92 madde

Halklar

Etnik adlar ve adı anılan halklar.

Temel madde

  • Göktürkler Aşina'nın yönettiği halkın öz adı. Sekizinci yüzyılın runik yazıtlarında tanıklıdır.
  • Hunlar 370'lerde Avrupa'ya giren ve Attila döneminde Kafkasya'dan Ren'e kadar hüküm süren göçebe halk. İmparatorlukları 453'ten sonra dağıldı. Asya Hunlarıyla özdeşliği tartışılır.
  • On Oq On Ok: on boy, beşi Suyab'ın doğusunda Üç Tuğlu, beşi batısında Nushibi, her reis bir ok taşır. Batı Göktürkleri 630'dan sonra onların içinde dağıldı.
  • Rouran Rouran Kağanlığı'nın halkı, 552'ye kadar Aşinaların efendisi. Wei Shu'ya göre Donghu ve Siyenpi kökenli, olağan sınıflandırmaya göre Para-Moğolca konuşan bir halk.
  • Uyghurs Dokuz Oğuz'dan, sırayla Rouranlara ve Göktürklere tebaa olan bir Tiele halkı. 744'te son Göktürk kağanını devirdiler ve Orhun'u doksan altı yıl elinde tuttular.
  • Xianbei Birinci yüzyılda doğu bozkırını Asya Hunlarından alan ve ona bir sonraki düzenini veren halk. Rouran hanedanı ve Kuzey Wei'nin Tuobaları onlardan çıktı.
  • Yenisei Kirghiz Yukarı Yenisey'in gizemli Türk dilli halkı, demir ve altınlarıyla tanınır. Çoğu zaman Göktürk İmparatorluğunun bir parçasıydılar. Uygur Kağanlığına ve Ötüken merkezli hükümranlık yetkisine son verdiler.
Görsel kaynakları
  • Akatzirler: c. 450: The realm of Attila reaches from the Danube into the steppe. The Akatziri stand in two proposed places, north-west of the Black Sea and by the Sea of Azov. Modern map. No source records the frontier. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Avars: 558: The first embassy of the Avars comes through the Alans and Lazica to Constantinople. The Avars then break the Onogurs and destroy the Sabirs. Modern map. The road of the embassy is drawn, and the places of the battles are not recorded. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Donghu: Donghu in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Avrasya Göçebeleri: A herder on horseback with a flock of sheep and goats on the open steppe of Mongolia, photographed in 1909. Finnish Heritage Agency (Museovirasto), General Ethnographic Photo Collection, VKK156:33. Photograph by Sakari Pälsi, 1909. Finna, CC BY 4.0.
  • Göktürkler: Göktürks in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Hephthalites: Envoy of the Hua (滑國), as the Liang court called the Hephthalites, carrying a bowl. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist. Handscroll, ink on paper; National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N. Copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, The National Palace Museum, Taipei, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.
  • Türk halklarının tarihi: Runes of the Tonyukuk stone, the Göktürk realm in 552, the Altai from space, a Scythian gold stag, the empire of Attila in 453 and riders on a Tang bronze mirror. Photographs: G. J. Ramstedt and Sakari Pälsi, Finnish Heritage Agency (CC BY 4.0); NASA, astronaut photograph iss069e071176 (public domain); The Cleveland Museum of Art, 1985.77 (CC0); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 25.20.3 (CC0). Maps: © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Hunlar: Huns in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Khitan: Fragment of a Liao-dynasty tomb mural showing a Khitan man and a Khitan boy, from a tomb at Paolou Hill in Lindong, excavated in 1988. Photograph: BabelStone, 2016, CC BY-SA 3.0.
  • Kutrigurs: c. 550: The Kutrigurs live west and the Utigurs east of the Don and the Sea of Azov, the Sabirs and the Onogurs north of the Caucasus. The Kutrigurs raid in 551 and, under Zabergan, reach Constantinople in 558–559. The Avars arrive in 557. Modern map. The roads are drawn. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • On Oq: On Oq in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Rouran: Rouran in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Sabirs: 558: The first embassy of the Avars comes through the Alans and Lazica to Constantinople. The Avars then break the Onogurs and destroy the Sabirs. Modern map. The road of the embassy is drawn, and the places of the battles are not recorded. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Saragurlar: c. 463: The Abares drive out the Sabirs, and the Sabirs drive the Saragurs, Ogurs and Onogurs west. The Saragurs defeat the Akatziri and send an embassy to Constantinople. Later they raid through the Caucasus. Modern map. The arrows are a reconstruction. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Tiele: Tiele in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Avrupa'daki Türk boyları: One of a pair of gold earrings, Avar work, 550 to 650. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 17.191.4, CC0.
  • Tuyuhun: Envoy of the Tuyuhun, labelled 河南, the name under which the southern histories treat their kingdom. From “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, a copy after a painting ascribed to Emperor Yuan of Liang (r. 552–555); an inscription of the Song emperor Lizong names Gu Deqian of the Southern Tang as the copyist. Handscroll, ink on paper; National Palace Museum, Taipei, 故畫001389N. Copy of Emperor Yuan of Liang’s “Foreign Visitors Coming to Court”, The National Palace Museum, Taipei, CC BY 4.0 @ www.npm.gov.tw.
  • Uyghurs: Muqam, a painting of 1984 by the Uyghur painter Ghazi Ehmet: singers and musicians of the Uyghur muqam with long-necked lutes, fiddles, a dulcimer, frame drums and flutes. It shows the Uyghurs of the twentieth century, eleven centuries after the dispersal of 840. Painting: Ghazi Ehmet, 1984.
  • Xianbei: Xianbei in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026
  • Yenisei Kirghiz: Yenisei Kirghiz in a modern illustration. © Emre-E Yavuz 2026

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