeniséi

  • 𐰀𐰯𐰺 Túrquico antiguo Avars Pueblos Apar, among the mourners in the Kül Tegin inscription; whether the word means the Rouran, the European Avars or both is argued, and some doubt that it names the Avars at all and understand it as Persia.
  • 𐰃𐰑𐰸 𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃 𐰽𐰆𐰉𐰃 Túrquico antiguo Tengrism Religiones ıduq yiri subı, the sacred Earth-and-Water, in the same line as Türük Teŋrisi.
  • 𐰃𐰑𐰸 𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃 𐰽𐰆𐰉𐰃 Túrquico antiguo Yer-Su Spirits Religiones ıduk yiri subı, in the same sentence as türk teŋrisi.
  • 𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰼𐰃𐰾: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Túrquico antiguo Ilterish Khan Personas Ilteriš Kagan, lines 7, 48, 54 and 59–61 of the Tonyukuk inscription; the Kül Tegin inscription writes the same name.
  • 𐰃𐰤𐰠: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Túrquico antiguo Inel Khan Personas Inel Kagan, lines 31 and 45 of the Tonyukuk inscription, sent with the Tardush Shad at the head of the army; the equation with the Lesser Khan is an inference.
  • 𐰃𐰾𐱅𐰢𐰃 Túrquico antiguo Istemi Personas istemi, in the phrase 'Bumın kagan, Istemi kagan' of the east face.
  • 𐰃𐱁𐰉𐰺𐰀 Túrquico antiguo Ishbara (Title) Instituciones y títulos ïšbara, in the name of Išbara Yamtar, whose grey horse Kül Tegin rode in the fight against Čača Seŋün; east face, line 33 in the count of Wilhelm Radloff, whose glossary prints the runes. The equation with 始波羅 is a modern proposal.
  • 𐰆𐰢𐰖 Túrquico antiguo Umay Religiones The runiform spelling of the name in the phrase umay teg ögüm katun.
  • 𐰆𐰣: 𐰸 Túrquico antiguo On Oq Pueblos on ok in the runes of the Tonyukuk inscription, first stone, east face: o-n¹ and the single sign oq, in on ok kaganı yagımız erti, the khan of the On Ok was our enemy.
  • 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰲𐰆 Túrquico antiguo Battle of Bolchu Batallas y sucesos Bolču, line 35 of the Tonyukuk inscription and E37 of the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • 𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣 Túrquico antiguo Bumin Khan Personas Runiform spelling in the Kül Tegin and Bilge Khan inscriptions, 732 and 735: b¹-U-m-n¹, in the back series that the vowels of bumın require.
  • 𐰉𐰍𐰀 Túrquico antiguo Baga Instituciones y títulos baga, in Tonyukuk's style Bilge Tonyukuk Boyla Baga Tarkan, first stone, west face, line 6.
  • 𐰋𐰏 Túrquico antiguo Beg Instituciones y títulos The runiform spelling of the Orkhon and Yenisei inscriptions.
  • 𐰖𐰉𐰆 Túrquico antiguo Yabgu Instituciones y títulos yabgu, in the line where the founders give the office to the Tölis and the Tarduš.
  • 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐰾 Túrquico antiguo Gold and Silver in the Orkhon Inscriptions Instituciones y títulos Altun kümüş, gold and silver, in Kül Tegin N12 and S4 and in Bilge Khan G 10–G 12.
  • 𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰪 Túrquico antiguo Khitan Pueblos Kıtañ, in the lists of mourners and of enemies.
  • 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Túrquico antiguo Khan (Khagan) Instituciones y títulos kagan, the runiform spelling; read qaġan in most editions.
  • 𐰴𐰯𐰍𐰣: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Túrquico antiguo Kapgan Khan Personas Kapgan Kagan, lines 51 and 60–61 of the Tonyukuk inscription; Qapγan in Turkological spelling, Qapaghan in Peter B. Golden.
  • 𐱁𐰑 Túrquico antiguo Shad Instituciones y títulos šad, in the line where İlteriš gives the office to the Tölis and the Tarduš.
  • 𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸 Túrquico antiguo Tonyukuk Personas The name as the stone writes it, normalised Tuñuquq or Toñuquq; the vowels are argued over.
  • 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲 Túrquico antiguo Tang Estados Tabgaç, the Göktürk name for China, carried over from the Tuoba and used of the Tang throughout the inscriptions.
  • 𐱃𐰺𐰑𐰆𐱁 Túrquico antiguo Tölis and Tardush Instituciones y títulos tarduš, in the same line.
  • 𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 Túrquico antiguo Tegin Instituciones y títulos tigin or tegin, the second part of the name Kül Tegin, which line 30 of the east face cuts as one word, 𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰠𐰃𐰾 Túrquico antiguo Tölis and Tardush Instituciones y títulos tölis, in line 13 of the east face, where İlteriš organises the Tölis and the Tardush.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 Túrquico antiguo The Old Turkic script Lenguas The name of the people in its own letters; the script has no name in its own texts.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰃𐰠 Túrquico antiguo First Göktürk Khaganate Estados Türük El in the runes of the Tonyukuk inscription: t²-ü-r²-ük and i-l², as in türük bilge kagan iliŋe.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰃𐰠 Túrquico antiguo Second Göktürk Khaganate Estados Türük El in the runes of the Tonyukuk inscription: t²-ü-r²-ük and i-l², as in türük bilge kagan iliŋe.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 Túrquico antiguo First Göktürk Khaganate Estados türk bodun in the runes of the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines 1 and 6: t²-ü-r²-ük and b¹-o-d¹-n¹.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 Túrquico antiguo Second Göktürk Khaganate Estados türk bodun in the runes of the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines 1 and 6: t²-ü-r²-ük and b¹-o-d¹-n¹.
  • 𐱅𐰢𐰼 Túrquico antiguo Göktürk Ironworking Instituciones y títulos Temir, iron, in temir kapıg, the Iron Gate; Tonyukuk inscription, second stone, south face, lines 1 and 2.
  • 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 Túrquico antiguo Tengri Religiones The runiform spelling, read t²ŋr²i.
  • 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 Túrquico antiguo Tengrism Religiones Runiform spelling t²ŋr²i, read off the inscription text.

Caracteres chinos 1040

Las formas de las historias dinásticas

  • 丁令 Chino Dingling Pueblos The form the Han Shu uses for the Dingling of the first century BC.
  • 丁零 Chino Dingling Pueblos Dingling, Ting-ling in the Wade-Giles literature. The form of the Shiji and of the list of Bagatur's conquests in the Han Shu.
  • 丁零 Chino Tiele Pueblos Dingling, the name of a people north of the Xiongnu from the third century BC, from whom the Tiele are held to descend.
  • 丁靈 Chino Dingling Pueblos The form in the biographies of Li Guang and Su Jian, where Wei Lü is made king of the Dingling.
  • 丁靈王 Chino Wei Lü Personas King of the Dingling, his title at the chanyu's court; the Xin Tang Shu writes 丁零王.
  • 三國志 Chino Sanguozhi Fuentes Sanguozhi, the Records of the Three Kingdoms; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 三彌山 Chino Sanmi Mountain Lugares Sanmi shan, the mountain north of Kucha on which Shegui set his court; the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian write it the same way.
  • 三環屍哭 Chino Riding Round the Dead Religiones They go three times round the body, weeping; the Kirghiz funeral in the Xin Tang Shu, which does not say whether on horseback.
  • 三道 Chino Trade Routes of the Steppe Instituciones y títulos Sandao, the three roads from Dunhuang to the western sea in the preface of Pei Ju, 607.
  • 不卒祿 Chino Ilterish Khan Personas Buzulu, 'not finishing his fortune', the name Empress Wu ordered written for him after 687.
  • 且鞮侯單于 Chino Qiedihou Chanyu Personas The form of the Han Shu and the Shiji. The Tang commentary on the Shiji gives the first graph the reading ju, which yields Judihou; Ts'ü-ti-hou and Ch'ieh-ti-hou stand for the two readings in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 丘豆伐可汗 Chino Shelun Khan Personas Qiudoufa Khan, his title, glossed in the Wei Shu as 'to drive and to open out'.
  • 丘豆伐可汗 Chino The origin of the title Khan Controversias Qiudoufa Khan, the style Shelun took. The Wei Shu glosses the first part as 'to drive and to open out'.
  • 中行說 Chino Zhonghang Yue Personas Zhonghang is the surname and Yue the personal name, as the Zhengyi commentary of Zhang Shoujie explains. The Han Shu writes the name the same way.
  • 乙彌泥孰俟利苾可汗 Chino Ashina Simo Personas Yimi Nishu Silibi Khan, the title conferred in 639. The Turkic reading of the elements is not settled.
  • 乙息記可汗 Chino Issik Khan Personas Yixiji kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
  • 乙支連幾 Chino Yizhi-lianji Personas Yizhi-lianji. The characters are those that the study of the Begre stele gives from the Tang huiyao.
  • 乙毗咄陸可汗 Chino Üç Tuğlu Khan Personas Yipi Duolu Khan, the title the western tribes gave him in 638.
  • 乙毗射匱可汗 Chino Irbis Shegui Khan Personas Yipi Shegui Khan; Irbis Šegui in the turkological reading. The second word is the name of Shegui Khan, 611 to 618, and this is not the same man.
  • 乙毗沙鉢羅葉護可汗 Chino Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Personas Yipi Shaboluo Yabgu Khan; Irbis Ïšbara Yabgu in the turkological reading. The histories shorten it to the Yabgu Khan or the Shaboluo Yabgu.
  • 乙毗缽羅肆葉護可汗 Chino Si Yabgu Khan Personas Yipi Boluo Si yehu kehan, his title in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the Cefu yuangui writes 乙毘沙鉢邏肆葉䕶可汗.
  • 乙註車鼻可汗 Chino Chebi Khan Personas Yizhu Chebi Khan, the title he took himself. The Turkic reading of the first element is not settled.
  • 九姓 Chino Toquz Oghuz Pueblos Jiuxing, the Nine Surnames, in the Tang account of Kapgan Khan's northern campaigns.
  • 乞伏 Chino Qifu Linajes The form of the Chinese records.
  • 予成 Chino Yucheng Khan Personas
  • 事火 Chino Fire Worship Religiones To serve fire; the words of the Life of Xuanzang for the Göktürks at the Yabgu Khan's court (Beal, p. 43).
  • 二十八等 Chino The Twenty-Eight Ranks Instituciones y títulos Ershiba deng, twenty-eight grades, the count of the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 于窴 Chino Khotan Lugares
  • 互市 Chino Border Markets Instituciones y títulos Hushi, mutual market; the word of Ilig Khan's request of 624.
  • 互市 Chino Raw Materials and Trade among the Turkic Peoples Instituciones y títulos Hushi, mutual market; the Chinese word for the frontier markets at which the Göktürks traded.
  • 五原 Chino Ordos Lugares Wuyuan, the Han and Tang commandery on the northern edge of the loop, north of which Ilig had his camp as a shad.
  • 五月八日 Chino Sacrifice and the year Religiones The eighth day of the fifth month, the day of the Western Göktürk gathering.
  • 五狼頭纛 Chino Li Chengqian's Göktürk Camp Batallas y sucesos Five wolf-head standards, which Li Chengqian had made for the camp.
  • 五部 Chino Five Divisions of the Xiongnu Estados Wubu, 'the five divisions', the term of the Jin Shu as the literature reports it; the passage has not been read at the text.
  • 五部高車合聚祭天 Chino The Great Sacrifice of the Gaoche Batallas y sucesos The five tribes of the Gaoche gathered together to sacrifice to Heaven; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 五隴阪 Chino The Standoff at Binzhou (624) Batallas y sucesos Wulong slope, with a different second character, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 五龍阪 Chino The Standoff at Binzhou (624) Batallas y sucesos Wulong slope, where the khan's horsemen drew up, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 交河 Chino Jiaohe Lugares Jiaohe, river junction; the Han Shu says the river divided and flowed round the city, and that this gave it the name.
  • 什鉢苾 Chino Töles Khan Personas Shiboubi, his personal name in the Tang history.
  • 仁孝端麗明智上壽可敦 Chino Princess Taihe Personas The khatun title in which the Xin Tang Shu has the Tang court invest her before she left.
  • 仍妻後母 Chino Levirate Instituciones y títulos And married his stepmother; of the son of Tardu Shad at Kunduz (Beal, p. 48).
  • 他人水 Chino Taren River Lugares Taren shui, the Taren water, in the Zhou Shu's account of Göktürk custom; T'a-jen in Wade-Giles.
  • 他人水 Chino Water Cult Religiones Taren shui, the river at which the Zhou Shu has the Göktürks gather in the middle of the fifth month to sacrifice to the spirit of heaven.
  • 他汗可汗 Chino Futu Khan Personas Tahan Khan, his title, glossed 'succession'.
  • 以其頭為飲器 Chino Skull Cup Instituciones y títulos Made his head into a drinking vessel; the Shiji on the Yuezhi king killed by the Xiongnu.
  • 以刀劃面 Chino Göktürk Face-Cutting Religiones yi dao hua mian, they gash the face with a knife; the wording of the Sui Shu.
  • 以刀𠢐面 Chino Göktürk Face-Cutting Religiones yi dao li mian, they cut the face with a knife; the wording of the Zhou Shu.
  • 以季春月大會於饒樂水上 Chino The Xianbei Spring Assembly Costumbres y pasatiempos In the last month of spring they hold a great assembly on the Raole river; the wording of the Hou Han Shu.
  • 以死殉 Chino Following in Death Religiones Followed him in death; of Suni Shi.
  • 以磧為界 Chino Submission of Ishbara (585) Batallas y sucesos 'With the desert as the frontier', the terms of the treaty in the Sui Shu.
  • 以高車為圍 Chino The Battue Costumbres y pasatiempos Made the Gaoche the ring; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 仲升 Chino Ban Chao Personas Zhongsheng, his courtesy name.
  • 仿製鏡 Chino Bronze Mirrors of the Steppe Instituciones y títulos Fangzhi jing, imitation mirror. The Japanese archaeologists call the copies of Han mirrors made outside China *hōseikyō*.
  • 伊利 Chino Illig Instituciones y títulos Yili, in Bumin's title 伊利可汗 and at the head of Ishbara's.
  • 伊利可汗 Chino Bumin Khan Personas Illig Khan, the title assumed in 552.
  • 伊利可汗 Chino Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) Batallas y sucesos Yili kehan, Illig Khan, the title as the Zhou Shu writes it.
  • 伊吾 Chino Yiwu Lugares Yiwu, in the Sui and Tang histories; the Tang chapter on the Western Regions calls it the city of Yiwu, 伊吾城.
  • 伊吾吐屯設 Chino Yiwu Tudun Shad Personas Yiwu tutun she, the tudun shad of Yiwu, in the biography of Pei Ju and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 伊吾設 Chino Yiwu Tudun Shad Personas Yiwu she, the shad of Yiwu, in the same biography's account of the meeting at Mount Yanzhi.
  • 伊然可汗 Chino Yiran Khan Personas Yiran Kehan; the Turkic name behind it is not known.
  • 伊稚斜 Chino Yizhixie Chanyu Personas The name as the Shiji and the Han Shu write it, followed by 單于, chanyu. I-chih-hsieh in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 伊穉斜 Chino Yizhixie Chanyu Personas The spelling of the Suoyin commentary of Sima Zhen (eighth century), which adds that 穉斜 is probably a Hu word and that this form comes near the actual one.
  • 伊西州 Chino Submission of Yiwu (630) Batallas y sucesos Yixi prefecture, the same prefecture in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 伊質泥師都 Chino Yizhi Nishidu Personas Yizhi Nishidu at his first mention in the Zhou Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; the texts then call him 泥師都, Nishidu.
  • 伏古敦可汗 Chino Tulun Khan Personas Fugudun Khan, his title, glossed 'constant'.
  • 伏圖 Chino Futu Khan Personas Peter B. Golden writes Fu-t'ou; he is also known as Tahan Khan, after his title.
  • 伐材 Chino Wood and Woodworking Instituciones y títulos Fa cai, felling timber. The Han Shu says that the Xiongnu felled several thousand timbers.
  • 伯 Chino Beg Instituciones y títulos Bo, an older brother and a rank of nobility. Proposed as the source of the Turkic word; the derivation is one of three that compete.
  • 伯度 Chino Dou Xian Personas Bodu, his courtesy name.
  • 伽藍 Chino Buddhism among the Göktürks Religiones Qielan, saṅghārāma: the monastery Taspar built.
  • 但耨可汗 Chino Rudan Khan Personas Danou kehan, the Tongdian's form, with 耨 for 褥 and the two characters in reverse order; a note gives the reading of 耨.
  • 佉沙 Chino Kashgar Lugares Qusha; the second name the Xin Tang Shu gives for Shule.
  • 佉沙 Chino Kesh Lugares Qusha; the second name that the Xin Tang Shu gives, and the name of the Tang prefecture made from the country in 658.
  • 佗鉢可汗 Chino Taspar Khan Personas Tuobo kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
  • 佛法 Chino Buddhism among the Göktürks Religiones Fofa, the Buddha's law, in the words Huilin uses to Taspar.
  • 你能作幾年可汗 Chino Raising on the Felt Religiones How many years can you be khan; the question put to the new ruler.
  • 佰 Chino Beg Instituciones y títulos Bai or bo, the leader of a hundred men, a centurion. The character under which Giles lists the Chinese word that the standard etymological dictionary compares; it is a different character from 伯.
  • 侖頭 Chino Luntai Lugares Luntou; the form in the Shiji's account of the Han farms.
  • 侯利伐 Chino Silifa Personas Houlifa, in the Bei Shi.
  • 俟利伐 Chino Silifa Personas Silifa, in the Sui Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 俟利弗設 Chino Chula Khan Personas Silifu Shad, his title before his accession.
  • 俟利發 Chino Shiboqu Azhan Personas Silifa, the title he bears in the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian. The Zhou Shu lists the silifa among the great offices of the Göktürks. The reading of the word as ilteber is itself disputed.
  • 俟斤 Chino Irkin Instituciones y títulos Siji, last in the Jiu Tang Shu's list of the great offices and standard in the titles of the Nushibi and Tiele chiefs.
  • 俟斤 Chino Mukan Khan Personas Sijin, given as his personal name; the same characters render the title irkin elsewhere.
  • 俟發 Chino Sifa Instituciones y títulos Sifa, in the Sui Shu and in the Bei Shi, which copies it.
  • 信義公主 Chino Princess Xinyi Personas Xinyi gongzhu, the princess Xinyi, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 俱儉特勒 Chino Jujian Tegin Personas Jujian Tegin in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 候其伏代庫者可汗 Chino Nagai Khan Personas Houqifudaikuzhe Khan, his title, glossed 'joyful'.
  • 候婁匐勒 Chino Afuzhiluo Personas Houloufule, his title, glossed 'great son of heaven'.
  • 候婁匐勒 Chino Gaoche Estados The title the people gave Afuzhiluo; the Wei Shu renders it "great son of heaven".
  • 候月將滿，輒為寇抄 Chino Raiding at the Full Moon Religiones They wait until the moon is about to be full, and then they raid.
  • 候月將滿，轉為寇抄 Chino Raiding at the Full Moon Religiones The Bei Shi's wording, with 轉 for 輒; taken from the Sui Shu.
  • 倫特勒 Chino Jujian Tegin Personas Lun Tegin, the tegin left behind in the Zizhi tongjian; whether he is the same man is an open question.
  • 僕固 Chino Bugu Pueblos The form of the Tang histories.
  • 僮僕都尉 Chino Captives and the Unfree Instituciones y títulos Tongpu duwei; rendered Commandant of Slaves, a translator's choice for a Xiongnu office that taxed the Western Regions.
  • 僮僕都尉 Chino Tongpu Duwei Instituciones y títulos Tongpu duwei; the title the Han Shu gives to the Xiongnu officer over the Western Regions.
  • 先祖之法 Chino Ancestor Cult Religiones The law of the forefathers, in the words the Sui Shu gives to Bagha in 587.
  • 先窟 Chino Ancestor Cult Religiones Xian ku, the cave of the forebears, to which the khan led the nobles each year.
  • 先窟 Chino Cave of the ancestors Lugares Xian ku, the cave of the forebears, in the Zhou Shu's account of Göktürk custom.
  • 先窟 Chino clásico Cave of the ancestors Lugares The Bei Shi repeats the Zhou Shu's wording; it is not a second witness.
  • 兒單于 Chino Er Chanyu Personas Er Chanyu, 'the Child Chanyu'. The Shiji gives it as the name by which he was called because he was young: 年少，號為兒單于.
  • 兩道 Chino Trade Routes of the Steppe Instituciones y títulos Liangdao, the two roads out of the Jade Gate and Yangguan in the Han Shu.
  • 公主 Chino Kunçuy Instituciones y títulos Gongzhu, princess. The Old Uyghur texts match kunçuy with this word and, in other places, with 女人 nǚrén, woman.
  • 六畜 Chino Livestock Losses in the Annals Instituciones y títulos Liuchu, the six domestic animals; the Tang histories' word for the herds of the Göktürks.
  • 六鎮 Chino Six Garrisons Instituciones y títulos
  • 六鎮之亂 Chino Revolt of the Six Garrisons Guerras The Rising of the Six Garrisons, the modern Chinese name; the histories speak of the garrisons that rose one after another.
  • 兵器 Chino Göktürk Weapons Instituciones y títulos Bingqi, weapons; the word with which the Zhou Shu opens its list of bows and arrows, whistling arrows, armour, lances, sabres and swords.
  • 其坐，長左而北鄉 Chino Seating at the Feast Costumbres y pasatiempos When they sit, the left is the senior side and they face north; the Shiji on the Xiongnu.
  • 其書字類胡 Chino The origin of the Old Turkic script Controversias Their written characters resemble those of the Hu. The one sixth-century notice that says the Göktürks wrote at all.
  • 冊府元龜 Chino Cefu yuangui Fuentes The title as the text gives it.
  • 冒頓 Chino Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) Personas The form of the Shiji and the Han Shu, read Modu; Mao-tun and Mo-tun in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 冠軍侯 Chino Huo Qubing Personas Marquis of Guanjun, 'first in the army', the fief given to him in 123 BC.
  • 出鐵 Chino Iron of the Bayegu Instituciones y títulos Chu tie, produces iron, the Tongdian's wording for the same country.
  • 刀鋋 Chino Xiongnu Ironworking Instituciones y títulos Daochan, knife and short lance, the Shiji's words for the short weapons of the Xiongnu.
  • 刑白馬 Chino Horse Sacrifice Religiones To kill a white horse for an oath; the words of the Han Shu for the covenant on the river Nuo, and of the Jiu Tang Shu for the covenant of 626.
  • 利稽察 Chino Lijicha Personas Lijicha, in the edict of 583 as the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi quote it.
  • 刺史 Chino Çigşi Instituciones y títulos Cishi, the Chinese prefect of a zhou, the head of a prefecture. The Xin Tang Shu names prefects of Lanzhou and Beiping in the account of Ilterish's raid.
  • 刻木為契 Chino Tally Sticks and the Golden Arrow Instituciones y títulos Kemu wei qi, they notch wood to make agreements; the Sui Shu's shorter version.
  • 刻木為數 Chino Tally Sticks and the Golden Arrow Instituciones y títulos Kemu wei shu, they notch wood to record the number.
  • 刻石為像 Chino Stone Figures Religiones "Cut stone into an image": the Old Tang History on the likeness of Kül Tegin set up at his monument.
  • 前燕 Chino Former Yan Estados The form of the Chinese records.
  • 副伏羅 Chino Fufuluo Linajes Fufuluo, written 副伏羅氏 in the list of the twelve Gaoche clans and 副伏羅部 where the clan acts as a tribe.
  • 劍水 Chino Jian River Lugares Jian shui, the Jian water, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 勃登凝梨 Chino Bodeng Ningli Lugares The Bei Shi's spelling, with 梨 for 黎.
  • 勃登凝黎 Chino Bodeng Ningli Lugares Bodeng ningli, the name in the Zhou Shu's account of Göktürk custom; P'o-teng-ning-li in Wade-Giles.
  • 勃登凝黎 Chino Sacred Mountains Religiones Bodeng ningli, the name the Göktürks gave to a bare high mountain, glossed by the Zhou Shu as the spirit of the earth.
  • 勑勒歌 Chino The Chile Song Costumbres y pasatiempos The title in the Bei Qi Shu, written with the variant character 勑.
  • 勝兵 Chino Army of the Steppe Empires Instituciones y títulos Shengbing, men fit for war; the Tang histories give the fighting strength of a people in this term.
  • 匈奴 Chino Xiongnu Estados
  • 匐你熱汗 Chino Funi Rehan Instituciones y títulos Funi rehan, which the transmitted sentence gives as the Göktürk word for wine.
  • 匐俱 Chino Inel Khan Personas Fuju, his name in the Tang history at his appointment in 699.
  • 北周 Chino Northern Zhou Estados Northern Zhou, the later name that separates the dynasty from the Zhou of antiquity.
  • 北庭 Chino Beiting Lugares Beiting, the Northern Court.
  • 北庭 Chino Beshbalik Lugares Beiting, the Northern Court: the protectorate seat north of the Tian Shan in the Tang chapters on the Göktürks.
  • 北庭 Chino Dzungaria Lugares Beiting, the Northern Court: the Tang protectorate at Jimsar on the northern slope of the Tian Shan, and in the Xin Tang Shu the seat of the Duolu Khan west of the Zuhe mountain.
  • 北庭大都護府 Chino Beiting Lugares Beiting da duhufu, the Grand Protectorate of Beiting; the office Ashina Xian held in the Chang'an period.
  • 北樓關 Chino Beilou Pass Lugares Beilou guan, the Beilou pass, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 北海 Chino Beihai Lugares Beihai, the Northern Sea, in the Zhou Shu's description of Mukan's realm; the Sui Shu uses the name in the chancellor Gao Jiong's toast and in its chapter on the Tiele.
  • 北魏 Chino Northern Wei Estados The usual modern name; the dynasty called itself Wei 魏.
  • 北齊 Chino Northern Qi Estados
  • 北齊書 Chino Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) Fuentes
  • 十姓可汗 Chino On Oq Pueblos Shi xing kehan, Khan of the Ten Surnames; the Tang title carried by Ashina Duzhi, Huaidao and Xin.
  • 十姓部落 Chino On Oq Pueblos Shi xing buluo, the Ten Surnames tribes; the same sentence gives it as the name of the whole.
  • 十等 Chino The Twenty-Eight Ranks Instituciones y títulos Shi deng, ten grades, the Tongdian's count for the beginning of the khaganate.
  • 十箭 Chino On Oq Pueblos Shi jian, the Ten Arrows; the Xin Tang Shu gives it beside the Ten Shads in the sentence that divides the state.
  • 千泉 Chino Thousand Springs Lugares Qianquan, 'thousand springs'; Xuanzang's Record says the place took the name from its thousand springs and pools. The Tang histories write it the same way.
  • 千金公主 Chino Death of Princess Dayi Batallas y sucesos Qianjin gongzhu, her title as a princess of the Northern Zhou.
  • 千金公主 Chino Princess Qianjin Personas Qianjin gongzhu, Princess Qianjin, the title the Zhou gave her in 579.
  • 千金公主 Chino The Marriage of Princess Qianjin (580) Batallas y sucesos Qianjin gongzhu, Princess Qianjin, the title the Zhou gave her.
  • 南匈奴 Chino Southern Xiongnu Estados
  • 南史 Chino Nan Shi Fuentes Nan Shi, the History of the Southern Dynasties; one of the Twenty-Four Histories, the southern companion of the Bei Shi.
  • 南單于 Chino Southern Xiongnu Estados The Southern Chanyu; the Hou Han Shu names the realm by its ruler more often than by itself.
  • 南庭 Chino Beiting Lugares Nanting, the Southern Court. Beiting is formed against it, and the two are measured from the same point.
  • 南面可汗 Chino The Western and Southern Khans Instituciones y títulos Nanmian kehan, the Southern Khan, in Pei Ju's plan for Shibi's brother.
  • 南齊書 Chino Nan Qi Shu Fuentes Nan Qi Shu, the Book of Southern Qi; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 博望侯 Chino Zhang Qian Personas Marquis of Bowang, the title he received in the sixth year of Yuanshuo, 123 BC; later envoys used it to vouch for themselves.
  • 卜之，不吉 Chino Omens and Divination Religiones They divined it, and it was inauspicious; of Chula Khan's plan to take Bingzhou.
  • 㕎颯 Chino Hesa Khan Personas Hesa, as the Tang Huiyao writes the name; it has 可汗 after it. The Xin Tang Shu and the Jiu Tang Shu write the second character 馺, and the first character is damaged in the text read.
  • 參天可汗道 Chino Trade Routes of the Steppe Instituciones y títulos Cantian kehan dao, the Road for Paying Court to the Heavenly Khan, 647; the Xin Tang Shu writes the road as 參天至尊道.
  • 受羅部真可汗 Chino Yucheng Khan Personas Shouluobuzhen Khan, his title, glossed 'gracious'.
  • 口頌咒文 Chino Wuhuan Funeral Songs Costumbres y pasatiempos To chant a spell; the two men who spoke for the spirit of the dead on the night of the burial.
  • 句注 Chino Gouzhu Pass Lugares Gouzhu, the form of the Shiji, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian; the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu write 句註.
  • 句注陘 Chino Gouzhu Pass Lugares Gouzhu xing, the Gouzhu defile, in the annals of the Northern Wei.
  • 句錄末賀 Chino Külüg Bagha Personas Julu Mohe, with a different third character. The Jiu Tang Shu calls him a general (將軍).
  • 句錄莫賀 Chino Külüg Bagha Personas Julu Mohe. The Xin Tang Shu calls him a great chief (渠長) of the Uyghurs and, in its account of the Kirghiz, a general of the Uyghurs (其將).
  • 句黎湖 Chino Xulihu Chanyu Personas Goulihu, the Han Shu's form. The first two characters differ from the Shiji's, the third is the same.
  • 可敦 Chino Katun Instituciones y títulos Kedun, the standing Chinese transcription of the title.
  • 可汗 Chino Are Khan Personas Kehan, khan. The title the Xin Tang Shu says he took himself when the Uyghurs weakened.
  • 可汗 Chino Khan (Khagan) Instituciones y títulos kehan, the Chinese transcription used for the Rouran and the Türk rulers alike.
  • 可汗 Chino The origin of the title Khan Controversias Kehan. The form in which the Wei Shu writes the title of Shelun. It glosses the word as 'emperor' in the speech of Wei.
  • 可薩 Chino Khazar Khaganate Estados Kesa; Golden gives Ho-sa and K'o-sa and holds the Chinese forms to have come through an Iranian intermediary.
  • 可賀敦 Chino Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) Batallas y sucesos Kehedun, katun, the title Bumin gave his wife.
  • 可賀敦 Chino Women among the Turkic Peoples Instituciones y títulos Kehedun, the Göktürk title of the khan's wife; the Zhou Shu sets it beside the yanzhi of old. The Chinese histories also write 可敦.
  • 可賀敦周千金公主 Chino Princess Qianjin Personas 'The katun, the Zhou princess Qianjin', in the Sui Shu's account of Ishbara's submission.
  • 叱吉 Chino Chiji Shad Personas Chiji, the name without the title, in the sentence on his refusal.
  • 叱吉設 Chino Chiji Shad Personas Chiji Shad in the biography of Pei Ju in the Sui Shu and in the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 史君 Chino Tomb of Shi Jun Fuentes Shi Jun, "Lord Shi", the name as the Chinese epitaph gives it; it names his city of origin, Shi (Kesh), and is no personal name.
  • 史國 Chino Kesh Lugares Shi guo, the kingdom of Shi; the name in the Sui Shu and the Tang histories.
  • 史蜀胡悉 Chino Murder of Shishu Huxi Batallas y sucesos Shishu Huxi.
  • 史蜀胡悉 Chino Shishu Huxi Personas Shishu Huxi in the biography of Pei Ju in the Sui Shu and in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 史記 Chino Shiji Fuentes
  • 右殺 Chino Right Shad (d. 741) Personas Right Shad, his office in the Tang history; the eastern counterpart was the Left Shad.
  • 右賢王 Chino Worthy Kings of the Left and Right Instituciones y títulos You Xian Wang, Worthy King of the Right.
  • 各殺羊馬，陳於帳前，祭之 Chino Horse Sacrifice Religiones Each kills sheep and horses, sets them out before the tent and makes the offering; the Zhou Shu on the Göktürk funeral.
  • 合伊難支 Chino Alp Inanch Personas He Yinanzhi, in Drompp's Wade-Giles Ho I-nan-chih. The Zizhi tongjian chapter is not among the texts at hand; the characters are those in Drompp's article.
  • 合市 Chino Northern Xiongnu Market at Wuwei (AD 84) Batallas y sucesos Heshi, joint market; the word of the Hou Han Shu for the trade the Northern chanyu asked for at Wuwei.
  • 合骨咄祿毗伽可汗 Chino Tun Bagha Tarkan Personas Alp Kutlug Bilge Khan.
  • 同俄設 Chino Ishbara Tolis Khan Personas Tong'e Shad, his title before his accession.
  • 同羅 Chino Tongra Pueblos The form of the Tang histories.
  • 吐務 Chino Tuwu Personas Tuwu, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürks: grandson of Nadulu 訥都陸, titled Great Yabgu, father of Tumen Ilig Khan and Shidianmi; the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi do not give the name.
  • 吐屯 Chino Tudun Instituciones y títulos Tutun, the shorter form used throughout the Tang chapters on the eastern and western Göktürks.
  • 吐屯發 Chino Tudun Instituciones y títulos Tutunfa, fifth in the Zhou Shu's list of the great offices, after the ilteber.
  • 吐渾邪 Chino Tuyuhun Hunye Personas The spelling of the Cefu yuangui.
  • 吐火羅 Chino Bactria Lugares
  • 吐火羅葉護 Chino Yabgus of Tokharistan Estados Tuhuoluo yehu, the yabgu of Tokhara. The Xin Tang Shu says that the king of the country bears the title yehu.
  • 吐烏過拔闕可汗 Chino Que Dadu Shad Personas Tuwuguoba Que kehan, the title the Tang gave him in 618; the Cefu yuangui writes 吐焉過拔闕可汗.
  • 吐蕃 Chino The Tibetan Empire Estados Tubo, in the Tang chapters; the power that wrote to Bilge Khan in 727.
  • 吐谷渾 Chino Tuyuhun Pueblos
  • 吐谷渾邪 Chino Tuyuhun Hunye Personas Tuyuhun Hunye at the first mention in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 吐賀真 Chino Tuhezhen Khan Personas
  • 向夫人 Chino Lady Xiang Personas Xiang furen, the Lady Xiang, in Cui Junsu's speech in the Sui Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 向氏 Chino Lady Xiang Personas Xiang shi, of the Xiang family, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 君登里邏 Chino Kün Tengri Religiones Jun denglilo, the opening of the title conferred on the Uyghur khagan in 821; the Chinese transcription of kün täŋridä.
  • 吞阿婁拔奚利邲咄陸可汗 Chino Nishu Bagha Shad Personas Tun Aloubo Xilibi Duolu kehan, the title of the Tang investiture in the Jiu Tang Shu; 吞阿婁拔利邲咄陸可汗 in the Xin Tang Shu, 奚利邲咄陸可汗 in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 吳提 Chino Wuti Khan Personas
  • 周 Chino Northern Zhou Estados Zhou; the Zhou Shu, its own history, speaks of 'the court' and 'us'.
  • 周槃 Chino Battle of Zhoupan (582) Batallas y sucesos Zhoupan, the place of the battle.
  • 周槃 Chino Zhoupan Lugares Zhoupan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 周武帝 Chino Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Personas
  • 呴犁湖 Chino Xulihu Chanyu Personas The Shiji's form, followed by 單于, chanyu. The commentaries of Pei Yin and Sima Zhen read the first character 呴 in two ways, gou and xu; the pinyin Xulihu follows the second, and Kou-li-hu in the Wade-Giles literature follows the first. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 呼屠吾斯 Chino Zhizhi Chanyu Personas Hutuwusi, his personal name, given when his brother raised him to Left Guli King.
  • 呼韓邪單于 Chino Bi Chanyu Personas Huhanye Chanyu, the title the chiefs of the eight tribes gave him in AD 48 after his grandfather's.
  • 呼韓邪單于 Chino Huhanye Chanyu Personas Hu-han-yeh in the Wade-Giles literature. His personal name is given as 稽侯狦 Jihoushan.
  • 呾度設 Chino Tardu Shad Personas Dadu she, Tardu Shad, in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, which explains shad as the title of an official.
  • 咄吉世 Chino Shibi Khan Personas Duojishi, his personal name in the Sui Shu; the Jiu Tang Shu writes Duoji 咄吉.
  • 咄悉匐 Chino Duoxifu Personas Duoxifu, in the Tang histories' list of the offices Ilterish gave when he set himself up as khan, and in the account of the year 699.
  • 咄苾 Chino Ilig Khan Personas Duobi, his personal name in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 咄陸可汗 Chino Nishu Bagha Shad Personas Duolu kehan, Duolu Khan, his title as khan from 632; not the later Yipi Duolu Khan of 638.
  • 咄陸可汗 Chino Üç Tuğlu Khan Personas Duolu Khan, as the histories shorten it; also the title of Nishu, 632 to 634.
  • 和市 Chino Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade Instituciones y títulos Heshi, purchase at an agreed price; the Jiu Tang Shu says that the Uyghurs sent envoys to trade horses for silk in this way (以馬和市繒帛).
  • 咎徵妖作 Chino Omens and Divination Religiones Ill omens and prodigies arose; the Sui emperor's edict on the portents in the Göktürk lands.
  • 咥力特勒 Chino Si Yabgu Khan Personas Dieli tele, Dieli Tegin, his name as a prince in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the Tongdian writes 咥利特勤.
  • 哥利達官 Chino Geli Daguan Instituciones y títulos Geli daguan; geli is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for old.
  • 唐 Chino Tang Estados Tang.
  • 唐會要 Chino Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang) Fuentes Tang huiyao, the Essential Documents of the Tang.
  • 唯以草青為記 Chino Sacrifice and the year Religiones They mark the year only by the greening of the grass; the Zhou Shu's statement that they did not know a calendar.
  • 啜 Chino Chur Instituciones y títulos Chuo, in the Tang list of the great offices and in the titles of the five chiefs of the Duolu.
  • 喜致震霆 Chino Gaoche Thunder Rite Religiones The phrase that opens the passage: they often drew down thunder, or, in a second rendering, they were fond of it.
  • 單于 Chino Chanyu Instituciones y títulos
  • 單于大都護府 Chino Shanyu Protectorate Lugares Shanyu da duhufu, the Shanyu Grand Protectorate; the Xin Tang Shu's name for the Yunzhong protectorate after Gaozong renamed it.
  • 單于都護府 Chino Shanyu Protectorate Lugares Shanyu duhufu, the Shanyu protectorate; set up with the Hanhai protectorate after the fall of Chebi Khan.
  • 嚈噠 Chino Hephthalites Pueblos Chinese Yeda; the form Hua is also given.
  • 四鎮 Chino Anxi Protectorate Lugares Sizhen, the Four Garrisons that stood under the protectorate.
  • 回紇 Chino Uyghur Khaganate Estados The form of the Tang histories; the later spelling 回鶻 is also used.
  • 回紇 Chino Uyghurs Pueblos Huihe, the form of the Tang histories for the empire period.
  • 回紇路 Chino Trade Routes of the Steppe Instituciones y títulos Huihe lu, the Uyghur road; the name Li Deyu gives in 843 to the way to Anxi and Beiting through Uyghur land.
  • 回鶻 Chino Uyghurs Pueblos Huihu, the later spelling.
  • 因頭特勒 Chino Yintou Tegin Personas With 勒 for 勤, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 因頭特勤 Chino Yintou Tegin Personas Yintou Tegin, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 特勤 is the title tegin.
  • 土門 Chino Bumin Khan Personas
  • 地勤察 Chino Diqincha Personas Diqincha, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 地神 Chino Animism Religiones Dishen, the spirit of the earth: the Zhou Shu's gloss on the bare mountain called 勃登凝黎.
  • 地神 Chino Bodeng Ningli Lugares Dishen, the spirit of the earth, the Zhou Shu's Chinese rendering of the name.
  • 地神 Chino Sacred Mountains Religiones Dishen, the spirit of the earth, the Chinese gloss on the name of that mountain.
  • 地神 Chino Yer-Su Spirits Religiones Dishen, the spirit of the earth, the Zhou Shu's gloss on the mountain called 勃登凝黎. The Chinese never render Yer-Sub.
  • 埋羖羊，燃火，拔刀，女巫祝說 Chino Gaoche Thunder Rite Religiones They bury a ram, light a fire and draw their knives, and a female shaman speaks prayers; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 執失思力 Chino Zhishi Sili Personas Zhishi Sili in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 堅昆 Chino The Khakas name debate Controversias Jiankun. The older name of the country, which the Xin Tang Shu says Xiajiasi replaced.
  • 堅昆 Chino Yenisei Kirghiz Pueblos Jiankun, the old name of the country in the Han and Tang texts; the Xin Tang Shu says that the Xiajiasi of the ninth century are its people.
  • 堅昆 Chino Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Estados Jiankun, the old Chinese name of the country, which the Xin Tangshu equates with the Xiajiasi.
  • 堅昆府 Chino Kirghiz embassy of 648 Batallas y sucesos Jiankun fu, the Jiankun command, the Tang name of the Kirghiz land after the audience.
  • 塔寒 Chino Tahan Personas Tahan, in the Bei Shi and the Zizhi Tongjian. Not to be confused with 他汗 Tahan, the title of Futu Khan.
  • 塞 Chino Saka Pueblos Sai, the Chinese transcription, read back through earlier stages as *sək, *sək, *səg.
  • 壺衍鞮單于 Chino Huyandi Chanyu Personas Hu-yen-ti in the Wade-Giles literature. No personal name and no Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 夏州 Chino Xiazhou Lugares Xiazhou, in the Sui Shu, the Tang histories and the Zizhi tongjian; notes in the Tongdian give it as the Shuofang commandery of their own day.
  • 多殺羊馬以祭天 Chino Horse Sacrifice Religiones In the fifth month they kill many sheep and horses to sacrifice to heaven; the Sui Shu on the Göktürks.
  • 大人 Chino Wuhuan Pueblos Daren, 'great man': the chief of a camp or a tribe, chosen for courage and not by inheritance.
  • 大利城 Chino Dali City Lugares Dali cheng, the walled town of Dali; the Tongdian, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian have the same form.
  • 大可汗 Chino Great Khan Instituciones y títulos Da kehan, in the Sui Shu, the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 大可汗 Chino Shegui Khan Personas Great Khan, the title the Sui court proposed to confer on him in Pei Ju's plan.
  • 大周 Chino Northern Zhou Estados Great Zhou, the style of the dynasty's own edicts.
  • 大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳 Chino Life of Xuanzang Fuentes Biography of the Master of the Law of the Three Baskets of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang; the title as the text gives it.
  • 大唐西域記 Chino Record of the Western Regions Fuentes Record of the Western Regions of the Great Tang; the title as the text gives it.
  • 大夏 Chino Bactria Lugares Daxia, the name of the country in the Han texts; the equation with Bactria is the modern identification.
  • 大宛 Chino Ferghana Lugares Dayuan, the name of the Shiji and the Han Shu. Most commentators identify it with Ferghana; it has also been identified with Sogdiana.
  • 大將軍 Chino Wei Qing Personas Grand General, the rank given to him in the field in 124 BC.
  • 大斤山 Chino Battle of Mount Dajin (600) Batallas y sucesos Dajin shan, Mount Dajin.
  • 大斤山 Chino Mount Dajin Lugares Dajin shan, the form of the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 大月氏 Chino Yuezhi Pueblos The Great Yuezhi, the part that went west; the Shiji and the Han Shu use it for the people on the Oxus.
  • 大校獵 Chino The Battue Costumbres y pasatiempos Da xiaolie, the great hunt; the Wei Shu's name for the hunt after the campaign against the Gaoche.
  • 大樹 Chino Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Religiones Dashu, the great tree under which the ten sons gathered to choose a leader in the Suo-state legend.
  • 大檀 Chino Datan Khan Personas
  • 大清池 Chino Issyk-Kul Lugares Da qingchi, the Great Clear Lake, in the first book of Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions.
  • 大渡可汗 Chino Nishu Bagha Shad Personas Dadu kehan, another name for him in the Jiu Tang Shu; the Tongdian writes 大度可汗.
  • 大羅便 Chino Daluobian Instituciones y títulos Daluobian, the title and the name of the wine vessel in the Tongdian.
  • 大義公主 Chino Death of Princess Dayi Batallas y sucesos Dayi gongzhu, Princess Dayi, the title the Sui gave her when Ishbara submitted.
  • 大義公主 Chino Princess Qianjin Personas Dayi gongzhu, Princess Dayi, the title the Sui gave her.
  • 大義公主 Chino The Marriage of Princess Qianjin (580) Batallas y sucesos Dayi gongzhu, Princess Dayi, the title the Sui later gave her.
  • 大葉護 Chino Tuwu Personas The Great Yabgu, the title under which the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi say the stock grew strong before Bumin; the identification with Bumin's father is the literature's.
  • 大谷 Chino The Göktürk Campaign of 625 Batallas y sucesos Dagu, the same place in the Xin Tang Shu; the Zizhi tongjian also writes it so where it posts Li Gaoqian there.
  • 大足羊 Chino Sheep Instituciones y títulos Dazuyang, big-footed sheep; the Xin Tang Shu's description of the livestock of the early Uyghurs.
  • 大邏便 Chino Daluobian Instituciones y títulos Daluobian with a different second character, the personal name of Mukan Khan's son, later Apa Khan.
  • 大邏便 Chino Töremen Apa Personas Daluobian, the personal name in the Chinese histories; Peter B. Golden writes Ta-lo-pien.
  • 大隋 Chino Sui Estados The Great Sui, as Qimin Khan's memorials call it.
  • 大食 Chino The Abbasid Caliphate Estados Dashi, the Tang name for the Arabs; the chapters do not distinguish the two houses.
  • 大食 Chino The Umayyad Caliphate Estados Dashi, the Tang name for the Arabs.
  • 天元上皇太后 Chino Empress Ashina Personas Tianyuan Shang empress dowager, the title Xuandi gave her in 580.
  • 天山 Chino Tian Shan Lugares The Heavenly Mountains.
  • 天神 Chino Tengri Religiones Tianshen, the spirit of heaven, in the Zhou Shu's account of the mid-fifth-month sacrifice. No Chinese source writes a name that can be read as Tengri.
  • 太原 Chino Jinyang Lugares
  • 太和公主 Chino Princess Taihe Personas Taihe gongzhu, the princess of Taihe; the title under which she was married out in 821.
  • 太和長公主 Chino Princess Taihe Personas The form of the Cefu yuangui for the enfeoffment and the marriage of 821.
  • 太祖 Chino Yuwen Tai Personas Taizu, his temple name as founder of the Northern Zhou, under which the Zhou Shu records his dealings with Bumin and Mukan.
  • 太谷 Chino The Göktürk Campaign of 625 Batallas y sucesos Taigu, where Zhang Jin's army was lost, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 夫餘 Chino Buyeo Estados The form of the Wei Shu and the Hou Han Shu; also written 扶餘. Fu-yü in the Wade-Giles literature, Puyŏ in Korean.
  • 失缽屈阿棧 Chino Shiboqu Azhan Personas Shiboqu Azhan. The Zizhi tongjian writes the same five characters. The text does not show where the name divides, and no Turkic form is attested for it.
  • 失韋 Chino Shiwei Pueblos The writing of the Wei Shu, which gives them their own entry.
  • 夷男 Chino Yinan Khan Personas Yinan, the Chinese transcription of the name.
  • 夾畢特勒 Chino Ashina Simo Personas Jiabi Tele, the rank he held through two reigns because he was never allowed to command troops as a shad.
  • 奇畜 Chino Xiongnu Herds Instituciones y títulos Qichu, the unusual livestock; the camels, donkeys, mules and three kinds of equid that the Shiji sets apart from horses, cattle and sheep.
  • 奔馬環臨之 Chino Riding Round the Dead Religiones They galloped their horses round him; the mock funeral of the Tang crown prince Li Chengqian, Xin Tang Shu 80.
  • 契丹 Chino Khitan Pueblos Qidan. The Wei Shu gives them their own entry, east of the Kumo Xi.
  • 契苾 Chino Qibi Pueblos The form of the Tang histories and of the Tang Huiyao.
  • 契骨 Chino Yenisei Kirghiz Pueblos Qigu, the form in the Zhou Shu; that it names the Kirghiz is an identification made by modern scholarship.
  • 奧射設 Chino Aoshe Shad Personas Aoshe Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 奴婢 Chino Captives and the Unfree Instituciones y títulos Nubi, slaves; the Shiji says that the Xiongnu warrior who took a captive took him as nubi.
  • 好突厥言及所服 Chino Li Chengqian's Göktürk Camp Batallas y sucesos He loved the speech and the dress of the Türk; the words with which the Xin Tang Shu introduces the camp.
  • 妻其後母、世叔母及嫂 Chino Levirate Instituciones y títulos They take as wives their stepmothers, their uncles' wives and their elder brothers' wives.
  • 妻其羣母及嫂 Chino Levirate Instituciones y títulos The Sui Shu's wording: they take as wives their fathers' wives and their elder brothers' wives.
  • 始波羅 Chino Ishbara (Title) Instituciones y títulos Shiboluo, the Tongdian's word for the brave and strong, and the form in the titles of Ishbara Khan in the Sui Shu.
  • 始畢可汗 Chino Shibi Khan Personas Shibi Khan, the Chinese form of his title. No Turkic form is recorded.
  • 姑臧 Chino Wuwei Lugares Guzang, the older name of the town.
  • 姑墨 Chino Aksu Lugares Gumo; the name of the state in the Han Shu. The Wei Shu writes 姑默.
  • 娉 Chino Bride-Price in Livestock Instituciones y títulos Pin, betrothal; the Wei Shu's word for the payment of the Gaoche in cattle and horses.
  • 娑毗設 Chino Suopi Shad Personas Suopi Shad, in the edict of 583 as the Sui Shu quotes it; 設 is the title shad.
  • 婆匐可敦 Chino Pofu Katun Personas
  • 婆實特勒 Chino Poshi Tegin Personas Poshi tele, in the Zizhi tongjian, with the Tang spelling of the title.
  • 婆實特勤 Chino Poshi Tegin Personas Poshi teqin, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian.
  • 婆施 Chino Lady Poshi Personas Poshi, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 婆施氏 Chino Lady Poshi Personas Poshi shi, the lady of the Poshi family, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 婆羅門 Chino Poluomen Khan Personas The Chinese transcription of Brahman, used as a personal name. No Rouran form is recorded.
  • 婚姻用牛馬納聘以為榮 Chino The Gaoche Wedding Costumbres y pasatiempos In marriage they pay the betrothal gift in cattle and horses and count it an honour; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 子卿 Chino Su Wu Personas Ziqing, his courtesy name. Li Ling addresses him by it at the North Sea.
  • 孝武皇帝 Chino Emperor Wu of Han Personas The full style, with which the Han Shu annals open.
  • 孤塗 Chino Kut Instituciones y títulos Gutu, in the Xiongnu ruler's title Chengli Gutu Chanyu; glossed 'son' by the Han Shu; on the best view, Kut.
  • 㝅登疑梨 Chino Bodeng Ningli Lugares The Tongdian's spelling.
  • 宇文 Chino Yuwen Linajes The form of the Chinese records.
  • 宇文泰 Chino Yuwen Tai Personas The Zhou Shu, the history of his house, calls him Taizu, the founding ancestor, throughout.
  • 宇文護 Chino Yuwen Hu Personas
  • 安 Chino Bukhara Lugares An, the Chinese name of the country of Bukhara in the Sui Shu and the Tang histories; the Xin Tang Shu adds that it is also called Buhuo and Buhe 捕喝 and that the Wei called it Niumi 忸蜜.
  • 安伽 Chino Tomb of An Jia Fuentes An Jia; the second character is also read Qie, and the tomb is published as the tomb of An Qie.
  • 安北都護府 Chino Anbei Protectorate Lugares Anbei duhufu, the Anbei protectorate; the memorial of 845 dates its first appearance under this name to 698.
  • 安定大長公主 Chino Princess Taihe Personas Anding Grand Senior Princess, the writing of the Zizhi tongjian and of one edict in the Tang Huiyao for the same title.
  • 安祿山 Chino An Lushan Personas Lushan transcribes the Sogdian Rōxšan, the luminous; Peter B. Golden gives the Sogdian as rwxšn and compares Persian rōšan.
  • 安禪具泥 Chino Anchan Juni Instituciones y títulos Anchan juni; anchan is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for meat.
  • 安義公主 Chino Princess Anyi Personas Anyi gongzhu, Princess Anyi, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 安西都護府 Chino Anxi Protectorate Lugares Anxi duhufu, the Anxi protectorate; set up in the ninth month of 640 in Xizhou.
  • 安諾槃陀 Chino An Nuopantuo Personas So the Zhou Shu; the last character is written with a variant.
  • 宋書 Chino Song Shu Fuentes Song Shu, the Book of Song; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 宗正屬籍 Chino The Kirghiz descent from Li Ling Controversias Zongzheng shuji, the register of the imperial clan in which the Tang court ordered the Kirghiz khan to be entered.
  • 宗英雄武誠明可汗 Chino Tang investiture of the Kirghiz (847) Batallas y sucesos Zongying Xiongwu Chengming Khan, the title planned in 845 and never issued.
  • 定襄 Chino Dingxiang Lugares Dingxiang; 定襄城, the town of Dingxiang, in the Jiu Tang Shu; 故定襄城, the old town of Dingxiang, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 定遠侯 Chino Ban Chao Personas Marquis of Dingyuan, the title his sister gives him in her petition of 100.
  • 宣宗 Chino Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (846–859) Personas Xuanzong, the temple name of this emperor. The emperor of the eighth century with the same romanised name, 玄宗, is a different man.
  • 室韋 Chino Shiwei Pueblos Shiwei, Shih-wei in the Wade-Giles literature. The Sui Shu calls them a kind of Khitan, those of the north.
  • 室點密 Chino Istemi Personas Shidianmi with the homophone 密, the form of the Jiu Tang Shu, which calls him 室點密可汗; the form usually printed in the modern literature.
  • 室點蜜 Chino Istemi Personas Shidianmi, at the head of the western Göktürk chapter: 次子曰室點蜜. The Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu do not name him.
  • 宰殺邦家，變爲勸善之國 Chino Manichaean Diet of the Uyghurs Religiones A country of slaughter became a country that exhorts to the good; the Chinese face of the Karabalghasun inscription on the conversion of the Uyghurs.
  • 密的支 Chino Kemijkat Lugares Midizhi, which the Xin Tang Shu gives as the name of the khan's camp at the Blue Mountain. The editors equate it with K.M.JKATH.
  • 寧胡閼氏 Chino Wang Zhaojun Personas Ninghu Yanzhi, her title among the Xiongnu: the consort who brings peace to the Hu.
  • 封氏聞見記 Chino Fengshi Wenjian Ji Fuentes Record of what Mr Feng heard and saw.
  • 射匱可汗 Chino Shegui Khan Personas Shegui kehan, in the Sui Shu and the Xin Tang Shu; older romanisations write Che-koei and Shih-kuei; the pinyin form is Shegui. No Turkic form of the name is attested.
  • 射獵 Chino Hunting among the Göktürks Costumbres y pasatiempos Shelie, shooting and hunting; the Zhou Shu says that the Göktürks made herding and shooting and hunting their business (以畜牧射獵為務).
  • 將軍 Chino Saŋun Instituciones y títulos Jiangjun, general. The Turkic word is taken from it.
  • 小可汗 Chino Inel Khan Personas The Lesser Khan, his rank; the Xin Tang Shu uses the same term for the man Kül Tegin killed.
  • 小可汗 Chino Lesser Khan Instituciones y títulos
  • 小月氏 Chino Yuezhi Pueblos The Little Yuezhi, the remnant that stayed among the Qiang of the southern mountains.
  • 小殺 Chino Bilge Khan Personas Xiaosha, 'the Little Shad', what his own people called him by the Tang history, from the office he held under his uncle.
  • 少卿 Chino Li Ling Personas Shaoqing, his courtesy name. Han envoys, Su Wu and the chanyu's court address him by it.
  • 居次 Chino Women among the Turkic Peoples Instituciones y títulos Juci, the title the Han Shu gives to the two daughters of Wang Zhaojun and the chanyu Fuzhulei.
  • 屈利俟毗可汗 Chino Baghatur Khan Personas Quli Sibi kehan, the title in the Xin Tang Shu, which also shortens it to 俟毗可汗, Sibi Khan.
  • 屈利啜 Chino Külüg Chur Instituciones y títulos Quli chuo, the form in the Jiu Tang Shu's list of the western offices.
  • 屈律啜 Chino Külüg Chur Instituciones y títulos Quluchuo, in the Tongdian, the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 屈支 Chino Kucha Lugares Quzhi, Xuanzang's transcription; the text notes that the name was formerly written 龜茲.
  • 屋可汗 Chino Yi Khan Instituciones y títulos Wu kehan, house khan, the Tongdian's own rendering of the title.
  • 屏聿 Chino Thousand Springs Lugares Pingyu, the form of the Life of Xuanzang, which adds that the name means the Thousand Springs.
  • 屠耆 Chino Worthy Kings of the Left and Right Instituciones y títulos Tuqi, the Xiongnu word for 'worthy' in Chinese transcription: 'the Xiongnu call worthy tuqi'.
  • 屠耆堂 Chino Woyanqudi Chanyu Personas Tuqitang, his personal name as Right Worthy King. The Shiji glosses tuqi as the Xiongnu word for 'worthy'; whether the word in his name is that one is not said.
  • 屯田 Chino Han Military Farms in the Western Regions Instituciones y títulos Tuntian, field colony; the word of the Han Shu for farms worked by soldiers.
  • 工於鐵作 Chino Göktürk Ironworking Instituciones y títulos Gong yu tiezuo, skilled at ironwork; the Sui Shu's phrase for the Ashina on the Golden Mountain.
  • 左屠耆王 Chino Worthy Kings of the Left and Right Instituciones y títulos Left Tuqi King, the title the Shiji gives the heir apparent.
  • 左殺 Chino Ozmish Khan Personas The Left Shad, his office before he took the throne.
  • 左賢王 Chino Kül Tegin Personas Prince of the Left, the Han-period title the Tang history gives his office after 716; his own inscription does not use it.
  • 左賢王 Chino Worthy Kings of the Left and Right Instituciones y títulos Zuo Xian Wang, Worthy King of the Left.
  • 巫覡 Chino Kam (Turkic Shaman) Religiones Wuxi, the female and male spirit-medium of Chinese usage, in the Sui Shu's summary of Göktürk custom.
  • 巫覡 Chino Shamanism Religiones Wuxi, the spirit-mediums that the Sui Shu says the Göktürks trusted.
  • 師子 Chino Kirghiz Entertainments Costumbres y pasatiempos Shizi, the lion; the same word names the lion dance of the Tang court in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 常以季春大會，作樂水上 Chino The Xianbei Spring Assembly Costumbres y pasatiempos They always hold a great assembly in the last month of spring and make music by the river; the earlier Wei history quoted by Pei Songzhi.
  • 常安 Chino Heng'an Lugares Chang'an, written with 常 and not to be confused with the capital 長安; the form of the Cefu yuangui in its sentence on the recovery of 630.
  • 幕北 Chino Mobei campaign, 119 BC Batallas y sucesos 'North of the desert', the term of the Shiji and the Han Shu for the country beyond the Gobi, where the Xiongnu court waited. Mobei is the modern name of the campaign.
  • 幡旗 Chino Drums and Banners for the Khans Instituciones y títulos Pennants and flags; granted with the band in 587 and 607.
  • 平涼 Chino Pingliang Lugares Pingliang, in the Sui Shu's phrase 平涼雜胡, the mixed hu of Pingliang; P'ing-liang in Wade-Giles.
  • 平涼郡 Chino Pingliang Lugares Pingliang commandery; the Tongdian's note to the origin passage reads 'today Pingliang commandery'.
  • 幽州 Chino The Raid on Youzhou (578) Batallas y sucesos Youzhou, the prefecture the Göktürks raided.
  • 幽州 Chino Youzhou Lugares Youzhou, in the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Tang histories and the Zizhi tongjian; 幽州總管 and 幽州都督, the governor of Youzhou, under the Sui and the Tang.
  • 度斤舊鎮 Chino Dujin Garrison Lugares Dujin jiu zhen, the old garrison of Dujin; the Tongdian, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian have the same form.
  • 庫合真 Chino Kuhanzhen Personas Kuhezhen with a different first character, in the Zizhi tongjian; the editors of the Sui Shu note the same form in its annals.
  • 康 Chino Samarkand Lugares Kang, the Chinese name of Samarkand and the surname taken by its émigrés in China; Sute in the Wei Shu names the country.
  • 康國樂 Chino Music of Empress Ashina (568) Batallas y sucesos The music of Kang, Samarkand, which the Sui Shu, juan 15, traces to the marriage of Emperor Wu of Zhou.
  • 康居 Chino Kangju Pueblos K'ang-chü in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 康業 Chino Tomb of Kang Ye Fuentes Kang Ye, the name as the Chinese epitaph gives it; the surname Kang marks a family from Samarkand.
  • 康稍利 Chino Kang Shaoli Personas Kang Shaoli in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 康蘇密 Chino Kang Sumi Personas Kang Sumi in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 康蘇蜜 Chino Kang Sumi Personas The spelling of the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 康鞘利 Chino Kang Shaoli Personas Kang Qiaoli, the form of the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 廕奈特勒 Chino Yinnai Tegin Personas Yinnai Tegin in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 廻鶻葛啜王子墓誌 Chino Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Fuentes
  • 弄駝 Chino Kirghiz Entertainments Costumbres y pasatiempos Nong tuo, play with the camel; the first of the four.
  • 弊剌 Chino Boma Pueblos Bila, given by the Xin Tangshu as a second name of the Boma. The Tongdian gives the same name to the Basmïl.
  • 弘大 Chino Pei Ju Personas Hongda, his courtesy name (字).
  • 弩失畢 Chino Nushibi Pueblos
  • 張仁亶 Chino Zhang Renyuan Personas Zhang Rendan, the original name, under which the Jiu Tang Shu names the governor of Youzhou in 698.
  • 張仁愿 Chino Zhang Renyuan Personas Zhang Renyuan. His original name was 張仁亶, Zhang Rendan; he changed it because 亶 sounded like the personal name of the emperor Ruizong.
  • 張騫 Chino Zhang Qian Personas
  • 彌偶可社句可汗 Chino Poluomen Khan Personas Mi'oukesheju Khan, his title, glossed 'tranquil'.
  • 往年回鶻入朝，大驅名馬市茶而歸 Chino Tea among the Uyghurs Comidas y bebidas In former years the Uyghurs came to court, drove fine horses there in great numbers, bought tea and went home.
  • 後唐 Chino Later Tang Estados The Chinese name.
  • 後晉 Chino Later Jin Estados The Chinese name.
  • 後漢 Chino Later Han Estados The Chinese name.
  • 後漢書 Chino Hou Han Shu Fuentes
  • 後燕 Chino Later Yan Estados The form of the Chinese records.
  • 得其所獲康國、龜茲等樂 Chino Music of Empress Ashina (568) Batallas y sucesos He obtained the music of Kang, Kucha and other states which they had acquired; the Sui Shu's monograph on music, juan 14, on Emperor Wu and the bride from the Northern Di.
  • 復株絫若鞮單于 Chino Fuzhulei Chanyu Personas Fu-chu-lei Jo-ti in the Wade-Giles literature; the style under which the Han Shu names him as chanyu.
  • 徵召風雨 Chino Yada Stone Religiones Could summon wind and rain, said of Nishidu in the Zhou Shu; the Bei Shi has 徵占風雨, could foretell wind and rain.
  • 忸密 Chino Bukhara Lugares Niumi, the name of Bukhara in the Wei Shu, read as a rendering of the Arabic by-name Numijkat.
  • 怛邏斯 Chino Talas Lugares Daluosi, the city taken by the Tang commander of Kashgar in the campaign after Sulu Khan's death.
  • 思力俟斤 Chino Awusili Irkin Personas Sili sijin, without the first two characters, in the Zizhi tongjian; the biography of Zhangsun Sheng in the Sui Shu has the same shorter form.
  • 思結 Chino Sijie Pueblos The form of the Tang histories.
  • 思結俟斤 Chino Sijie Irkin Personas The irkin of the Sijie, in the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the texts give his tribe and his rank, not a personal name.
  • 恒安 Chino Heng'an Lugares Heng'an, the form of the Sui Shu and the Xin Tang Shu; the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian write the variant character 恆安.
  • 恩屈 Chino Onogurs Pueblos Enqu, a Tiele people east of Fulin in the Sui Shu. The form is attested; its equation with the Onogurs is an interpretation of modern scholarship.
  • 悅般 Chino Yueban Pueblos Yueban, the form of the Wei Shu; Yüeh-pan in the Wade-Giles literature. The Zizhi Tongjian once writes the two characters in the reverse order, 般悅.
  • 悉萬斤 Chino Samarkand Lugares Xiwanjin, the name of Samarkand in the Wei Shu; the Tang histories equate it with Kang.
  • 惡陽嶺 Chino Eyang Ridge Lugares Eyangling, the Eyang ridge, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 意利珍豆啟人可汗 Chino The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) Batallas y sucesos Yili Zhendou Qimin Khan, the title Yami received; the biography writes 啟人, the chapter on the Göktürks 啟民.
  • 意利珍豆啟民可汗 Chino Yami Khan Personas Yilizhendou Qimin Khan, the title the Sui conferred in 599, glossed 'wise and strong'; Qimin Khan is the name the Chinese histories use. Yami is the Turkic reading of the Chinese Yami and Rangan.
  • 愛登里邏 Chino Ay Ata Religiones The opening of the title given to the Uyghur khagan in 805.
  • 慕容 Chino Murong Linajes Mu-jung in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 應娑 Chino Yingsuo Lugares Yingsuo, the district north of Kucha in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; one printed text of the Sui Shu reads 應婆, Yingpo.
  • 懷荒 Chino Huaihuang Lugares Huaihuang, 'cherishing the wastes', the garrison's name; the Zhou Shu locates the battle of 552 'north of Huaihuang'.
  • 懿宗 Chino Emperor Yizong of Tang Personas Yizong, the temple name. The Xin Tang Shu uses it for the emperor of the Xiantong years.
  • 戲有弄駝、師子、馬伎、繩伎 Chino Kirghiz Entertainments Costumbres y pasatiempos Their shows were camel play, the lion, horse skills and rope skills; the sentence of the Xin Tang Shu on the Kirghiz.
  • 戶曹、水曹、田曹 Chino Farming and Taxes in Gaochang Instituciones y títulos Hucao, shuicao, tiancao; the household, water and field offices that the Zhou Shu names in every town of Gaochang.
  • 手殺鹿十八頭 Chino Ishbara's Hunt (587) Batallas y sucesos With his own hand he killed eighteen deer; the words of the Sui Shu.
  • 承乾身作可汗死 Chino Li Chengqian's Göktürk Camp Batallas y sucesos Chengqian himself played the death of a khan.
  • 折支體者輸馬 Chino Horses in Göktürk Law Instituciones y títulos Zhe zhiti zhe shu ma, he who breaks a limb pays a horse; the Sui Shu's rule for injury.
  • 拓西可汗 Chino Inel Khan Personas Tuoxi Kehan, 'Khan Who Expands the West', his title over the Ten Surnames.
  • 拓跋 Chino Northern Wei Estados Tuoba, the ruling clan; Golden writes Tabgač, the form the Orkhon inscriptions use for China.
  • 拓跋 Chino Tuoba Pueblos
  • 拔悉密 Chino Basmïl Pueblos Baximi, the Tang form; the Uyghur chapter writes 拔悉蜜.
  • 拔曳固 Chino Bayirku Pueblos Bayegu; the Xin Tang Shu writes 拔野古.
  • 拜祭天神 Chino Sacrifice and the year Religiones The sacrifice to the spirit of heaven, in the middle of the fifth month, at a river.
  • 挏馬酒 Chino Kumys Comidas y bebidas The mare's-milk wine of the Han court, named after the office that churned it.
  • 挐鬥二十年不解 Chino Uyghur–Kirghiz War Guerras They fought for twenty years without a settlement. The phrase of the Xin Tang Shu for the war; no name for it is given.
  • 挹怛 Chino Hephthalites Pueblos Yida, the form of the Sui Shu.
  • 捧兔舞蹈 Chino Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) Batallas y sucesos Held up the hare and danced in homage; the Göktürk minister before Xuanzong on the road to Mount Tai, in the Tongdian.
  • 掘羅勿 Chino Kürabir Personas Jueluowu. The Xin Tang Shu, the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tang Huiyao all write the name so.
  • 掘羅勿薦公 Chino Kürabir Personas The Tang Huiyao adds the two characters 薦公 after the name; the other texts do not.
  • 掠羊馬 Chino Livestock Raids Instituciones y títulos Lue yang ma, to plunder sheep and horses; the Xin Tang Shu's phrase for the raid on Yan and Xia.
  • 控弦 Chino Army of the Steppe Empires Instituciones y títulos Kongxian, those who draw the bow; the Chinese histories count the strength of the Xiongnu and of the Göktürks in these archers.
  • 握衍朐鞮單于 Chino Woyanqudi Chanyu Personas Wo-yen-ch'ü-ti in the Wade-Giles literature; the style under which the Han Shu names him as chanyu.
  • 摩咄達官 Chino Moduo Daguan Personas Moduo daguan, in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, which afterwards calls him Moduo alone.
  • 撑犁 Chino Tengri Religiones Chengli, in the Xiongnu ruler's full title as the Han Shu transcribes it; the equation with Tengri is the standard reading.
  • 撑犁 Chino Tengrism Religiones Chengli, in the Xiongnu ruler's title as the Han Shu transcribes it; equated with Tengri in the literature.
  • 撑犁孤塗單于 Chino Chanyu Instituciones y títulos Chengli Gutu Chanyu, the full style.
  • 攝圖 Chino Ishbara Khan Personas Shetu, the personal name in the Chinese histories.
  • 攣鞮氏 Chino Luandi Linajes The Han Shu's form: 單于姓攣鞮氏, 'the chanyu's surname was the Luandi clan'.
  • 故漢未央宮 Chino Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) Batallas y sucesos The old Han palace of Weiyang, where the feast was held.
  • 敕勒川，陰山下 Chino The Chile Song Costumbres y pasatiempos The first line, 'the plain of the Chile, below the Yin mountains'; the text of the Yuefu shiji, juan 86.
  • 敕勒歌 Chino The Chile Song Costumbres y pasatiempos Chile ge, the Chile Song; the title in the Zizhi tongjian and in the Yuefu shiji.
  • 敕連可汗 Chino Wuti Khan Personas Chilian Khan, his title, glossed 'divine'.
  • 敕連頭兵豆伐可汗 Chino Anagui Personas Chilian Toubing Doufa Khan, the title he took in 525; the Wei Shu glosses it 'grasping' (把攬).
  • 教作兵器鎧楯 Chino Chinese Weaponsmiths among the Xianbei Instituciones y títulos Jiao zuo bingqi kai dun, taught them to make weapons, armour and shields, the Sanguozhi's words for what the Chinese refugees did for Kebineng.
  • 散樂 Chino Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Batallas y sucesos Sanyue, the entertainers and their music; the Sui Shu says that the emperor gathered those of all four quarters at the Eastern Capital.
  • 敦煌 Chino Dunhuang Lugares
  • 文帝悼皇后郁久閭氏 Chino Empress Yujiulü Personas Empress Dao of Emperor Wen, of the Yujiulü clan: the heading of her biography. Dao, the mourned, is her posthumous name; her personal name is not recorded.
  • 斛律 Chino Hulü Khan Personas Also the name of a Gaoche tribe in the same chapter.
  • 斛律光 Chino Hulü Guang Personas
  • 新唐書 Chino Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang) Fuentes Xin Tangshu; Mackerras writes Hsin T'ang-shu.
  • 新城 Chino The Göktürk Campaign of 622 Batallas y sucesos Xincheng, 'new town', where Li Da'en waited for the column that did not come.
  • 日晏食，飲水茹葷，屏湩酪 Chino Manichaean Diet of the Uyghurs Religiones They eat late in the day, drink water, eat strong vegetables and refuse milk; the law of the Manichaeans who came with the Uyghur envoys at the beginning of the Yuanhe era.
  • 昆彌 Chino Wusun Pueblos Kunmi, the later spelling of the same title.
  • 昆莫 Chino Wusun Pueblos Kunmo, the royal title; the Han Shu explains that it is a title and not a name, and that the man who bore it was called Liejiaomi.
  • 昆邪王 Chino Hunye King Personas Kunye wang, the form of Han Shu 6, 54, 68 and 94A.
  • 明君 Chino Wang Zhaojun Personas Mingjun, the name of the song made about her. The Jiu Tang Shu says that the Jin people wrote it so because the name of their emperor Wen was Zhao.
  • 昭君 Chino Wang Zhaojun Personas Zhaojun, the form by which she is known. 'Zhaojun' is her courtesy name in the Han Shu and her name in the Hou Han Shu.
  • 昭武 Chino Šāba Personas Zhaowu, the family name of the princes of the small Oxus states in the Chinese records. The equation with the Perso-Arabic name is Abel-Rémusat's, adopted in the translation of Tabari; it would make the name dynastic rather than personal.
  • 是豆渾地萬 Chino Diwan Personas Shidouhun Diwan; the Wei Shu gives her as the wife of Fushengmou of the Wuyin clan. Kürşat Yıldırım writes Shidouhundiwan as one name.
  • 晉公護 Chino Yuwen Hu Personas Duke Hu of Jin, the form the Göktürk chapter uses.
  • 晉陽 Chino Jinyang Lugares
  • 景桓侯 Chino Huo Qubing Personas His posthumous name, made, the Shiji says, from the words for martial and for widening the land.
  • 暾欲谷 Chino Tonyukuk Personas Tunyugu, the Tang form of the name.
  • 暾欲谷 Chino Tonyukuk inscription Fuentes The name of the man in the Tang history, not of the monument, which the Chinese sources do not mention.
  • 曷剌 Chino Boma Pueblos Hela, which the Tongdian says is the Göktürks' name for the Boma, also written as Hela state.
  • 曷薩那可汗 Chino Heshana Khan Personas Heshana kehan, the title the Sui conferred in 611; an older romanisation writes Ho-sa-na.
  • 月氏 Chino Yuezhi Pueblos Yüeh-chih in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 月氏都督府 Chino Yabgus of Tokharistan Estados Yuezhi dudufu, the Yuezhi Area Command, the name the Tang gave to the seat of the yabgus after the 650s.
  • 朔州 Chino Shuozhou Lugares Shuozhou; notes in the Tongdian give it as the Mayi commandery of their own day.
  • 木末城 Chino Mumocheng Lugares 'They first built a walled town and named it Mumo city' (Liang Shu 54). Not in the Wei Shu 103, Zhou Shu 50, Sui Shu 84 or Bei Shi 99.
  • 木杆可汗 Chino Mukan Khan Personas Mugan kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
  • 木腳 Chino Wooden Horses Costumbres y pasatiempos Mujiao, wooden feet; the Tongdian and the Tang Huiyao on the Bayegu hunting deer on the ice.
  • 木賴山 Chino Mount Mulai Lugares Mulai Shan, the form of the Zhou Shu; the Zizhi tongjian writes it the same way.
  • 木馬 Chino Wooden Horses Costumbres y pasatiempos Muma, wooden horse; the Tongdian's word for the hunters' skis of the Jiegu and the Basmil.
  • 木馬突厥 Chino Wooden Horses Costumbres y pasatiempos Muma Tujue, the Wooden-Horse Tujue; the Xin Tang Shu's name for the Dubo, Mielie and Geezhi east of the Kirghiz.
  • 木骨閭 Chino Mugulü Personas Glossed in the Wei Shu as 'bald head'; the clan name Yujiulü is said to be a near-homophone of it.
  • 李廣利 Chino Li Guangli Personas Li Guangli, brother of Lady Li, the favoured consort of the emperor Wu.
  • 李德裕 Chino Li Deyu Personas Li Deyu, with the title of chief minister (宰相) in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 李思摩 Chino Ashina Simo Personas Li Simo; the imperial surname was granted with the khanship in 639.
  • 李拭 Chino Li Shi (Tang envoy) Personas Li Shi. The Xin Tang Shu gives him the office 右散騎常侍, attendant-in-ordinary of the right, when it names him envoy, and 兵部郎中, official of the Bureau of Military Affairs, when it sends him to inspect the frontier.
  • 李業 Chino Li Ye (Tang envoy) Personas Li Ye. The Xin Tang Shu gives him the title 鴻臚卿, minister of the Court of State Ceremonial.
  • 李蒹 Chino Li Jian Personas Li Jian, in Wade-Giles Li Chien. The edict that names him is not among the texts at hand; the characters are those given in the literature cited here.
  • 李陵 Chino Li Ling Personas Li Ling, as the Han Shu, the Shiji and the Xin Tang Shu write the name.
  • 東胡 Chino Donghu Pueblos Literally 'eastern Hu'; Tung-hu in the Wade-Giles literature. It is a Chinese designation, not a name the people are recorded as using.
  • 東胡 Chino Xianbei Pueblos Donghu, the Eastern Hu, of which the Hou Han Shu makes the Xianbei a branch.
  • 東魏 Chino Eastern Wei Estados Eastern Wei. The Bei Shi speaks of the Eastern and Western Wei competing for the Rouran khan; the court itself called its state Wei.
  • 板瓦 Chino Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate Instituciones y títulos Banwa, pan tile. It lies with the concave face up and carries the rain.
  • 染干 Chino Yami Khan Personas Rangan, his personal name in the Sui Shu.
  • 柔然 Chino Rouran Pueblos The name Cheluhui, son of Mugulü, gave his following; the neutral Chinese form.
  • 柔然 Chino Rouran Khaganate Estados The usual Chinese form; the Wei Shu also writes 蠕蠕, a graph chosen to demean.
  • 柘羯 Chino Chakar Instituciones y títulos Zhijie, the Chinese transcription in the New Tang History for the chakar of An Lushan's army.
  • 梁書 Chino Liang Shu Fuentes Liang Shu, the Book of Liang; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 梅錄 Chino Buyruk Instituciones y títulos Meilu, in the name of Bilge Khan's minister Meilu Chuo. The equation of the transcription with buyruk is a modern interpretation, not a statement of the Tang chapters.
  • 楊忠 Chino Yang Zhong Personas
  • 榆林 Chino Yulin Lugares Yulin; 榆林郡, the Yulin commandery, in the Zizhi tongjian. Notes in the Tongdian give Shengzhou, 勝州, as the Yulin commandery of their own day.
  • 樂府詩集 Chino Yuefu Shiji (Collection of Yuefu Songs) Fuentes
  • 樓蘭 Chino Loulan Lugares
  • 樓蘭 Chino Shanshan Estados Loulan, which the Han Shu gives as the kingdom's original name.
  • 樗蒲 Chino Göktürk Games Costumbres y pasatiempos Chupu, the men's game; written 摴蒲 in the account of 599.
  • 橐駝 Chino Camels Instituciones y títulos Tuotuo, camel; the word of the Shiji for the first of the Xiongnu's unusual livestock.
  • 檀石槐 Chino Tanshihuai Personas T'an-shih-huai in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xianbei form of the name is recorded.
  • 欲谷設 Chino Üç Tuğlu Khan Personas Yukuk Shad, his name and title before 638. Not the Yukuk Shad of the eastern Göktürks, Ilig's son or brother by different accounts, whom the Nine Surnames drove off in 627; the characters are the same.
  • 欲谷設 Chino Yukuk Shad Personas Yugu Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 欽羽設 Chino Qinyu Shad Personas Qinyu Shad, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 設 is the title shad. The edition of the Sui Shu used by one translator has 沙 for 設.
  • 步利設 Chino Buli Shad Personas Buli Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 步迦可汗 Chino Tardush Personas Bujia kehan, the title he took in 599, by the Sui Shu.
  • 步離可汗 Chino Börü Khan Personas Buli kehan, the title in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian; none of them gives a personal name.
  • 步離可汗 Chino Taspar's Appointment of the Lesser Khans (572) Batallas y sucesos Buli kehan, the title of the lesser khan in the west.
  • 步鹿真 Chino Buluzhen Khan Personas The Wei Shu gives him no khan's title of his own.
  • 武宗 Chino Emperor Wuzong of Tang Personas Wuzong, the temple name; the Xin Tang Shu and the Tang Huiyao use it for the emperor of these years.
  • 武帝 Chino Emperor Wu of Han Personas Wudi, the short form of the posthumous style. Wu-ti in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 武帝阿史那皇后 Chino Empress Ashina Personas Empress Ashina of the emperor Wu, the heading of her biography; her personal name is not recorded.
  • 武義成功可汗 Chino Tun Bagha Tarkan Personas Wuyi Chenggong Khan, a title conferred by the Tang; a second, Kutlug Changshou Tianqin Bilge Khan, was conferred later.
  • 歲有三歲祠 Chino Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices Costumbres y pasatiempos In the year there are three yearly sacrifices; the line as the text of the chapter gives it.
  • 歲有三龍祠 Chino Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices Costumbres y pasatiempos In the year there are three dragon sacrifices; the same line as Sima Zhen quotes it from the Hou Han Shu in his commentary on the Shiji.
  • 歲正月，諸長小會單于庭，祠 Chino The New Year on the Steppe Costumbres y pasatiempos In the first month of the year the chiefs hold a small assembly at the chanyu's court and sacrifice; the Shiji on the Xiongnu.
  • 段 Chino Duan Linajes The form of the Chinese records.
  • 比 Chino Bi Chanyu Personas Bi, the only name the Hou Han Shu gives him; Pi in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 毗伽可汗 Chino Bilge Khan Personas Pijia Kehan, the Chinese rendering of Bilge Kagan.
  • 毗伽頓頡斤 Chino Are Khan Personas Bilga Ton Irkin. The title the Uyghurs conferred on the Kirghiz ruler after 758, without the word khan.
  • 氈車 Chino Wagons of the Steppe Peoples Instituciones y títulos Zhanche, felt cart. The Sui Shu compares the carts of the Shiwei with the felt carts of the Göktürks.
  • 水草 Chino Seasonal Pastures Instituciones y títulos Shuicao, water and grass; the Chinese formula for the pasture that a steppe people followed.
  • 沃野 Chino Woye Lugares
  • 沙毗設 Chino Suopi Shad Personas Shapi Shad, in the Bei Shi's text of the same edict.
  • 沙缽羅 Chino Ishbara (Title) Instituciones y títulos Shaboluo, the form in the titles of the western khans Ishbara Tolis and Irbis Ishbara Yabgu.
  • 沙缽羅設 Chino Suni Shi Personas Shaboluo Shad, the title Shibi Khan gave him; the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian name him by it alone.
  • 沙鉢略 Chino Ishbara (Title) Instituciones y títulos Shabolüe, the second form of the same title in the Sui Shu, and the name under which it tells Ishbara Khan's reign.
  • 沙鉢略可汗 Chino Ishbara Khan Personas Shabolüe kehan, the title as the Sui Shu gives it
  • 沙鉢羅可汗 Chino Ashina Helu Personas Shaboluo Khan, the title he took for himself at the Thousand Springs; the same title the Sui histories give to Ishbara in the east.
  • 沙鉢羅咥利失可汗 Chino Ishbara Tolis Khan Personas Shaboluo Dielishi Khan, his title; Ïšbara Tölis in the turkological reading, Ishbara Tolis in plain spelling.
  • 沙陀 Chino Shatuo Pueblos The Chinese name.
  • 河北 Chino Hebei Lugares Hebei, 'north of the river', in the Sui Shu and the Tang histories; 河北道, the Hebei army, in the Jiu Tang Shu's account of 698.
  • 河南 Chino Ordos Lugares Henan, 'south of the river', the Chinese name for the land inside the bend in the Shiji and the Tang histories; not the modern province.
  • 河套 Chino Ordos Lugares Hetao, 'the river loop', the later name.
  • 波斯 Chino Sasanian Persia Estados Bosi, Persia, in the Xin Tang Shu: the power Tong Yabgu brought low in the west, and the western limit of the Tang prefectures after Helu.
  • 泥利可汗 Chino Niri Khan Personas Nili kehan, Niri Khan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 泥孰匐 Chino Nishufu Khan Personas Nishufu; known only in Chinese transcription. The first element 泥孰 appears elsewhere as a Turkic name, the whole does not resolve to an attested form.
  • 泥孰莫賀設 Chino Nishu Bagha Shad Personas Nishu Mohe she, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the Tongdian writes 泥熟莫賀設.
  • 泥步設 Chino Töles Khan Personas Nibu Shad, the title under which he commanded the eastern camp as a boy under his father.
  • 洛陽 Chino Luoyang Lugares
  • 活國 Chino Huo Lugares Huo guo, the country of Huo, in the Life of Xuanzang and in the first book of Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions.
  • 海西侯 Chino Li Guangli Personas Marquis of Haixi, the fief given to him after the fall of Dayuan.
  • 涇陽 Chino Jingyang Lugares Jingyang, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 涼州 Chino Wuwei Lugares Liangzhou, the province of which it was the seat.
  • 淮南公主 Chino Princess Huainan Personas Princess Huainan, 隋淮南公主, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 淳于覃 Chino Chunyu Tan Personas Chunyu Tan, a man of Qi; the Zizhi Tongjian writes 淳於覃.
  • 清池 Chino Issyk-Kul Lugares Qingchi, the Clear Lake, in the Life of Xuanzang.
  • 渠犁 Chino Quli Lugares Quli, the form of the Han Shu's account of the Han farms. The chapter on the Western Regions writes the state's name 渠梨.
  • 渠莎 Chino Yarkand Lugares Qusha; the Wei Shu's name for the state, which it places in the old city of Suoju.
  • 渾 Chino Hun (Tiele tribe) Pueblos The form of the Tang histories.
  • 渾邪 Chino Tuyuhun Hunye Personas Hunye, the short form in the same passages.
  • 渾邪王 Chino Hunye King Personas Hunye wang, the form of the Shiji and of Han Shu 55. Hun-yeh in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 滑 Chino Hephthalites Pueblos Hua, the name of the people in the Liang Shu, which uses the name 厭帶夷栗陁 for their king alone.
  • 漆 Chino Lacquerware Instituciones y títulos Qi, lacquer. The Wei Shu lists red-lacquered and black-lacquered lances, bows, shields, drums and fans among imperial gifts.
  • 漆其頭為飲器 Chino Skull Cup Instituciones y títulos Lacquered his head into a drinking vessel; the Wei Shu on the Gaoche king Mi'etu.
  • 漢 Chino Han dynasty Estados
  • 漢書 Chino Han Shu Fuentes
  • 漢趙 Chino Xiongnu Han Estados Han-Zhao, the usual modern name; the state called itself Han and was renamed Zhao in 319.
  • 漯陰侯 Chino Hunye King Personas Marquis of Tayin, the title the Han gave him at Chang'an.
  • 潘垤 Chino Pan Die Personas Pan Die, with the title 吐屯 tudun, in the notices on the Khitan in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 潛泉浮酒 Chino Banquet of the Wine Fountain (647) Batallas y sucesos Wine welling up from a hidden spring; the words of the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 瀚海都護府 Chino Anbei Protectorate Lugares Hanhai duhufu, the Hanhai protectorate; the name of the Yanran protectorate after it moved to the Uyghur camp in 663.
  • 烏丸 Chino Wuhuan Pueblos The form of the Sanguozhi, whose chapter 30 is headed 烏丸鮮卑東夷傳.
  • 烏介 Chino Ögä Khan Personas Wujie. The Xin Tang Shu calls him 烏介特勒, Wujie Tegin, until he is khan, and 烏介可汗 after.
  • 烏壘 Chino Wulei Lugares Wulei; the city that the Han Shu names as the seat of the Protector-General.
  • 烏孫 Chino Wusun Pueblos Wusun, the only form in which the name is recorded.
  • 烏師廬 Chino Er Chanyu Personas Wushilu, his name in the Shiji. Wu-shih-lu in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 烏桓 Chino Wuhuan Pueblos Wu-huan in the Wade-Giles literature. The form of the Han Shu and the Hou Han Shu.
  • 烏沒啜 Chino Ashide Wumo Chur Personas Wumochuo without the clan name, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 烏滸 Chino Oxus Lugares Wuhu, the river south of which the Sui Shu puts the Hephthalite capital (Wuxu in the Wei Shu); the equation with the Oxus is an interpretation.
  • 烏維 Chino Wuwei Chanyu Personas The name as the Shiji and the Han Shu write it, followed by 單于, chanyu. Wu-wei in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 烏蘇米施可汗 Chino Ozmish Khan Personas Wusumishi Kehan; read as Turkic Ozmïš, 'he who has escaped'.
  • 焉耆 Chino Karashahr Lugares Yanqi; the name of the state in the Han Shu, in the Wei, Zhou and Sui histories and in the Tang histories.
  • 無文字，刻木為契 Chino The origin of the Old Turkic script Controversias They have no writing and notch wood to make agreements. The notice that says the opposite.
  • 熱汗 Chino Funi Rehan Instituciones y títulos Rehan, the officer the Tongdian explains on his own.
  • 熱海 Chino Issyk-Kul Lugares Rehai, the Hot Sea, a second name in the Record. The Life of Xuanzang explains that the lake was so called because it does not freeze, though it faces the Ling mountain, and not because its water is warm.
  • 燕支山 Chino Assembly at Mount Yanzhi (609) Batallas y sucesos Yanzhi shan, Mount Yanzhi.
  • 燕然都護府 Chino Anbei Protectorate Lugares Yanran duhufu, the Yanran protectorate, set up in 647; the Xin Tang Shu places it at the old chanyu terrace.
  • 爭長 Chino Seating at the Feast Costumbres y pasatiempos To dispute who is senior; the word of the Tang histories for the quarrels of envoys over precedence in 730 and 758.
  • 爾，我之鍛奴也 Chino The Rouran Marriage Refusal (546) Batallas y sucesos The same words in the Zizhi tongjian, entered under 551.
  • 爾伏可汗 Chino Taspar's Appointment of the Lesser Khans (572) Batallas y sucesos Erfu kehan, the title Taspar gave Ishbara for the east.
  • 爾是我鍛奴 Chino The Rouran Marriage Refusal (546) Batallas y sucesos 'You are my blacksmith slave', Anagui's words in the Zhou Shu.
  • 牟汗紇升蓋可汗 Chino Datan Khan Personas Mouhan Heshenggai Khan, his title, glossed 'victorious'.
  • 牟羽可汗 Chino Bögü Khan Personas Mouyu Khan; the reading Bögü is the turkological form.
  • 特勒 Chino Tegin Instituciones y títulos Tele, the spelling of the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu, and of the received text of the Zhou Shu.
  • 特勒熱寒 Chino Rehan Tegin Personas The tegin Rehan, title before name, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 特勤 Chino Tegin Instituciones y títulos Teqin, the spelling of the Sui Shu and the Tongdian, and of the Zhou Shu as it is now printed.
  • 狐鹿姑單于 Chino Hulugu Chanyu Personas Hu-lu-ku in the Wade-Giles literature. No personal name and no Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 狼 Chino Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Religiones Lang, the wolf of the origin legend and of the standard.
  • 獸面瓦 Chino Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate Instituciones y títulos Shoumian wa, beast-mask tile. It stands at the end of a roof ridge.
  • 玉門關 Chino Jade Gate Lugares Yumen guan, the pass of the Jade Gate; the Shiji writes 玉門 without the word for pass.
  • 王會圖 Chino Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang (842–848) Batallas y sucesos Wang hui tu, the picture of the foreign envoys that the Tang court ordered after the audience of the second Kirghiz envoy. Neither the picture nor the report written with it has survived.
  • 王牆 Chino Wang Zhaojun Personas Wang Qiang, the name the Han Shu gives her, with the courtesy name Zhaojun (字昭君). The Hou Han Shu reverses them: it gives Zhaojun as the name and writes the courtesy name 嫱 (Qiang).
  • 玷厥 Chino Tardush Personas Dianjue, his personal name in the Sui Shu.
  • 珂羅便 Chino Keluo Chuo Instituciones y títulos Keluobian, the Tongdian's Göktürk word for black.
  • 珂羅啜 Chino Keluo Chuo Instituciones y títulos Keluo chuo, the title.
  • 班超 Chino Ban Chao Personas Ban Chao, as the Hou Han Shu writes the name; Pan Ch'ao in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 瑟帝米 Chino Istemi Personas Sedimi, the variant the same sentence gives: 亦曰瑟帝米.
  • 環坐帳中設宴 Chino Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) Batallas y sucesos Sat in a ring in the tent and set out a feast; the words of the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian.
  • 瓦當 Chino Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate Instituciones y títulos Wadang, the disk that closes the eave end of a barrel tile. Most of the decoration of the tiles sits on it.
  • 甘 Chino Shamanism Religiones Gan, the Kirghiz word for their shamans as the Xin Tang Shu writes it; read as kam.
  • 田卒 Chino Han Military Farms in the Western Regions Instituciones y títulos Tianzu, field soldiers; the men who worked the farms at Luntai and Quli.
  • 畋獵 Chino Hunting among the Göktürks Costumbres y pasatiempos Tianlie, hunting; the word of the Jiu Tang Shu for the hunting that Ilig might enjoy in Guozhou.
  • 畜牧 Chino Xiongnu Herds Instituciones y títulos Xumu, herding; the word with which the Shiji opens its account of the Xiongnu way of life.
  • 畜產 Chino Livestock Losses in the Annals Instituciones y títulos Chuchan, livestock and what it yields; the Han Shu's word for the herds of the Xiongnu.
  • 畢 Chino Paikent Lugares Bi, the small country west of An in the Sui Shu; some identify it with Paikent, from an older form *Pat-kand, 'the princes' town'.
  • 畢賀咄葉護 Chino Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Personas Biheduo Yabgu, his name in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 疊羅支 Chino Dieluozhi Personas Dieluozhi in the Xin Tang Shu, shortened to Luozhi, 羅支, in the same passage.
  • 疊羅施 Chino Dieluozhi Personas Dieluoshi, the son taken in 630 in the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui; whether he is the same man, no text says.
  • 疏勒 Chino Kashgar Lugares Shule; the name of the state in the Han Shu, the Wei Shu, the Sui Shu and the Tang histories.
  • 登利可汗 Chino Tengri Khan Personas Dengli Kehan; the Tang history glosses the name as 'recompense', which is a folk-etymology of Turkic tengri, Heaven.
  • 登里可汗 Chino Bögü Khan Personas Dengli Khan, from Turkic tengri, Heaven.
  • 發皆入鹿 Chino The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) Batallas y sucesos Every shot went into the deer; the Cefu Yuangui has the same four characters.
  • 白疊 Chino Baidie Cotton Instituciones y títulos Baidie, the name of the plant and the cloth in the Tang histories of Gaochang.
  • 白疊子 Chino Baidie Cotton Instituciones y títulos Baidie zi, the seed or fruit of the plant; the Liang Shu's name for the thing that looks like a cocoon.
  • 白道 Chino Baidao Plain Lugares Baidao, the short form in Qimin's memorial, in the Jiu Tang Shu and in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 白道 Chino Battle of Baidao (583) Batallas y sucesos Baidao, the place of the battle in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 白道山 Chino Baidao Plain Lugares The Baidao mountain, in whose shape Ashina Simo's grave mound was raised.
  • 白道川 Chino Baidao Plain Lugares Baidao chuan, in the Sui Shu's account of Ishbara's refuge; the Tongdian has the same form for the land given to Ashina Simo.
  • 百戲 Chino Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Batallas y sucesos Baixi, the hundred shows; the name the Sui Shu gives to the whole body of acts.
  • 皆世為之 Chino The Twenty-Eight Ranks Instituciones y títulos All of them held from generation to generation.
  • 盜馬絆 Chino Horses in Göktürk Law Instituciones y títulos Dao ma ban, to steal a horse's tether or hobble; the offence that the Zhou Shu puts among the capital crimes of the Göktürks.
  • 盟 Chino The Göktürk Oath Instituciones y títulos Covenant; the word for the oath sworn with Ilig on the Bian bridge in 626 (刑白馬與頡利同盟於便橋之上).
  • 真珠毗伽可汗 Chino Yinan Khan Personas Zhenzhu Bilge Khan, the title Taizong conferred in 628.
  • 真珠統俟斤 Chino Zhenzhu Tong Irkin Personas Zhenzhu tong sijin, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 石 Chino Chach Lugares Shi, the Chinese name; the Shi of Guyuan, however, took their surname from Kesh.
  • 石雄 Chino Shi Xiong Personas Shi Xiong. The Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu write the name so.
  • 破六韓拔陵 Chino Poliuhan Baling Personas The form of the Wei Shu's Rouran chapter, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi Tongjian.
  • 破堅昆五萬人 Chino Uyghur victory over the Kirghiz (758) Batallas y sucesos The words of the Jiu Tang Shu for the Uyghur report: they had broken 50,000 men of Jiankun, the old Chinese name of the Kirghiz.
  • 破洛那 Chino Ferghana Lugares Poluona, the name in the Wei Shu and the Bei Shi, which equate it with the old Dayuan; pronounced Phah lak nah by Pulleyblank's reconstruction.
  • 破落汗拔陵 Chino Poliuhan Baling Personas The form of the annals of the Wei Shu; the collation note there records 韓, 六 and 洛 as renderings of one sound.
  • 碎葉 Chino Suyab Lugares Suiye, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürks: the line between the Duolu and the Nushibi, the river of Helu's last defeat, and the Tang garrison.
  • 磧口 Chino Qikou Lugares Qikou, the mouth of the desert, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 磧石 Chino Qikou Lugares Qishi, the form of the Cefu yuangui in its sentence on Ilig's flight of 630.
  • 磨延啜 Chino Bayanchur Khan Personas Moyanchuo, the personal name in Chinese transcription; the reading Bayan Čor is the turkological form.
  • 社崘 Chino Shelun Khan Personas The Wei Shu's form; also written 社崙, and Shelün in part of the literature. No Rouran form of the name is recorded.
  • 神武 Chino Gao Huan Personas Shenwu, the posthumous title under which the Bei Qi Shu and the Bei Shi name him.
  • 祭其先 Chino Ancestor Cult Religiones To sacrifice to their ancestors, the first of the powers named at the fifth-month assembly of the Xiongnu at Longcheng.
  • 祭其先窟 Chino Sacrifice and the year Religiones The sacrifice at the cave of the forebears, led by the khan once a year.
  • 萬騎 Chino Army of the Steppe Empires Instituciones y títulos Wanqi, Ten Thousand Horsemen, the title that the Shiji gives to each of the twenty-four great chiefs of the Xiongnu.
  • 禿髮 Chino Tufa Linajes The form of the Chinese records.
  • 科羅 Chino Issik Khan Personas Keluo, the personal name; also written Kulo.
  • 秺侯 Chino Jin Midi Personas Marquis of Du, his title of enfeoffment; the posthumous name 敬侯, Marquis Jing, was added at his burial.
  • 移地健 Chino Bögü Khan Personas Yidijian, the personal name in Chinese transcription.
  • 移涅可汗 Chino Inel Khan Personas Yinie Kehan, the name under which Kapgan's son leads the attack on Beiting in 714; taken as the same man and as the Chinese form of Inel.
  • 稷米 Chino Millet Comidas y bebidas Millet grain; demanded from the Han by the Xiongnu chanyu Hulugu.
  • 稼穡 Chino Uyghur Farming Instituciones y títulos Jiase, sowing and reaping; the word of the Tang edict of 842 on the ox.
  • 稽粥 Chino Laoshang Chanyu Personas Jiyu, his personal name in the Shiji: 'Modu died, his son Jiyu was set up, styled Laoshang Chanyu'.
  • 穀稼不孰 Chino Xiongnu Agriculture Instituciones y títulos The grain crops did not ripen; the Han Shu's remark on the year after the killing of Li Guangli.
  • 穀麥再熟 Chino Farming and Taxes in Gaochang Instituciones y títulos Gu mai zai shu, grain and wheat ripen twice; the formula of the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu and the Jiu Tang Shu for the harvest of Gaochang.
  • 穄 Chino Millet Comidas y bebidas Millet; the crop of the Wuhuan in the Hou Han Shu and of the Kirghiz in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 突利 Chino Tölis and Tardush Instituciones y títulos Tuli, the title of khans whom the Chinese histories place in the east; its equation with Tölis is a modern proposal.
  • 突利可汗 Chino Töles Khan Personas Tuli Khan, the title Ilig gave him in 620. The same characters render the title his grandfather Yami held under Tulan.
  • 突利可汗 Chino Yami Khan Personas Tuli Khan, his title as a lesser khan in the north under Tulan; not to be confused with his grandson Töles, Shibi's son.
  • 突厥 Chino First Göktürk Khaganate Estados Tujue, the Chinese name of the people and, by extension, of the state.
  • 突厥 Chino Göktürks Pueblos
  • 突厥 Chino Nadulu Shad Personas Tujue, Türk, the name under which the people of the mountain raised him as lord (號為突厥).
  • 突厥 Chino Second Göktürk Khaganate Estados Tujue; the Tang histories do not distinguish the restored state from the old one by name.
  • 突厥伎 Chino Turkic Songs at the Tang Court Costumbres y pasatiempos The Göktürk troupe among the further performers of the Sui court at the beginning of the Kaihuang era (Sui Shu 15).
  • 突厥歌 Chino Turkic Songs at the Tang Court Costumbres y pasatiempos Göktürk songs, which Wu Yanxiu sang in the house of the princess Anle (Jiu Tang Shu 183).
  • 突騎施 Chino Türgesh Pueblos Tuqishi; Golden writes Tu-ch'i-shih.
  • 突騎施 Chino Türgesh Khaganate Estados The Chinese transcription of the tribal name, as the Tang histories give it.
  • 窟合真 Chino Kuhanzhen Personas Kuhezhen, in the Bei Shi.
  • 窟含真 Chino Kuhanzhen Personas Kuhanzhen, in the Sui Shu's chapter on the Göktürks.
  • 窟結谷 Chino Kujie Valley Lugares Kujie gu, the Kujie valley, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 窟舍真 Chino Kuhanzhen Personas Kushezhen, in the Tongdian.
  • 竇憲 Chino Dou Xian Personas Dou Hsien in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 立石建標 Chino Burial and the balbal Religiones A stone set up and a marker raised at the grave, in the Zhou Shu's account.
  • 筒瓦 Chino Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate Instituciones y títulos Tongwa, barrel tile. It covers the joint between the pan tiles.
  • 答摩支 Chino Damozhi Personas Damozhi, in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, with the title 達官 daguan.
  • 答靡支 Chino Damozhi Personas Damizhi, the spelling given in one modern study of the passage.
  • 粟 Chino Millet Comidas y bebidas Millet; the grain the Northern Wei gave the Rouran khan Anagui in 521 and 522.
  • 粟特 Chino Sogdiana Lugares Sute; the Wei Shu places it west of the Pamirs and identifies it with the old Yancai.
  • 粟特 Chino Sogdians Pueblos Sute, the Chinese name of the country and its people; the Wei Shu equates it with the old Yancai.
  • 精金良鐵 Chino Chinese Bans on the Export of Iron Instituciones y títulos Jingjin liangtie, fine metal and good iron, Cai Yong's words for what the Xianbei held in 177.
  • 精鐵 Chino Iron of the Bayegu Instituciones y títulos Jingtie, fine iron, the Xin Tang Shu's word for the iron of the Bayegu.
  • 糱酒 Chino Millet Beer Comidas y bebidas Malt liquor; demanded from the Han by the Xiongnu chanyu Hulugu.
  • 紇支可汗 Chino Hezhi Khan Personas Hezhi kehan, in the edict of 583 as the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi quote it.
  • 納聘 Chino Bride-Price in Livestock Instituciones y títulos Napin, to deliver the betrothal gift; the Jiu Tang Shu's word for the Uyghur horses of 788.
  • 納都六設 Chino Nadulu Shad Personas Nadulu Shad in the Bei Shi, written with 納; the Bei Shi then shortens it to 都六, Dulu.
  • 素葉城 Chino Xuanzang's visit to Tong Yabgu Batallas y sucesos Suye cheng, the town by which the pilgrim met the khan; Suyab.
  • 素葉水城 Chino Suyab Lugares The city of the Suye river, in the Tang description of the western regions that draws on Xuanzang, as Chavannes translates it; the chapter on the western Göktürks writes 碎葉.
  • 索國 Chino Suo Estados Suo guo, the state of Suo, in the second of the Zhou Shu's origin stories.
  • 索葛吐屯 Chino Suoge Tudun Instituciones y títulos Suoge tutun; suoge is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for hair.
  • 索虜 Chino Suo Estados Suo lu, 'the Suo barbarians', the name by which the Tuoba were called; the commentary that identifies Suo with the old Xianbei homeland rests on it.
  • 索辮 Chino Göktürk Dress and Hair Instituciones y títulos Suobian, plaited hair; the word of the emperor Yangdi's poem on his visit to Qimin Khan's camp in 607.
  • 紫河 Chino Zihe Garrison Lugares Zihe, the eastern end of the long wall of 607 in the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 紫河鎮 Chino Zihe Garrison Lugares Zihe zhen, the Zihe garrison, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 結骨 Chino The Khakas name debate Controversias Jiegu. Another form the same chapter gives for the country.
  • 統葉護可汗 Chino Tong Yabgu Personas Tong yehu kehan, the title in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi Tongjian; Peter B. Golden writes Tung shê-hu and reconstructs the pronunciation.
  • 緣邊置市 Chino Border Markets Instituciones y títulos Yuanbian zhi shi, to set up markets along the frontier; the Göktürk request to the Sui of 588.
  • 縛喝 Chino Balkh Lugares
  • 繒絮 Chino Silk in the Steppe Instituciones y títulos Zengxu, silk and floss; what Bumin's people came to buy at the frontier before 545, in the words of the Zhou Shu.
  • 繞帳走馬七匝 Chino Riding Round the Dead Religiones They ride their horses seven times round the tent; the Göktürk funeral in the Zhou Shu.
  • 繩伎 Chino Kirghiz Entertainments Costumbres y pasatiempos Sheng ji, the skill on the rope.
  • 罽賓 Chino Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa Estados Jibin, the name of the country in the Tang histories.
  • 羈縻州 Chino Loose-rein prefectures Instituciones y títulos Jimi zhou, the standard modern designation. The character pair means the halter and the tether of a draught animal.
  • 羊 Chino Sheep Instituciones y títulos Yang, sheep; one of the three main animals of the Xiongnu in the Shiji, with horses and cattle.
  • 義成公主 Chino Princess Yicheng Personas
  • 羯 Chino Jie Pueblos Jie, the form of the Chinese records; Chieh in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 羯霜那 Chino Kesh Lugares Jieshuangna; Xuanzang's form of the name.
  • 翁叔 Chino Jin Midi Personas Weng Shu, his courtesy name (字).
  • 老上單于 Chino Laoshang Chanyu Personas His title; Lao-shang in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 耕田之業 Chino Xiongnu Agriculture Instituciones y títulos Gengtian zhi ye, the work of tilling fields; the Shiji says that the Xiongnu had no walled towns, no fixed dwelling and none of this.
  • 耶律阿保機 Chino Abaoji Personas Yelü Abaoji, as the Cefu Yuangui writes the name under the Later Tang. Yelü is the clan, Abaoji the personal name.
  • 聖女 Chino Diwan Personas The Holy Woman, the title Chounu gave her.
  • 聘禮 Chino Bride-Price in Livestock Instituciones y títulos Pinli, betrothal gift; the Bei Shi's word for the thousand horses the Rouran khan sent for a princess.
  • 聞喜公 Chino Pei Ju Personas Duke of Wenxi, the title the Sui Shu's chapter on the Western Regions gives him; his biography has 聞喜縣公, duke of Wenxi county.
  • 肆葉護可汗 Chino Si Yabgu Khan Personas Si yehu kehan, the short title, in all the histories and in Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions.
  • 胡 Chino Hu Pueblos
  • 胡 Chino Sogdians Pueblos Hu, the Chinese word for western Iranian-speakers, which in the Türk and Tang period mostly means Sogdians; the Zhou Shu calls An Nuopantuo a hu of Jiuquan.
  • 胡 Chino The Sogdian language Lenguas Hu, the Chinese word for the western foreigner. The Zhou Shu's comparison — the Göktürk writing resembles that of the Hu — is understood as a comparison with Sogdian.
  • 胡、越一家 Chino Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) Batallas y sucesos Hu and Yue are one family; the words of the retired emperor Gaozu at the feast.
  • 胡巫 Chino Shamanism Religiones Hu wu, the ritual specialist of the Xiongnu court in the Han Shu.
  • 自刎以殉 Chino Following in Death Religiones Cut his own throat to follow him in death; of Hunye in 634.
  • 舁之以氈 Chino Raising on the Felt Religiones The Tongdian's wording, with 舁 for 輿.
  • 舊唐書 Chino Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) Fuentes Jiu Tangshu; Golden writes Chiu T'ang-shu.
  • 舞蹈 Chino The Uyghur Demand for the Prince's Dance (762) Batallas y sucesos The dance of homage the khan demanded; the Xin Tang Shu writes 蹈舞, the Zizhi tongjian 拜舞, bowing and dancing.
  • 英武威遠毗伽可汗 Chino Bayanchur Khan Personas Yingwu Weiyuan Bilge Khan, the title conferred by the Tang in 758, when Princess Ningguo was sent to him.
  • 英武誠明可汗 Chino Tang investiture of the Kirghiz (847) Batallas y sucesos Yingwu Chengming Khan, the title of 847.
  • 英賀弗 Chino Yinghefu Instituciones y títulos Yinghefu, the second name the Tongdian gives for the brave and strong.
  • 茂師哀 Chino The New Year on the Steppe Costumbres y pasatiempos Maoshi'ai, the Kirghiz name for the beginning of the year in the Xin Tang Shu; three ai make one season.
  • 茶 Chino Tea among the Uyghurs Comidas y bebidas Tea. Feng Yan adds that the leaf picked early is called 茶 and the leaf picked late 茗.
  • 茹茹 Chino Rouran Pueblos The form of the Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu.
  • 茹茹公主墓 Chino Tomb of Princess Linhe Fuentes Tomb of the Ruru princess, the name under which the excavation report was published.
  • 莎車 Chino Yarkand Lugares Suoju; the name of the state in the Han Shu.
  • 莫何 Chino Baga Instituciones y títulos Mohe, in the title of Ishbara and in that of the Tiele khan Qibi Geleng.
  • 莫何可汗 Chino Bagha Khan Personas Mohe kehan, Baga Khan, the title under which the Zizhi Tongjian has him reign from 587; the Sui Shu calls him 葉護可汗, Yehu Khan.
  • 莫賀 Chino Baga Instituciones y títulos Mohe with a different second character, the spelling of the Tang histories, as in Nishu Mohe Shad.
  • 莫賀咄 Chino Baghatur Instituciones y títulos Moheduo, in the title Moheduo Shad that Ilig held before his accession, and in the name of the western khan Moheduo Hou Quli Sibi.
  • 莫賀咄 Chino Baghatur Khan Personas Moheduo, the name under which the Xin Tang Shu tells the murder; 莫賀咄可汗, Moheduo Khan, in the Jiu Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 莫賀咄侯屈利俟毗可汗 Chino Baghatur Khan Personas Moheduo Hou Quli Sibi kehan, his title as khan in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian; the Cefu yuangui writes 莫賀咄侯突屈利俟毘可汗.
  • 莫賀咄設 Chino Ilig Khan Personas Moheduo Shad, his title before his accession, with a camp north of Wuyuan.
  • 莫賀設 Chino Bagha Shad Personas Mohe she, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the title his son Nishu also bore.
  • 菴羅辰 Chino Anluochen Personas The Zhou Shu's form; the Bei Shi and the Bei Qi Shu write 庵羅辰. The lemma follows the Zhou Shu's reading Anluochen; the file name keeps the earlier spelling.
  • 菴邏 Chino Amrak Personas Anluo, the personal name in the Chinese histories; Peter B. Golden writes An-lo.
  • 葉護 Chino Yabgu Instituciones y títulos Yehu, the first of the great offices in the Zhou Shu's list.
  • 葉護可汗 Chino Tong Yabgu Personas Yehu kehan, Yabgu Khan: the name in Huili's biography of Xuanzang and in the lists of embassies of the Cefu yuangui.
  • 葛勒可汗 Chino Bayanchur Khan Personas Gele Khan.
  • 葛邏祿 Chino Karluk Pueblos Geluolu
  • 葬則歌舞相送 Chino Wuhuan Funeral Songs Costumbres y pasatiempos At the burial they see the dead off with song and dance; the earlier Wei history quoted by Pei Songzhi. The Hou Han Shu has 至葬則歌舞相送.
  • 蒙恬 Chino Meng Tian Personas Meng T'ien in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 蒲桃酒 Chino Grape Wine in Central Asia Comidas y bebidas The spelling of the Zhou Shu for the wine of Yanqi; the Cefu yuangui writes the vine 蒲桃.
  • 蒲萄酒 Chino Grape Wine in Central Asia Comidas y bebidas The spelling of the Jiu Tang Shu for the wine of Gaochang and Kucha; the Shiji uses 蒲萄 for the vine in the same chapter as 蒲陶.
  • 蒲陶酒 Chino Grape Wine in Central Asia Comidas y bebidas Wine of the vine; the form of the Shiji for the wine of Dayuan and Anxi, and of the Sui Shu for that of Gaochang and Kang.
  • 蔡國公 Chino Pei Ju Personas Duke of Cai, the title that Yuwen Huaji gave him in 618.
  • 蔭奈特勒 Chino Yinnai Tegin Personas The spelling of the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 蔭柰特勤 Chino Yinnai Tegin Personas The spelling of the Tongdian.
  • 薄布特勒 Chino Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Personas Bobu Tegin, his name in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 薛延陀 Chino Xueyantuo Khaganate (Syr Tardush) Estados Xueyantuo, the Chinese form; the usual analysis takes it to be two names, Xue and Yantuo, joined.
  • 薩保 Chino Sabao Instituciones y títulos Sabao, the Chinese transcription of the title. The literature writes sabo for the Turfan documents of 549 to 550 and safu for the Northern Qi lists.
  • 藥羅葛 Chino Yaglakar Linajes Yaoluoge, the form of the Tang histories.
  • 藹苦蓋可汗 Chino Hulü Khan Personas Aikugai Khan, his title, glossed 'of fine appearance and disposition'; part of the literature uses Aikugai as his name.
  • 蘇定方 Chino Su Dingfang Personas
  • 蘇尼失 Chino Suni Shi Personas Suni Shi in the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian, the Tang Huiyao and the Cefu yuangui; Ashina Suni Shi, 阿史那蘇尼失, in the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 蘇武 Chino Su Wu Personas Su Wu, as the Han Shu writes the name.
  • 蘇祗婆 Chino Music of Empress Ashina (568) Batallas y sucesos Suzhipo, the lute player from Kucha who came with the Göktürk empress (從突厥皇后入國); usually given as Sujiva.
  • 蘇祿 Chino Sulu Khan Personas
  • 蘢城 Chino The Three Xiongnu Assemblies Costumbres y pasatiempos Longcheng, the place of the great assembly of the fifth month, in the spelling of the Shiji.
  • 處可汗 Chino Tuhezhen Khan Personas Chu Khan, his title, glossed 'only' or 'sole'. The gloss may instead mean 'yes', with the first element a Mongolic or Tungusic word of assent.
  • 處折水 Chino Chuzhe River Lugares Chuzhe shui, the Chuzhe water, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 處木昆 Chino Chumukun Pueblos
  • 處羅侯 Chino Bagha Khan Personas Chuluohou, the personal name in the Chinese histories; the name Bagha comes from his title.
  • 處羅可汗 Chino Chula Khan Personas Chuluo Khan, the Chinese form; the lemma follows the Turkic reading Çula.
  • 處羅可汗 Chino Heshana Khan Personas Chuluo kehan; Ho-sa-na and Ch'u-lo are given as one ruler. Not to be confused with the eastern Chula Khan of 619 to 620.
  • 虛連題 Chino Luandi Linajes The Hou Han Shu's form, Xuliandi: 單于姓虛連題. Two centuries later, and not the same characters.
  • 虛閭權渠單于 Chino Xulüquanqu Chanyu Personas Hsü-lü-ch'üan-ch'ü in the Wade-Giles literature. No personal name and no Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 虞弘 Chino Tomb of Yu Hong Fuentes Yu Hong, the name as the Chinese epitaph gives it.
  • 虞慶則 Chino Embassy of Yu Qingze (584) Batallas y sucesos Yu Qingze, the envoy.
  • 蠕蠕 Chino Rouran Pueblos 'Wriggling', the graph the emperor Taiwu substituted to demean them; the Wei Shu writes its whole chapter under it.
  • 衛律 Chino Wei Lü Personas Wei Lü, as Han Shu 94A writes the name.
  • 衛青 Chino Wei Qing Personas Wei Qing; his style was 仲卿, Zhongqing. He took the surname Wei from his mother's family.
  • 衞律 Chino Wei Lü Personas The variant form of the surname in Han Shu 54. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 袒乘出闌 Chino The Gaoche Wedding Costumbres y pasatiempos They ride out of the pen bareback; the taking of the horses.
  • 被髮左衽 Chino Göktürk Dress and Hair Instituciones y títulos Beifa zuoren: the hair hanging down, the robe fastened on the left; the Zhou Shu's first words on Göktürk custom.
  • 裴矩 Chino Pei Ju Personas Pei Ju, as the Sui Shu writes the name; P'ei Kü in the older Western literature.
  • 裴行儉 Chino Pei Xingjian Personas
  • 褥但可汗 Chino Rudan Khan Personas Rudan kehan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 褥但特勤 Chino Rudan Tegin Personas Rudan Tegin, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 特勤 is the title tegin.
  • 西伊州 Chino Submission of Yiwu (630) Batallas y sucesos West Yi prefecture, the name of the new Tang prefecture in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 西受降城互市 Chino Horse Market at the Western Shouxiang City (727) Batallas y sucesos Xi shouxiang cheng hushi, mutual market at the Western City of Receiving Surrender; the words of the Tang Huiyao, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 西域 Chino Tarim Basin Lugares Xiyu, the Western Regions: the Chinese term for the basin and the lands beyond it, under which the Tang histories describe it.
  • 西州 Chino Gaochang Lugares Xizhou, the Tang prefecture from 640; the Xin Tang Shu measures Helu's seat from it.
  • 西殺 Chino Right Shad (d. 741) Personas Western Shad, the same office as the history names it at his death and in the list of his family.
  • 西海 Chino Xihai Lugares Xihai, the Western Sea, in the Zhou Shu's description of Mukan's realm; the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian use the same name in the origin legend.
  • 西突厥 Chino Western Göktürk Khaganate Estados Xi Tujue, the Western Türk of the Chinese histories.
  • 西面可汗 Chino The Western and Southern Khans Instituciones y títulos Ximian kehan, the Western Khan, of Tardush in the Sui Shu.
  • 西面突厥泥利可汗 Chino Niri Khan Personas Niri Khan of the western Göktürks, in the Sui Shu's account of the princess Dayi; the Bei Shi writes 西突厥泥利可汗.
  • 西魏 Chino Western Wei Estados Western Wei. The Bei Qi Shu uses the name for the court at Chang'an in its annals of 554 and 556, and the Bei Shi speaks of the Eastern and Western Wei competing for the Rouran khan.
  • 角弓 Chino Bone and Horn Working Instituciones y títulos Jiaogong, horn bow. The Sui Shu lists it first among the arms of the Göktürks.
  • 角弓 Chino Göktürk Weapons Instituciones y títulos Jiaogong, horn bow; the Sui Shu's word for the Göktürk bow.
  • 角端弓 Chino Bone and Horn Working Instituciones y títulos Jiaoduan gong, horn-tip bow. The Hou Han Shu names it among the goods of the Xianbei country.
  • 訥都六設 Chino Nadulu Shad Personas Nadulu Shad in the Zhou Shu and the Tongdian; the Zhou Shu then calls him 訥都六, Nadulu, and the Tongdian 都六, Dulu.
  • 訥都陸 Chino Nadulu Shad Personas Nadulu, written with 陸, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürks, as the grandfather of Tuwu.
  • 設 Chino Shad Instituciones y títulos She, second in the Zhou Shu's list of the great offices, after the yabgu.
  • 註吾合素 Chino Zhu-wu Alp Sol Personas Zhuwu Hesu in Pinyin, the form the characters have in the Xin Tang Shu. The text glosses the name: Zhuwu is a barbarian family name, he means fierce and su means left.
  • 詔從其俗 Chino Levirate Instituciones y títulos The Sui emperor's decree that their custom be followed, when Shibi Khan asked to marry Princess Yicheng.
  • 詹師廬 Chino Er Chanyu Personas Zhanshilu, his name in the Han Shu. The commentary of Xu Guang (fourth to fifth century) on the Shiji notes that 烏 is written 詹 in one text. Chan-shih-lu in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 請獵於恒、代之間 Chino Ishbara's Hunt (587) Batallas y sucesos He asked leave to hunt between Heng and Dai; the request of the Sui Shu.
  • 諸長小會單于庭 Chino The Three Xiongnu Assemblies Costumbres y pasatiempos The chiefs hold a small assembly at the chanyu's court; the gathering of the first month.
  • 護于 Chino Worthy Kings of the Left and Right Instituciones y títulos Huyu, the name Wuzhuliu Chanyu gave to the office of the Left Worthy King.
  • 豆代可汗 Chino Shelun Khan Personas The Bei Shi writes the title Doudai Khan; the gloss is the same as for Qiudoufa.
  • 豆崘 Chino Tulun Khan Personas Doulun, the Chinese transcription; Golden writes Tou-lun. Tulun is the Turkic form adopted by convention.
  • 豆羅伏跋豆伐可汗 Chino Chounu Khan Personas Douluofubadoufa Khan, his title, glossed 'manifesting control'.
  • 豳州 Chino The Standoff at Binzhou (624) Batallas y sucesos Binzhou, the prefecture where Li Shimin's army halted.
  • 貂 Chino Furs and Musk among the Turkic Peoples Instituciones y títulos Diao, sable or marten; the skins that the Tiele tribes were to pay as a yearly tax in 647.
  • 貪汗可汗 Chino Tanhan Khan Personas Tanhan kehan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 貪汗山 Chino Tanhan Mountain Lugares Tanhan shan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian. In the Gaochang notice of the Sui Shu the received text wrote 污 for 汗, which its editors corrected.
  • 貳師將軍 Chino Li Guangli Personas Ershi General. The title names Ershi, the city in Dayuan where the fine horses were said to be kept.
  • 貴霜 Chino Kushan Empire Estados Guishuang, the name of one of the five xihou of the Yuezhi in the Han Shu, and the name of the realm in the Hou Han Shu; the form that modern writing renders Kushan.
  • 賀正表 Chino The New Year on the Steppe Costumbres y pasatiempos Memorial of Congratulation on the New Year, the title under which the Quan Tang wen, juan 999, keeps the letter of 741.
  • 賀蘭蘇尼闕 Chino Helan Suni Que Instituciones y títulos Helan suni que; helan is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for horse, suni the officer who commanded troops.
  • 賜射于武安殿 Chino The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) Batallas y sucesos The emperor bestowed a shooting contest in the Wu'an Hall; the words of the Sui Shu biography of Zhangsun Sheng.
  • 賤老貴壯 Chino Honour of Death in Battle Instituciones y títulos Jian lao gui zhuang: they think little of the old and value men in their prime.
  • 賴山 Chino Mount Mulai Lugares Lai Shan, the form of the Bei Shi, without the first character.
  • 赤山 Chino Wuhuan Funeral Songs Costumbres y pasatiempos Chishan, the Red Mountain, several thousand li north-west of Liaodong, to which the spirit of the dead returned.
  • 赤漆 Chino Lacquerware Instituciones y títulos Chi qi, red lacquer, and 黑漆 hei qi, black lacquer, the two colours of the gift lists.
  • 走馬及駱駝為樂 Chino Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices Costumbres y pasatiempos They ran horses and camels for pleasure; the sentence of the Hou Han Shu on the sacrifices.
  • 走馬殺牲 Chino Horse Sacrifice Religiones They raced horses and killed victims; the Wei Shu on the great sacrifice of the Gaoche.
  • 趙信城 Chino Zhao Xin City Lugares Zhao Xin cheng; the town at Mount Tianyan in the Shiji, the Han Shu and the notices of 119 BC.
  • 趙蕃 Chino Zhao Fan Personas Zhao Fan. The Xin Tang Shu gives him the title 太仆卿, minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud.
  • 跋斯處折施山 Chino Mount Jiansi Chuzheshi Lugares Basi Chuzheshi shan in the Bei Shi; the editors of the Zhou Shu note the same reading in the Cefu Yuangui, which takes the passage from the Bei Shi.
  • 跋祿迦 Chino Aksu Lugares Baluka; Xuanzang's name for the state, with the remark that the old name was Gumo. The Xin Tang Shu adds the form 亟墨.
  • 踏鞠 Chino Göktürk Games Costumbres y pasatiempos Taju, kicking the ball; the women's game.
  • 踐斯處折施山 Chino Mount Jiansi Chuzheshi Lugares Jiansi Chuzheshi shan in the Zhou Shu.
  • 蹛林 Chino The Three Xiongnu Assemblies Costumbres y pasatiempos Dailin, the place of the autumn assembly. The commentators on the Shiji read it as a place name or as a rite of going round the trees of a wood.
  • 身衣裘褐 Chino Göktürk Dress and Hair Instituciones y títulos Shen yi qiu he: they dress in furs and coarse wool.
  • 車騎將軍 Chino Wei Qing Personas General of Chariots and Cavalry, the command he held from 129 BC.
  • 車鼻 Chino Chebi Khan Personas Chebi; the personal name is known only in Chinese transcription. No Turkic form is attested.
  • 軍臣 Chino Junchen Chanyu Personas Chün-ch'en in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 軻比能 Chino Kebineng Personas Kebineng, the form of the Chinese records; K'o-pi-neng in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 輪臺 Chino Luntai Lugares Luntai; the form in the Zhou Shu and in the Xin Tang Shu. The Han Shu writes 輪台.
  • 輿之以氈 Chino Raising on the Felt Religiones They carried him on a felt; the Zhou Shu's words for the first act of the rite.
  • 農器、種子 Chino Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) Batallas y sucesos Nongqi, zhongzi: farm tools and seed, the words of the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian for what Kapgan asked.
  • 迦沙 Chino Kirghiz Iron and Gold Instituciones y títulos Qiasha, the name that both Tang texts give for the iron of the Kirghiz. Neither text says in which language the name was spoken.
  • 迦畢試 Chino Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa Estados Jiapishi, Xuanzang's transcription of Kapisa.
  • 通典 Chino Tongdian Fuentes The title as the text gives it.
  • 遏羅支 Chino Boma Pueblos Eluozhi, a third name in the Xin Tangshu.
  • 達奚武 Chino Daxi Wu Personas
  • 達官 Chino Daguan Instituciones y títulos Daguan, literally 'high official', in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, the Tongdian and the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 達干 Chino Tarkhan Instituciones y títulos Dagan, in the compound Apa Tarkan that the Tang history gives to Tonyukuk.
  • 達度闕 Chino Que Dadu Shad Personas Dadu Que, in the chapter on the Göktürks in the Sui Shu; the Bei Shi has 達度闕設.
  • 達頭 Chino Tölis and Tardush Instituciones y títulos Datou, the title of Tardush, formerly the Western Khan; it may be a spelling of Tarduš.
  • 達頭可汗 Chino Tardush Personas Datou kehan, the title in the Chinese histories; Ta-t'ou in Wade-Giles.
  • 遷善可汗, 立功報國可汗 Chino Kapgan Khan Personas Titles conferred by Empress Wu in 694 and 696; Chinese honorifics, not Göktürk names.
  • 選善射者十二人，分為兩朋 Chino The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) Batallas y sucesos Twelve good archers were chosen and divided into two sides.
  • 遺可汗 Chino Yi Khan Instituciones y títulos Yi kehan; yi is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for house.
  • 遼海 Chino Liaohai Lugares Liaohai, the Liao sea, in the Zhou Shu's description of Mukan's realm; the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian have the same form.
  • 那蓋 Chino Nagai Khan Personas Golden writes Na-kai.
  • 郁久閭 Chino Yujiulü Linajes Glossed in the Wei Shu as a near-homophone of Mugulü, 'bald head', the name of the eponymous ancestor.
  • 郁射設 Chino Yushe Shad Personas Yushe Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad. The second character can also be read ye or yi.
  • 郅支骨都侯單于 Chino Zhizhi Chanyu Personas Zhizhi Gudu Marquis Chanyu, the full form at his proclamation; Chih-chih in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 都六 Chino Duliu Personas Duliu, in Pei Ju's words in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 都播 Chino Dubo Pueblos Dubo, the form of the Xin Tangshu and the Tang annals.
  • 都斤山 Chino Ötüken Lugares Dujin shan, the mountain at which the Zhou Shu places the khan's habitual seat. Identified with Ötüken in the standard literature; the passage has been checked at the text.
  • 都波 Chino Dubo Pueblos The form of the Sui Shu and the Tongdian; the Xin Tangshu gives it as a second writing.
  • 都督 Chino Tutuk Instituciones y títulos Dudu, the Tang title of the commander of a command (dudufu). The Göktürk word is taken from it.
  • 都督府 Chino Loose-rein prefectures Instituciones y títulos Dudufu, the commandery-level unit; its holder is a 都督, commander.
  • 都藍可汗 Chino Tulan Khan Personas Dulan kehan, the title in the Chinese histories; one romanisation writes Tu-lan, and the reign is given as 587 to 603 by implication.
  • 都護府 Chino Loose-rein prefectures Instituciones y títulos Duhufu, protectorate; the higher tier set up over the Göktürks in 650.
  • 都速六 Chino Dusuliu Personas Dusuliu, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 鄔落 Chino Post and Communication Instituciones y títulos Wuluo. The biography of Xuanzang writes the post horses of the Göktürk lords with these characters.
  • 鄧叔子 Chino Dengzhu Personas Dengshuzi, the form of the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi; the lemma keeps the shorter form.
  • 鄯善 Chino Shanshan Estados Shanshan, the name the Han Shu gives the kingdom after the renaming.
  • 鄰和公主 Chino Princess Linhe Personas Princess Linhe, the title under which Anagui offered her.
  • 酒泉 Chino Jiuquan Lugares Jiuquan, in the Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu; as a Han commandery, 酒泉郡, in the Shiji and the Han Shu.
  • 酒泉 Chino The Siege of Jiuquan (578) Batallas y sucesos Jiuquan, the besieged town.
  • 醜奴 Chino Chounu Khan Personas Golden writes Ch'ou-nu.
  • 醢落尸逐鞮單于 Chino Bi Chanyu Personas Hailuo Shizhudi Chanyu, the style under which the chapter on the Southern Xiongnu introduces him.
  • 重兵死而耻病終 Chino Honour of Death in Battle Instituciones y títulos Zhong bing si er chi bing zhong: they value death by arms and are ashamed to end by illness.
  • 金、鐵、錫 Chino Kirghiz Iron and Gold Instituciones y títulos Jin, tie, xi: gold, iron and tin, the three metals the Xin Tang Shu lists for the country of the Kirghiz.
  • 金山 Chino Altai Lugares Jinshan, the Golden Mountain. The name the Chinese histories use throughout for the Altai.
  • 金日磾 Chino Jin Midi Personas Jin Midi. Jin 金, 'gold', is the surname the Han gave him, the Han Shu says because the Xiutu king made a golden image for the sacrifice to Heaven.
  • 金河 Chino Jin River Lugares Jinhe, the Jin river; also the name of a town built for Qimin in 600 and of a Tang army road in 629.
  • 金狼頭 Chino Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Religiones Jin lang tou, the golden wolf's head set on the standards.
  • 金銀器皿 Chino Gold and Silver Vessels as Tang Gifts to the Uyghurs Instituciones y títulos Jinyin qimin, gold and silver vessels, the Jiu Tang Shu's words for the gifts of 757 and 758.
  • 金鏃箭 Chino Tally Sticks and the Golden Arrow Instituciones y títulos Jin zu jian, an arrow with a head of jin; the character is the one the same passage uses for the golden wolf's head on the banners.
  • 銀器 Chino Gold and Silver Vessels as Tang Gifts to the Uyghurs Instituciones y títulos Yinqi, silver vessels, the gift of 813.
  • 鍛奴 Chino Göktürk Ironworking Instituciones y títulos Duannu, smith slave; Anagui's word for Bumin in 546.
  • 鐵勒 Chino Tiele Pueblos Tiele, the usual form in the Sui and Tang histories.
  • 鐵山 Chino Iron Mountain Lugares Tieshan, the Iron Mountain, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 鐵工 Chino Göktürk Ironworking Instituciones y títulos Tiegong, ironworkers; what the Ashina were for the Rouran on the southern slope of the Golden Mountain.
  • 鐵數萬斤 Chino Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) Batallas y sucesos Tie shu wan jin, iron to the number of ten thousand jin, the Xin Tang Shu's addition to the list of the request.
  • 長安 Chino Chang'an Lugares
  • 長平侯 Chino Wei Qing Personas Marquis of Changping, the fief given to him after the campaign of 127 BC.
  • 長樂公主 Chino Princess Changle Personas
  • 閭叱地連 Chino Princess Linhe Personas Lü Chidilian, her name in the epitaph of her tomb, as the excavation report is cited.
  • 閻洪達 Chino Yanhongda Instituciones y títulos Yanhongda, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 閼氏 Chino Women among the Turkic Peoples Instituciones y títulos Yanzhi, the Xiongnu title of the chanyu's consort.
  • 闐顏山 Chino Zhao Xin City Lugares Mount Tianyan, the form in the Shiji chapter on the Xiongnu. The chapter on Wei Qing and the Han Shu write the first character 窴.
  • 闕可汗 Chino Que Dadu Shad Personas Que kehan, the Que Khan, the title he took at the end of the Sui; 闕達可汗 in the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian.
  • 闕特勒 Chino Kül Tegin Personas Que Tele, the Tang form; the second element renders tegin. The Chinese face of his monument is said to write 闕特勤.
  • 闕特勤 Chino Kül Tegin inscription Fuentes Chinese form on the monument's own Chinese face.
  • 闕達度設 Chino Que Dadu Shad Personas Que Dadu she, in the biography of Pei Ju in the Sui Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 闕達設 Chino Que Dadu Shad Personas Que Da she, in the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian; the Zizhi tongjian once writes 闕度設.
  • 阿伏至羅 Chino Afuzhiluo Personas Golden writes A-fu-chih-lo.
  • 阿勿思力俟斤 Chino Awusili Irkin Personas Awusili sijin, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 俟斤 is the title irkin.
  • 阿史德 Chino Ashide Linajes The Chinese form of the clan name; the first two characters are those of Ashina.
  • 阿史德元珍 Chino Ashide Yuanzhen Personas Ashide Yuanzhen: the clan name Ashide and a Chinese personal name. No Turkic name is recorded.
  • 阿史德元珍 Chino Tonyukuk Personas Ashide Yuanzhen, the Chinese-trained Göktürk who joined Ilterish in 682; the identification with Tonyukuk is that of Friedrich Hirth and is not secure.
  • 阿史德烏沒啜 Chino Ashide Wumo Chur Personas Ashide Wumochuo, with the rank 俟斤 irkin, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 阿史那 Chino Ashina Linajes The Chinese form of the name.
  • 阿史那以五百家奔茹茹 Chino The Flight of the Ashina (439) Batallas y sucesos The Sui Shu's sentence: the Ashina fled with five hundred families to the Rouran.
  • 阿史那伏念 Chino Ashina Funian Personas Ashina Funian; known only in Chinese transcription. No Turkic form is attested.
  • 阿史那思摩 Chino Ashina Simo Personas Ashina Simo; the personal name is known only in Chinese transcription. No Turkic form is attested.
  • 阿史那摸末 Chino Yushe Shad Personas Ashina Momo, the name of a Yushe Shad in the biography of Liu Lan in the Jiu Tang Shu; whether he is Chula's son, the biography does not say.
  • 阿史那賀魯 Chino Ashina Helu Personas Ashina Helu; Chavannes writes Ho-lou, Golden A-shih-na Ho-lu. No Turkic form of the name is attested.
  • 阿布思 Chino Abusi Pueblos The form of the Tang Huiyao and of the Jiu Tangshu.
  • 阿播 Chino Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) Personas Abo, in the Xin Tang Shu; the Jiu Tang Shu writes the same two characters.
  • 阿播 Chino Kirghiz campaign against the Shiwei (848) Batallas y sucesos Abo, the Tang writing of the name of the Kirghiz minister, read Apa.
  • 阿波可汗 Chino Töremen Apa Personas Apo kehan, Apa Khan, the title he was given in 581.
  • 阿波達干 Chino Apa Tarkan Instituciones y títulos
  • 阿波達干 Chino Ashide Yuanzhen Personas Apa Tarkan, the title Ilterish gave him.
  • 阿濫謐 Chino Bukhara Lugares Alanmi, the city where the king of An sat in the Xin Tang Shu. It may be Arjāmēthan or Rāmēthan, a place of the oasis.
  • 阿熱 Chino Aco Instituciones y títulos Are. The Xin Tang Shu gives it as the word the Kirghiz use for their lord, and as the clan name taken from it. No Turkic form is attested for it.
  • 阿熱 Chino Are Khan Personas Are. The Xin Tang Shu gives it as the word the Kirghiz use for their lord, and as the clan name taken from it. No personal name is given, and no Turkic form is attested.
  • 阿熱氏 Chino Are Linajes Are, the surname the Xin Tang Shu says the house took from the word for its lord.
  • 阿耆尼 Chino Karashahr Lugares Aqini, the form Xuanzang uses, with the remark that the old name was Yanqi.
  • 阿謗卻 Chino Abangbu Personas Abangque, the form of the Bei Shi in the sentence on the brothers' folly, where the Zhou Shu has 謗步.
  • 阿謗步 Chino Abangbu Personas Abangbu, chief of the tribe (部落大人), in the Zhou Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; the next sentence of the Zhou Shu shortens the name to 謗步, Bangbu.
  • 阿賢設 Chino Axian Shad Personas Axian Shad in the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 阿輔水 Chino Afu River Lugares Afu shui, the Afu water, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 阿那瓌 Chino Anagui Personas The Chinese form of the name
  • 附鄰可汗 Chino Fulin Khan Instituciones y títulos Fulin kehan; fulin is the Tongdian's Göktürk name of the wolf.
  • 附離 Chino Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Religiones Fuli, the name of the khan's guard, which the Zhou Shu says also means wolf in Chinese.
  • 附離 Chino Böri (Guard) Instituciones y títulos Fuli, the name of the guard in the Zhou Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 陘嶺 Chino Xing Ridge Lugares Xingling, the Xing ridge, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi; the biography of Yang Zhong speaks of the narrows of the Xing ridge, 陘嶺之隘.
  • 陜州事 Chino The Uyghur Demand for the Prince's Dance (762) Batallas y sucesos The affair of Shanzhou, as the minister Li Pi called it before the emperor Dezong in 787.
  • 陰山 Chino Yinshan Lugares Yinshan, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 隋 Chino Sui Estados
  • 隨日轉九回 Chino Raising on the Felt Religiones They turned him nine times, following the sun.
  • 雁門 Chino Yanmen Lugares Yanmen, the Wild Goose Gate: the commandery, its seat and the pass through the Gouzhu range.
  • 雕陶莫皋 Chino Fuzhulei Chanyu Personas Diaotaomogao, the name under which the Han Shu introduces him as the eldest son of the Great Yanzhi.
  • 雲中 Chino Yunzhong Lugares Yunzhong, the commandery of Zhao and of the Han in the Shiji and the Han Shu; in the Tang histories also the name of a command and a protectorate.
  • 雲中都督府 Chino Yunzhong Lugares The Yunzhong area command, set up in 630 as the right of the two commands over Ilig Khan's former land.
  • 雲中都護府 Chino Shanyu Protectorate Lugares Yunzhong duhufu, the Yunzhong protectorate; the name of the protectorate in the old town of Yunzhong before the renaming.
  • 雲中都護府 Chino Yunzhong Lugares The Yunzhong protectorate of 664 in the old town of Yunzhong, renamed 單于大都護府, the Shanyu Grand Protectorate.
  • 雲內 Chino Yunzhong Lugares Yunnei, in the Sui Shu's account of the emperor Yangdi's journey of 607, where the Bei Shi and the Tongdian write 雲中.
  • 霍去病 Chino Huo Qubing Personas Huo Qubing, nephew of Wei Qing.
  • 靈州 Chino Lingzhou Lugares Lingzhou, in the Sui Shu, both Tang histories and the Zizhi tongjian; the Lingzhou road, 靈州道, was one of the Sui routes against the Göktürks.
  • 靈武 Chino Lingzhou Lugares Lingwu; the Zizhi tongjian sends the prince of Jin out by the Lingwu road in 600, where the Sui Shu has him march out from Lingzhou, and the Jiu Tang Shu names the Lingwu army of the Tang.
  • 青門 Chino The Qingmen Executions (555) Batallas y sucesos Qingmen, the gate outside which the Rouran were killed.
  • 鞅素特勒 Chino Yangsu Tegin Personas Yangsu tele, in the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui, with the Tang spelling of the title.
  • 鞅素特勤 Chino Yangsu Tegin Personas Yangsu teqin, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian.
  • 韋節 Chino Wei Jie Personas Wei Jie, as the Sui Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian write the name.
  • 音写 Japonés Chinese transcriptions of Turkic Lenguas Onsha, the Japanese term for writing a foreign word with characters chosen for sound.
  • 順天樓 Chino Capture of Ilig Khan (630) Batallas y sucesos Shuntian tower, where Taizong received the captive khan, in the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 頓莫賀達干 Chino Tun Bagha Tarkan Personas Dun Mohe Dagan; the reading Tun Bagha Tarkan is the turkological form, and tarkan is a title, not part of the name.
  • 頡利可汗 Chino Ilig Khan Personas Xieli Khan, the Chinese form of the title; Ilig, 'the one who has a realm', is the Turkic form, the same title the Chinese give Bumin as Yili Khan.
  • 頡利發 Chino Ilteber Instituciones y títulos Xielifa, the title Tong Yabgu gave to all the kings of the western states; Chavannes writes hie-li-fa. The equation with the Turkic word is itself disputed.
  • 頡跌 Chino Ediz Pueblos The form of the Tang histories.
  • 頭曼 Chino Duman (Touman) Personas The form of the Shiji and the Han Shu; T'ou-man in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 食畜肉，飲其汁 Chino Steppe Diet Comidas y bebidas 'They eat the meat of their herds and drink their juice'; the custom of the Xiongnu as Zhonghang Yue states it in the Shiji.
  • 食肉飲酪 Chino Steppe Diet Comidas y bebidas 'They eat meat and drink soured milk'; the phrase of the Chinese histories for the Wuhuan, the Xianbei and the Göktürks.
  • 飲馬酪取醉，歌呼相對 Chino The Göktürk Feast Costumbres y pasatiempos They drink fermented mare's milk until they are drunk, and sing and shout to one another; the Sui Shu on Göktürk custom.
  • 餅餌 Chino Bread Comidas y bebidas Cakes; among the Kirghiz served by the ruler alone, according to the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 饒樂水 Chino The Xianbei Spring Assembly Costumbres y pasatiempos The Raole river. The Tongdian gives Ruluohuan 如洛環 as another name and takes it for a corruption of Raole.
  • 香火之情 Chino The Göktürk Oath Instituciones y títulos The bond of incense and fire, which Li Shimin recalled to Töles in 624.
  • 馬乳蒲桃 Chino Grape Wine in Central Asia Comidas y bebidas The mare-nipple grape of Gaochang, from which the Tang court learned to make wine.
  • 馬伎 Chino Kirghiz Entertainments Costumbres y pasatiempos Ma ji, the skill on horseback.
  • 馬價絹 Chino Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade Instituciones y títulos Majia juan, silk for the price of horses; the term of the Jiu Tang Shu for the payments of 790 and of the 820s.
  • 馬射 Chino Mounted Archery Costumbres y pasatiempos Mashe, horse shooting; the Wei Shu names the terrace of 426 and the review of 439 with this word.
  • 馬邑 Chino Mayi Lugares Mayi, the town and the commandery around it, in the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Tang histories and, much earlier, the Shiji.
  • 馬邑川 Chino Mayi Lugares Mayi chuan, the Mayi river, on which the Northern Qi settled the Rouran ruler Anluochen in 553.
  • 馬酪 Chino Kumys Comidas y bebidas Fermented mare's milk; the word of the Sui Shu for the drink of the Göktürks, of the Wei Shu for that of the Gaoche and of the Xin Tang Shu for that of the Kirghiz.
  • 馬鬣山 Chino Revolt of the Tiele (627) Batallas y sucesos Mount Malie, where the Uyghur chief Pusa broke the Yukuk Shad, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 馳射 Chino Mounted Archery Costumbres y pasatiempos Chishe, shooting at the gallop; the Jiu Tang Shu says that Xuanzong had Göktürks do it in his guard.
  • 馺特勒 Chino Hesa Khan Personas Sa Tegin, the form of the title with tegin that the two Tang histories use before he is called khan.
  • 駁馬 Chino Boma Pueblos Boma, 'piebald horses'. The Tongdian and the Cefu Yuangui write 駮馬.
  • 駝褐 Chino Camels Instituciones y títulos Tuohe, camel-hair cloth; a gift of the Uyghur court in 821.
  • 騎射 Chino Mounted Archery Costumbres y pasatiempos Qishe, riding and shooting; the Sui Shu says of the Göktürks that they were good at it.
  • 騎木 Chino Wooden Horses Costumbres y pasatiempos Qimu, to ride wood; the Sui Shu on the northern Shiwei in the deep snow.
  • 驃騎將軍 Chino Huo Qubing Personas General of Swift Cavalry, his command from 121 BC. The Han Shu writes the title 票騎將軍.
  • 骨利幹 Chino Kurykan Pueblos Gulikan. The Zizhi Tongjian writes 骨利干.
  • 骨力裴羅 Chino Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan Personas Guli Peiluo, the personal name in Chinese transcription.
  • 骨咄祿 Chino Ilterish Khan Personas Gudulu, the Tang form of his personal name, read as Turkic Kutluk, 'possessed of Kut'.
  • 骨咄祿毗伽闕懷仁可汗 Chino Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan Personas Kutlug Bilge Kül Huairen Khan, the title conferred by the Tang in 744; Huairen, cherishing benevolence, is the Chinese element.
  • 骨咄祿特勒 Chino Kutluk Tegin Personas Guduolu tegin in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 骨咄祿特勤 Chino Kutluk Tegin Personas The Tongdian's spelling of the title.
  • 骨崙屋骨 Chino Gulun Wugu Pueblos The transcript writes 骨崙屋骨恐; whether the last character belongs to the name is not clear from the text.
  • 高侃 Chino Gao Kan Personas
  • 高句麗 Chino Goguryeo Estados Gaogouli, in the Sui Shu; the shorter 高麗, Gaoli, is used in the same chapters.
  • 高帝 Chino Emperor Gaozu of Han Personas Gaodi: the form the Shiji uses in the account of Baideng.
  • 高手工 Chino Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Instituciones y títulos Gaoshou gong, craftsmen of high skill. The Xin Tang Shu says that six of them were sent to paint.
  • 高昌 Chino Gaochang Lugares Gaochang, in the Sui Shu's origin legend and its account of Heshana's flight, and in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 高昌 Chino Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho Estados The Chinese name of the Turfan region and its city.
  • 高歡 Chino Gao Huan Personas His personal name; the Bei Qi Shu names him Shenwu throughout.
  • 高皇帝 Chino Emperor Gaozu of Han Personas Gao Huangdi: the form of the Han Shu, and of Wudi's edict of 101 BC.
  • 高祖 Chino Emperor Gaozu of Han Personas Gaozu, 'High Ancestor': the temple name by which the Shiji calls him when it speaks of his reign.
  • 高車 Chino Gaoche Estados "High carts", the name in the Wei Shu.
  • 高車 Chino Tiele Pueblos Gaoche, 'high carts', the form of the Wei Shu; named from their wagons.
  • 高車 Chino Uyghurs Pueblos Gaoche, the high carts; the name under which the ancestors of the Uyghurs appear as subjects of the Rouran. The equation is the standard one and is not a statement of the sources.
  • 高車 Chino Wagons of the Steppe Peoples Instituciones y títulos Gaoche, high carts. The Chinese name of the Gaoche, who are the Tiele of the later histories.
  • 鬼神 Chino Animism Religiones Guishen, ghosts and spirits: the Chinese pair of categories under which the Sui Shu and the Shiji report the reverence of the Göktürks and the Xiongnu.
  • 鬼神 Chino Soul Words Religiones Guishen, spirits and demons; the Chinese original of the Old Uyghur phrase üzüt yäklär in the Sūtra of the Eight Brilliances.
  • 魏 Chino Western Wei Estados Wei, as the Zhou Shu calls the state whose princess Bumin married and whose emperor died in 551.
  • 魏書 Chino Wei Shu Fuentes
  • 鮮卑 Chino Xianbei Pueblos Xianbei. The Hou Han Shu derives the name from the Xianbei mountain, by which they settled.
  • 鳴鏑 Chino Göktürk Weapons Instituciones y títulos Mingdi, the whistling arrow.
  • 鳴鏑 Chino Warfare of the Steppe Empires Instituciones y títulos Mingdi, the whistling arrow; the Shiji names it in Modu's training of his riders and in the list of Göktürk weapons.
  • 鷹娑 Chino Yingsuo Lugares Yingsuo, written with 鷹 'hawk', the name of a valley and of a Tang area command in the Xin Tang Shu's account of the war against Ashina Helu. The equation with 應娑 is an interpretation.
  • 鹹海 Chino Issyk-Kul Lugares Xianhai, the Salt Sea, a third name in the Record.
  • 鹽泊 Chino Salt among the Turkic Peoples Instituciones y títulos Yanbo, salt lake; the name of a Tang prefecture set up for a western Göktürk tribe.
  • 黃金胥紕 Chino Gold of the Xiongnu Court Instituciones y títulos Huangjin xupi, the gold belt ornament of the Han emperor's gift in the Shiji. The Han Shu writes 犀毗, xibi.
  • 黃金飾具帶 Chino Gold of the Xiongnu Court Instituciones y títulos Huangjin shi ju dai, a belt adorned with gold, in the same list.
  • 黃龍變 Chino Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Batallas y sucesos Huanglong bian, the Transformation of the Yellow Dragon; the act in which a whale turned into a dragon.
  • 黑車子 Chino Heichezi Pueblos Heichezi, literally 'black carts'. The Chinese text does not say why the people were so called.
  • 默啜 Chino Kapgan Khan Personas Mochuo, the Tang form; taken to render a Turkic title Bögü Čor.
  • 默棘連 Chino Bilge Khan Personas Mojilian, his personal name in the Tang history; the Turkic behind it is unknown.
  • 黠戛斯 Chino The Khakas name debate Controversias Xiajiasi. The form of the Tang histories for the people of the upper Yenisei; the Xin Tang Shu says it arose from an earlier name and from the speech of the northern peoples.
  • 黠戛斯 Chino Yenisei Kirghiz Pueblos Xiajiasi, the name in the Tang histories. The Xin Tang Shu also lists Jüwu, Jiegu, Hegu and Hegesi as other forms.
  • 黠戛斯 Chino Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Estados Xiajiasi, the name of the Kirghiz in the Tang histories; the Xin Tangshu gives it as the Uyghur name of the people.
  • 鼓吹 Chino Drums and Banners for the Khans Instituciones y títulos Drums and pipes, the band of drums and wind instruments; the word of the Sui Shu for the grants of 585, 587 and 607.
  • 鼓纛 Chino Drums and Banners for the Khans Instituciones y títulos Drum and standard; the Tang histories for the investiture of khans.
  • 鼓角 Chino Drums and Banners for the Khans Instituciones y títulos Drums and horns; the Wei Shu for the gift to Anagui in 521 and for the request of the Gaoche king Yifu.
  • 齊武成帝 Chino Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Personas
  • 齎尾舌以獻 Chino Ishbara's Hunt (587) Batallas y sucesos He brought the tails and tongues and presented them.
  • 龍城 Chino The Three Xiongnu Assemblies Costumbres y pasatiempos Longcheng, Dragon City, in the spelling of the Han Shu.
  • 龍祠 Chino Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices Costumbres y pasatiempos Longci, the dragon sacrifice; the chapter uses it for the sacrifices of the fifth month of AD 47 and of the ninth month of AD 88.
  • 龍祠 Chino The Three Xiongnu Assemblies Costumbres y pasatiempos The dragon sacrifice; the Hou Han Shu names the dragon sacrifice of the fifth month in its account of AD 47.
  • 龜茲 Chino Kucha Lugares Qiuci, the standard Chinese name of the kingdom.

Griego 119

Historiadores y enviados bizantinos

  • čaγri Túrquico Falconry Costumbres y pasatiempos The sacer falcon; the dictionary gives it also as a man's name, čaγri beg.
  • oγlāq ay Túrquico The New Year on the Steppe Costumbres y pasatiempos 'Month of the kid', the beginning of spring after Nayrūz, in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077.
  • Oγuz and Qifčāq Inglés Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari Lenguas The spelling of the English translation of the Compendium.
  • saγïr Túrquico The Battue Costumbres y pasatiempos Battue-shooting, a hunt of kings with their subjects; printed sayir in the transliteration of the English translation.
  • soγdič Túrquico Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary Costumbres y pasatiempos A feast that circulates among the people in winter, in succession (Dankoff/Kelly I, 341).
  • tariγ Túrquico Millet Comidas y bebidas In Kashgari the generic word for cereal crops; wheat for most of the Turks, millet for the Oguz.
  • Ἄβαροι Griego Avars Pueblos The Greek form in the Byzantine historians.
  • Ἀέτιος Griego Aetius Personas Aetios in Priscus.
  • Ἀκάτιροι Griego Akatziri Pueblos Akatiroi, held to be the form Priscus wrote; Akatziroi in some manuscripts.
  • Ἀλανοί Griego Alans Pueblos
  • αλχονο Bactriano Alchon Huns Pueblos The legend on the coins, read alxono. Other proposed forms are alxonno, alxanno and alchanno.
  • Ἀμίλζουροι Griego Amilzuri Pueblos Amilzouroi in Priscus; some scholars emend the form.
  • Ἀναγαῖος Griego Anagai Personas Menander fr. 43 (Dindorf pp. 85, 89).
  • Ἀναγκάστης Griego Anankhast Personas Menander fr. 19.1 in Blockley's numbering, fr. 43 in Dindorf's (p. 84).
  • Ἄορσοι Griego Sarmatians Pueblos Aorsi, explained as Iranian auruša, 'white'.
  • Ἀρσίλας Griego Arsilas Personas Menander fr. 19.1 in Blockley's numbering, fr. 43 in Dindorf's (p. 85): Ἀρσίλας δὲ ὄνομα τῷ παλαιτέρῳ μονάρχῳ Τούρκων.
  • Ἀσκήλ Griego Askel Personas
  • Ἄτελ Griego Volga Lugares
  • Ἀττήλας Griego Attila Personas Attelas, the form of Priscus.
  • Ἀττίλας Griego Volga Lugares Menander fr. 10.4, ἐς τὸν Ἀττίλαν (Dindorf p. 54); 'the Attila' in Blockley's translation (p. 125). The identification with the Volga is modern.
  • Βαράμ Griego Bahram Chobin Personas Baram in Theophylact; Baram son of Bargusnas in a letter of Khosrow II that Theophylact quotes.
  • Βασίχ Griego Basich Personas Basich in the Greek of Priscus; Basichum, in the accusative, in the Latin of the edition.
  • Βιττόρες Griego Bittugures Pueblos Bittores, a Hunnic people in the history of Agathias.
  • Βλήδας Griego Bleda Personas Bledas, the form of Priscus.
  • Βοΐσκοι Griego Boisci Pueblos Boiskoi in Priscus.
  • Βόσπορος Griego Bosporos Lugares ἡ πόλις ὁ Βόσπορος, 'the city of Bosporos', in fr. 19.2; τὸν Βόσπορον in fr. 19.1 (Dindorf pp. 89–90; Blockley p. 179).
  • Βόσπορος Griego Siege of Bosporos, 576 Batallas y sucesos Menander fr. 43 and 45 (Dindorf pp. 89–90).
  • Βούλγαροι Griego Bulgars Pueblos
  • Βώχανος Griego Bochan Personas Menander fr. 43 (Dindorf p. 89).
  • Δεγγιζίχ Griego Dengizich Personas Dengizich, the form Priscus heard at Attila's court; held to be the authentic form.
  • δόχια Griego Dochia Religiones Menander: δόχια δὲ τῇ οἰκείᾳ γλώττῃ προσαγορεύουσι τὰ ἐπὶ τοῖς τεθνεῶσι νόμιμα, dochia they call in their own tongue the customs for the dead.
  • Ἐδέκων Griego Edeco Personas Edekon in the Greek of Priscus; Edecon in the Latin of the edition.
  • Εἰρήνη Griego Tzitzak Personas Irene, the name she took in baptism according to Theophanes; the commentary on Nikephoros calls her the Chazar Eirene.
  • Ἐκτάγ Griego Ektag Lugares Menander's form: a mountain called Ektag, 'as a Greek would say, the golden mountain' (ὡς ἂν εἴποι χρυσοῦν ὄρος Ἕλλην ἀνήρ).
  • Ἐκτέλ Griego Ektag Lugares Ektel, the mountain where Tardush held court in 576; Menander adds that Ektel means golden.
  • Ζαβενδέρ Griego Zabender Pueblos The form of Theophylact Simocatta.
  • Ζήμαρχος Griego Zemarchos Personas Menander's form, fr. 10.2–10.5 in Blockley's numbering.
  • Ζιέβηλ Griego Meeting of Heraclius and Ziebel (627) Batallas y sucesos The Greek form in Theophanes as Dowsett cites it; Ziebel in the translation. It renders the title yabgu.
  • Ἡράκλειος Griego Heraclius Personas The Greek form of the name.
  • Ἠρέκαν Griego Kreka Personas Erekan, the form of a later passage, which some scholars hold to be the original.
  • Ἠρνάχ Griego Ernak Personas Ernach; Müller's Latin renders the name Ernas at the banquet and Irnach in the embassy fragment.
  • Θεοδόσιος Griego Theodosius II Personas The Greek form of the name.
  • Θεοδώρα Griego Theodora of Khazaria Personas The form in the Short History of Nikephoros, chapter 42.
  • Θεοφάνης Βυζάντιος Griego Theophanes of Byzantium Fuentes The name as Photios gives it.
  • Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάττης Griego Theophylact Simocatta Fuentes Also written Theophylaktos Simokattes. Simocatta is a byname that appears to mean 'snub-nosed cat'.
  • Ἰκάρ Griego Ikar Lugares Ikar, in vii.8.10–11; the khagans' array assembled εἰς τὸ Ἰκάρ, 'at the Ikar', which the text calls a place enfolded in great plains.
  • Ἰουστῖνος Griego Justin II Personas Menander, who dates the Göktürk embassies by the years of his reign.
  • Ἱστορία σύντομος Griego Nikephoros Fuentes Short History, the title of the work in the manuscripts.
  • Ἰτίμαροι Griego Itimari Pueblos Itimaroi in Priscus.
  • κάμος Griego Kamos Comidas y bebidas The Greek form; Priscus has the accusative κάμον.
  • καταχαράττειν τὰ πρόσωπα ταῖς μαχαίραις Griego Göktürk Face-Cutting Religiones to score the faces with knives; Turxanthos' demand to the Roman envoys in 576.
  • Κάτουλφος Griego Katulph Personas Menander's form, with the Greek ending -os; fr. 4.3 and 10.1 in Blockley's numbering.
  • Κιμμέριοι Griego Cimmerians Pueblos Kimmerioi, the Greek form.
  • Κοτζαγηροί Griego Kotzager Pueblos The form of Theophylact Simocatta.
  • Κοτζαγηροί Griego Kutrigurs Pueblos The Kotzageroi of the khagan's letter of 598, who fled from the Göktürks to the Avars; their equation with the Kutrigurs is an inference.
  • Κοτρίγουροι Griego Kutrigurs Pueblos Menander fr. 3 and 6 (Dindorf pp. 3, 6).
  • Κουναξολά Griego Kunaxolan Personas The form of Bekker's edition (p. 285), recorded in de Boor's apparatus; Kounaxola in Chavannes.
  • Κουναξολάν Griego Kunaxolan Personas Theophylact vii.8.9, de Boor's text (p. 259), where the apparatus gives it as the reading of V. Kunaxolan in Whitby's translation.
  • Κουρσίχ Griego Kursich Personas Kursich in the Greek of Priscus; Cursichum, in the accusative, in the Latin of the edition.
  • Κουτρίγουροι Griego Kutrigurs Pueblos Menander fr. 27 and 28 (Dindorf pp. 62–64).
  • Κρέκα Griego Kreka Personas Kreka in the excerpts; Müller's Latin writes Cerca and Creca.
  • λογάδες Griego Logades Instituciones y títulos Logades, the picked or prominent men; the Latin of the edition renders it primores, the leading men.
  • Μανιάχ Griego Maniakh Personas Menander's form, fr. 10.1–10.3 in Blockley's numbering. The name has been interpreted as Buddhist and as Turkic.
  • Μαρκιανός Griego Marcian Personas The Greek form of the name.
  • Μένανδρος Προτήκτωρ Griego Menander Protector Fuentes Menander the Guardsman; the byname is the court rank protector.
  • Μουνδίουχος Griego Mundzuc Personas Mundiouchos, as Priscus heard the name at Attila's court.
  • Ὀγώρ Griego Ogurs Pueblos The Ogor whom the Göktürk khagan claims to have subdued in his letter of 598; whether the Ogurs or the Uyghurs are meant is disputed.
  • Ὀνηγήσιος Griego Onegesius Personas Onegesios in the Greek of Priscus; Onegesius in the Latin of the edition.
  • Ὀνόγουροι Griego Onogurs Pueblos Priscus' form; Müller's Latin translation has Onoguri.
  • Ὁνωρία Griego Honoria Personas The Greek form of the name.
  • Ὀρέστης Griego Orestes Personas The Greek form of the name.
  • Οὐαλεντῖνος Griego Valentinos Personas Menander fr. 5.2 (to the Avars) and fr. 19.1–19.2 (to the Göktürks, 576), in Blockley's numbering.
  • Οὐγοῦροι Griego Ogurs Pueblos Menander's form in the account of Zemarchos' return journey (Dindorf p. 55); Niebuhr emended it to Οὐτιγούρους, Utigurs.
  • Οὔλδης Griego Uldin Personas Zosimus and Sozomen write Ouldes or Ouldis.
  • Οὐλτίζουροι Griego Ultzinzures Pueblos Ultizuri in the history of Agathias.
  • Οὖννοι Griego Huns Pueblos The Greek form used by Priscus and the Byzantine historians, who also call the Huns Scythians.
  • Οὐννουγοῦροι Griego Onogurs Pueblos Theophylact's form, beside the Barsilt and the Sabirs.
  • Οὔπταρος Griego Octar Personas Uptaros, king of the Huns in Socrates; the form follows from Octar through Balkan Latin.
  • Οὔρωγοι Griego Ogurs Pueblos The form of the Priscus fragment, read as *Ὄγουροι; Müller's Latin translation has Urogi.
  • Οὐτίγουροι Griego Utigurs Pueblos Menander's form in fr. 3, 28 and 43 (Dindorf pp. 3, 63–64, 85, 87).
  • Οὐτρίγουροι Griego Utigurs Pueblos Variant forms in Procopius and Agathias, among them Οὐτούργουροι, as given in the literature.
  • Παλαιὰ Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία Griego Old Great Bulgaria Estados The name of the polity in Greek sources.
  • Πέρσαι Griego Sasanian Persia Estados The Persians, in Menander.
  • Πρίσκος Πανίτης Griego Priscus Fuentes Priscus of Panium, the town on the Propontis from which he came.
  • Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς Griego Procopius Fuentes Prokopios of Caesarea; the English form is Procopius.
  • Ῥούγας Griego Rua Personas Rougas in Socrates; Rhoilas in Theodoret.
  • Ῥωμαῖοι Griego Byzantium Estados Romaioi, the Romans, the empire's own name for its people; Menander writes of the Romans and the Göktürks, never of Byzantines.
  • Ῥωξολανοί Griego Sarmatians Pueblos Roxolani, one of the eastern groups that joined them; understood as Iranian rauxšna, 'light', with Alan.
  • Σαβεῖροι Griego Sabirs Pueblos Menander fr. 5, 41, 42 and 50 (Dindorf pp. 5, 80, 83–84, 102).
  • Σάβιροι Griego Sabirs Pueblos The usual form in Priscus, Procopius, Agathias and Theophylact, as given in the literature.
  • Σαράγουροι Griego Saragurs Pueblos Saraguri in the Latin of the edition.
  • Σαυρομάται Griego Sarmatians Pueblos Sauromatai, the people Herodotus knew beyond the Don; the connection with the later Sarmatians is held to be in all likelihood right.
  • Σιζάβουλος Griego Istemi Personas
  • Σιλζίβουλος Griego Istemi Personas Silziboulos, the leader of the Göktürks in the sentence fragments and in the account of the mourning of 576; the embassy fragments write Σιζάβουλος, Sizaboulos, in the critical text. The equation with Istemi and the reading as Sir Yabgu are modern.
  • Σκόλοτοι Griego Scythians Pueblos Skolotoi, the name of one Scythian grouping, possibly from the same root with l for δ.
  • Σκύθαι Griego Scythians Pueblos Skythai, the form of Herodotus and of the Greek tradition after him.
  • Σπαρζευγοῦν Griego Sparzeugun Personas Theophylact vii.8.9, de Boor's text (p. 259) and Bekker's (p. 285). Sparzeugun in Whitby's translation; Sparzeugoun in Chavannes.
  • Στεμβισχάδαν Griego Istemi Personas Stembischadas, in the accusative, the ally of the khagan in the Göktürk letter to Maurice (Theophylact VII.7.9) as the older printed text gives it; the Vatican manuscript reads Stembischagan. The equation with Istemi is modern.
  • Ταγμά Griego Tagma Tarkhan Personas Menander fr. 10.3 in Blockley's numbering (Dindorf p. 53): ἦν δὲ ἐπίκλησις τῷ μετ᾽ ἐκεῖνον πρεσβευτῇ Ταγμὰ αὐτῷ, ἀξίωμα δὲ Ταρχάν, 'his name was Tagma, his rank Tarkhan'.
  • Ταϊσάν Griego Taisan Instituciones y títulos Taisan, in Theophylact's History vii.9.2, explained as 'son of god' in Greek.
  • Τάρδου Griego Tardush Personas Tardu, Menander's form, fr. 19.1 in Blockley's numbering.
  • Ταρνιάχ Griego Tarniach Pueblos The form of Theophylact Simocatta.
  • Τίλ Griego Volga Lugares Theophylact vii.7.13, ὁ Τὶλ ... ποταμός (Bekker p. 283), which the Turks call the Black; one of three identifications is the Volga.
  • τιμῶσι … οἱ Τοῦρκοι λίαν ἐκτόπως τὸ πῦρ Griego Fire Worship Religiones The Turks honour fire to a quite extraordinary degree; Theophylact, vii.8.14.
  • τὸ γράμμα τὸ Σκυθικόν Griego The Sogdian language Lenguas The Scythian letter that Maniakh brought to Constantinople in 568; which language it was written in is argued.
  • Τουλδίχ Griego Tuldich Personas Theophylact vii.8.9, de Boor's text (p. 259) and Bekker's (p. 285). Tuldich in Whitby's translation; Touldikh in Chavannes.
  • Τούνσουρες Griego Tounsoures Pueblos Tounsoures in Priscus.
  • Τουρξάθου Griego Türk-shad Personas
  • Τούρξανθος Griego Türk-shad Personas Turxanthos, Menander's form; read in the literature as Türk-šad, 'the shad of the Türk'.
  • Τουροῦμ Griego Revolt of Turum Batallas y sucesos Theophylact vii.8.8, the Greek form as Chavannes and Golden cite it; Turum in Whitby's translation.
  • Τουρούμ Griego Turum Personas Theophylact vii.8.8, de Boor's text (p. 259); Τουροὺμ in Bekker's edition (p. 285). Turum in Whitby's translation.
  • Ὑπὲρ τῶν πολέμων Griego Procopius Fuentes The Wars, in eight books: the Persian, Vandal and Gothic wars.
  • Χαγάνος Griego Busir Glavan Personas Theophanes and Nikephoros give only the title, Chagan, and no personal name.
  • Χαράτων Griego Charaton Personas Olympiodorus, in the summary of Photius: ὁ τῶν ῥηγῶν πρῶτος, the first of the kings.
  • Χερσών Griego Cherson Lugares The nominative of Menander's forms: Χερσῶνος in fr. 19.1 and Χερσῶνα in fr. 25.2 (Dindorf pp. 85 and 125).
  • Χοσρόης Griego Khosrow I Personas Chosroes, in Menander and the other Greek historians.
  • Χρονογραφία Griego Theophanes the Confessor Fuentes Chronographia, the name under which the chronicle is edited.
  • Χρυσάφιος Griego Chrysaphius Personas The Greek form of the name.
  • Ὦξος Griego Oxus Lugares

Escritura árabe y persa 19

Los geógrafos e historiadores musulmanes

  • أحمد بن فضلان Árabe Ibn Fadlan Fuentes Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān, secretary of the embassy.
  • ابروی Persa Abrui and Shir-i Kishvar Batallas y sucesos Abrui, as the Tehran edition prints it; the manuscripts also read Abarva and Abravi or Abravay.
  • الإصطخري Árabe al-Iṣṭakhrī Fuentes al-Iṣṭakhrī.
  • التنبيه والإشراف Árabe al-Masʿūdī Fuentes al-Tanbīh wa-l-Ishrāf, of 956.
  • المسالك والممالك Árabe al-Iṣṭakhrī Fuentes Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik, the title of his geography.
  • المسعودي Árabe al-Masʿūdī Fuentes Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī.
  • باب صول Árabe Gate of Sul Lugares Bāb Ṣūl, the gate of Sul, which al-Thaʿalibi says Khosrow I built of marble, five parasangs long.
  • تاریخ بخارا Persa Narshakhī, History of Bukhara Fuentes
  • جاورس Árabe Farming among the Volga Bulgars Instituciones y títulos Jāwars, the word Ibn Fadlan uses for the grain of the Bulgars and for the millet he took on his journey; the French edition renders it millet and notes that it may be sorghum.
  • حدود العالم Persa Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam Fuentes Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam min al-Mashriq ilā l-Maghrib, the Regions of the World from East to West.
  • ديوان لغات الترك Árabe Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Fuentes
  • رسالة Árabe Ibn Fadlan Fuentes Risāla, the report.
  • زين الأخبار Persa Gardīzī (Zayn al-akhbār) Fuentes Zayn al-akhbār, the title of the history. Its geographical chapters on the Turks are cited in the literature as Gardīzī's Zayn al-akhbār.
  • طبائع الحيوان Árabe Marvazī (Ṭabāʾiʿ al-ḥayawān) Fuentes Ṭabāʾiʿ al-ḥayawān, the title of the compendium, a work on the nature of animals.
  • فتوح البلدان Árabe al-Balādhurī Fuentes Futūḥ al-buldān, the title of his history of the conquests.
  • قتيبة بن مسلم Árabe Qutayba ibn Muslim Personas
  • كتاب الأعلاق النفيسة Árabe Ibn Rusta Fuentes Kitāb al-Aʿlāq an-nafīsa, the title of the work in de Goeje's edition.
  • کشت و برز Persa Towns and Villages of the Turks in the Hudud al-ʿĀlam Instituciones y títulos Kisht-u-barz, tillage; the words the Persian geographer uses of the farmed land of the Karluk at Kulan and of the village of Tüzün-Bulagh.
  • مروج الذهب Árabe al-Masʿūdī Fuentes Murūj al-Dhahab, the Meadows of Gold.

Otras escrituras 13

  • ажо Ruso Aco Instituciones y títulos Ajo, the Russian rendering of the same Chinese word.
  • Әләрә Tártaro Alara Religiones The Cyrillic form that popular reference pages give for the name.
  • Берел Ruso Berel Lugares The Cyrillic name used in Russian and Kazakh publications; French and English articles write Berel' with the Russian soft sign.
  • Гол-Мод Ruso Gol Mod Lugares The Cyrillic form used in Russian publications.
  • Ирникъ Eslavo eclesiástico antiguo Ernak Personas Irnik, the first name in the Bulgarian princes' list, which survives in Old Church Slavonic copies; it has been equated with Ernak.
  • Ноин-Ула Ruso Noin Ula Lugares The Cyrillic name used in the Russian publications of the excavation.
  • Плиска Búlgaro Pliska Lugares The Bulgarian spelling of the name.
  • Повесть временных лет Ruso antiguo Russian Primary Chronicle Fuentes Povest' vremennykh let, the Russian title of the chronicle.
  • Таштыкская культура Ruso Tashtyk Culture Pueblos The Russian name of the culture, after which the others are formed.
  • Хягас, хагас Ruso The Khakas name debate Controversias Hjagas, Hagas. Bichurin's rendering of Xiajiasi, from which the word Khakas was taken.
  • Шивет Улан Ruso Shiveet Ulaan Lugares The Russian spelling of a caption in a book on the runic monuments of Central Asia. Other Russian works write Шивээт-Улан.
  • ათაბაგი Georgiano Atabeg Instituciones y títulos Atabagi, the Georgian form, carried into the kingdom's own order of rank in the thirteenth century.
  • शक Sánscrito Saka Pueblos Śaka, the Indian form.

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