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Her adın kayıtlı her biçimi, arkasındaki maddeyle. Bir kaynakta karşılaşılan ad, orada yazıldığı gibi aranabilir: Mukan, Zhou Shu’da 木杆可汗, Bugut taşında Muγan’dır.

Bu sayfa ve menü Türkçedir. Maddelerin bir kısmı Türkçe okunabilir, kalanı İngilizcedir ve öyle işaretlenir.

1126 madde için 3244 biçim, 6 yazıda. Bilimsel çevriyazı, kaynak biçimi ve maddelerde kullanılan biçim yan yana durur. Bir madde bir biçimin neye dayandığını söylüyorsa, not da yanında durur. Yönlendirme adresleri ad değildir ve burada yer almaz.

Latin yazısı 2021

Madde başları, çevriyazılar ve batı kaynaklarının biçimleri

A

  • *alp il čur Eski Türkçe Amilzuri Halklar The Turkic form that some scholars reconstruct: hero, people, commander.
  • *Anagasts Gotça Anagastes Kişiler The Gothic form that some scholars set behind the name.
  • *Angisgiri Eski Türkçe Angisciri Halklar A proposed form, from the word for field.
  • *arïɣ qan Eski Türkçe Kreka Kişiler The Turkic form that some scholars reconstruct, the pure princess.
  • *Aršila Eski Türkçe Arsilas Kişiler A reconstruction on which Arsilas is the name of the Ashina house.
  • A-pao-chi, Apaoki İngilizce Abaoji Kişiler The older romanisations of the Chinese form. No Khitan form of the name is given by the Chinese texts.
  • AA and MM. III Almanca Altın Köl Inscriptions Kaynaklar The letters under which Radloff prints the first and the second stone; his spelling of the place is Altyn-Köl.
  • aaruul Moğolca Qurut Yeme içme The Mongolian name of dried curd, made today from yak and cow milk.
  • Abangbu Abangbu Kişiler
  • Abaoji Abaoji Kişiler
  • Abaoji's campaign to the Orkhon (924) Abaoji's campaign to the Orkhon (924) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Abrui and Shir-i Kishvar Abrui and Shir-i Kishvar Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Malik aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī Arapça aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī Kaynaklar The author to whom the edition assigns the work; one manuscript names an al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad al-Marġanī.
  • Abū Muzāhim Arapça Sulu Khan Kişiler The by-name the Arabic sources give him: the butting one.
  • Abusi Abusi Halklar
  • Acatziri Latince Akatziri Halklar Jordanes: Acatziri, gens fortissima.
  • Aco Aco Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • aco Türkçe Aco Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The reading of Turkish scholarship, also written ace. It is a modern rendering of the Chinese characters and is not taken from a Kirghiz text.
  • Ädiz Eski Türkçe Ediz Halklar The turkological form of the name in the runiform texts of the Uyghur age, where it is read with a query on the Tariat stele and in a rock text at Zamyn Buuts.
  • Aetius Aetius Kişiler
  • Afrasiab Afrasiab Kişiler
  • Afrasiab İngilizce Afrasiab paintings Kaynaklar The mound on which old Samarkand lay, named after the legendary king Afrasiab; the paintings are named after the mound.
  • Afrasiab İngilizce Samarkand Yerler The name of the ancient site.
  • Afrasiab paintings Afrasiab paintings Kaynaklar
  • Afrāsiyāb Farsça Afrasiab Kişiler The New Persian form of the Shahnameh.
  • Afu River Afu River Yerler
  • Afuzhiluo Afuzhiluo Kişiler
  • ağač-eri Eski Türkçe Akatziri Halklar Forest people; one of several proposed etymologies, all conjectures.
  • Agni Sanskritçe Karashahr Yerler The name of the kingdom in the Sanskrit leaves of the northern rim, equated with the Yanqi of the Chinese.
  • ak adgır Eski Türkçe Kül Tegin's Horses Kurumlar ve Unvanlar White stallion; the stallion of the Bayırku that Kül Tegin rode against the Kırgız.
  • Ak-Beshim İngilizce Suyab Yerler The name of the archaeological site.
  • Akatziri Akatziri Halklar
  • Aksu Aksu Yerler
  • Aksu Türkçe Aksu Yerler The modern name of the oasis with which Gumo is identified.
  • al-Balādhurī al-Balādhurī Kaynaklar
  • al-Iṣṭakhrī al-Iṣṭakhrī Kaynaklar
  • al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah Kişiler
  • al-Jarrāḥ ibn ʿAbdallāh Arapça al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah Kişiler The scholarly transliteration of the name.
  • al-Masʿūdī al-Masʿūdī Kaynaklar
  • Alans Alans Halklar
  • Alara Alara Dinler
  • Alara Türkçe Alara Dinler A given name in Turkey today and the name of a river, a castle and a caravanserai near Alanya.
  • Alchon Huns Alchon Huns Halklar
  • Alp Är Toŋa Eski Türkçe Afrasiab Kişiler Karakhanid Turkic of the eleventh century, in Kashgari's Dīwān, which renders the name in Arabic as King Afrāsiyāb (Dankoff/Kelly I, 92).
  • Alp Ilitʿuer Ermenice Ilteber Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The prince of the Caucasian Huns in 681–682. The manuscripts give a dozen spellings and no two agree.
  • Alp Inanč Eski Türkçe Alp Inanch Kişiler The Turkic form of the name as Drompp writes it; he gives no derivation.
  • Alp Inanch Alp Inanch Kişiler
  • Alp Šalčı Eski Türkçe Kül Tegin's Horses Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Read as the name of a white horse; Tekin's glossary lists Šalčı as a personal name.
  • Alpidzuri, Alcildzuri Latince Amilzuri Halklar Jordanes names two peoples where Priscus has one.
  • Altai Altai Yerler
  • Altai runiform inscriptions Altai runiform inscriptions Kaynaklar
  • Altaian Creation Story Altaian Creation Story Dinler
  • Altay yazıtları Türkçe Altai runiform inscriptions Kaynaklar The Turkish name; the studies write of the inscriptions of the Altai Republic and of the mountain Altai (Dağlık Altay).
  • Altın Köl Inscriptions Altın Köl Inscriptions Kaynaklar
  • Altın-Köl I (E 28) Türkçe Altın Köl Inscriptions Kaynaklar The form of the Turkish literature. E 28 is the number of the stone in the numbering of the Yenisei inscriptions.
  • Altın-Köl II (E 29) Türkçe Altın Köl Inscriptions Kaynaklar The second stone, E 29.
  • Altuigurisch Almanca Old Uyghur Diller The German name.
  • altun Eski Türkçe Metals and Metalworking in Kashgari's Dictionary Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Altun, gold. Kashgari glosses it with the Arabic dahab.
  • Altun yış Eski Türkçe Altai Yerler The Golden Forest of the Tonyukuk inscription; the Turkic name behind the Chinese calque.
  • altun yıs Eski Türkçe Ektag Yerler Golden Forest, the name the Orkhon inscriptions give the Altai. The equation with Ektag is an interpretation, not a statement of either text.
  • Altziagiri Latince Kutrigurs Halklar Jordanes' Hunnic people by Cherson; they have been equated with the Kutrigurs.
  • Alxon Ermenice Alchon Huns Halklar Named with Walxon in the Armenian Geography among the peoples of Scythia. Some scholars take the two names for one people.
  • Amga Korgan Amga Korgan Yerler
  • amga korgan Eski Türkçe Amga Korgan Yerler The form in the Kül Tegin inscription, on the north face.
  • Amgı korgan Eski Türkçe Amga Korgan Yerler The form in the Bilge Khan inscription.
  • Amilzuri Amilzuri Halklar
  • Ammianus Marcellinus Ammianus Marcellinus Kaynaklar
  • Amrak Amrak Kişiler
  • Amrak Eski Türkçe Amrak Kişiler The reconstructed form; the modern name Emre is said to derive from it.
  • Amu Darya İngilizce Oxus Yerler
  • An Lushan An Lushan Kişiler
  • An Nuopantuo An Nuopantuo Kişiler
  • Ana Bulgarca Türkçe Oghur Turkic Diller Proto-Bulgar, the ancestor of the branch in Turkish scholarship.
  • Anagai Anagai Kişiler
  • Anagaios Yunanca Anagai Kişiler Latin-letter transcription of Menander's form.
  • Anagast İngilizce Anagastes Kişiler A shortened form used in modern accounts.
  • Anagastes Anagastes Kişiler
  • Anagastes Latince Anagastes Kişiler The form of the Latin edition of Priscus, which calls him the son of Ornigisclus.
  • Anagui Anagui Kişiler
  • Anagui Khagan İngilizce Anagui Kişiler Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Anāhitā-banda Soğdca An Nuopantuo Kişiler Servant of Anāhitā, a name attested in Sogdian onomastics.
  • Anancastes Latince Anankhast Kişiler The form of the Latin translation in Müller's edition.
  • Anankhast Anankhast Kişiler
  • Anbei Protectorate Anbei Protectorate Yerler
  • Ancestor Cult Ancestor Cult Dinler
  • Anchan Juni Anchan Juni Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Ancient DNA studies of the steppe İngilizce Archaeogenetics of the Steppe Empires Tartışmalar The common name of the field in the studies themselves, which speak of ancient DNA, paleogenomics and archaeogenetics.
  • Ancient Letters İngilizce Sogdian Ancient Letters Kaynaklar The name the letters have carried in the literature since their edition; they are the oldest Sogdian letters known.
  • Angisciri Angisciri Halklar
  • Angisciri Latince Angisciri Halklar Jordanes: Angisciros, Angiscires.
  • Animism Animism Dinler
  • animism İngilizce Animism Dinler The term of E. B. Tylor, 1871, first for the doctrine of souls and then for the doctrine of spirits in general. It is not a word of any steppe people.
  • Anluochen Anluochen Kişiler
  • Anxi Protectorate Anxi Protectorate Yerler
  • Aoshe Shad Aoshe Shad Kişiler
  • Apa Eski Türkçe Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) Kişiler The Turkic name or title that the Chinese form is understood as; this identification is that of the Turkological dictionaries and of the study of the Begre stele.
  • Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) Kişiler
  • Apa Tarkan Apa Tarkan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Apar Eski Türkçe Rouran Halklar The Apar of the Orkhon inscriptions are commonly identified with the Rouran or the Avars; the identification is argued.
  • Apar Eski Türkçe Rouran Khaganate Devletler The Avars named among the mourners in the Kül Tegin inscription; whether the word means the Rouran, the European Avars, or both is argued.
  • äpmäk Türkçe Bread Yeme içme The form of the Yaghma, the Tukhsi and part of the Oghuz and the Kipchak, according to Kashgari.
  • Aquileia Aquileia Yerler
  • Aquileiensis civitas Latince Aquileia Yerler The city of Aquileia, the metropolis of Venetia, in Jordanes's account of the siege.
  • Ar-sori Çuvaşça Arçura Dinler The form in which the Finno-Ugric and Siberian handbook of 1927 gives the name, glossed 'Half-human'.
  • Arab–Khazar Wars (642–737) Arab–Khazar Wars (642–737) Savaşlar
  • Archaeogenetics of the Steppe Empires Archaeogenetics of the Steppe Empires Tartışmalar
  • Arçura Arçura Dinler
  • Arçuray Türkçe Arçura Dinler Variant spelling in modern Turkish handbooks, with Arçurı and Arsurı.
  • Arçuri Çuvaşça Arçura Dinler The Chuvash form of the name.
  • Ardaric Ardaric Kişiler
  • Ardaricus Latince Ardaric Kişiler Jordanes: Gepidarum rex ... Ardaricus; also Ardarichus.
  • Are Are Soylar
  • Are Khan Are Khan Kişiler
  • Argu Argu Yerler
  • ärklig Eski Türkçe Erklig Dinler The adjective: possessed of power, having authority. The form the older language uses.
  • Ärklig Qan Eski Türkçe Erklig Dinler The lord of the dead of the Old Uyghur Buddhist texts, where the figure renders the Indian Yama.
  • Army of the Steppe Empires Army of the Steppe Empires Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Arsilas Arsilas Kişiler
  • Arslan Eski Türkçe Arsilas Kişiler The Turkic word arslan, 'lion', read into the Greek form in the literature; the Greek gives only Arsilas.
  • Arslan Eski Türkçe Heshana Khan Kişiler A possible Turkic name behind the Chinese forms; the lemma stays Heshana.
  • Arzyuri Çuvaşça Arçura Dinler The spelling in the Russian transcription; the Chuvash poet Mikhail Fedorov gave a poem this title.
  • Asceltus Latince Askel Kişiler The Latin version of Anastasius has Ascelti regis, as recorded in de Boor's apparatus.
  • Asena Eski Türkçe Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Dinler The name of the she-wolf of the origin legend, the mother of the ten sons.
  • Asena Eski Türkçe Ashina Soylar A modern name for the she-wolf of the origin legend; the Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu leave her unnamed.
  • Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Dinler
  • Ashide Ashide Soylar
  • Ashide Wumo Chur Ashide Wumo Chur Kişiler
  • Ashide Yuanzhen Ashide Yuanzhen Kişiler
  • Ashina Ashina Soylar
  • Ashina Funian Ashina Funian Kişiler
  • Ashina Helu Ashina Helu Kişiler
  • Ashina Simo Ashina Simo Kişiler
  • Asian Huns İngilizce Xiongnu Devletler A usage that identifies the Xiongnu with the Huns; the identification is argued and not adopted as a finding.
  • Askel Askel Kişiler
  • Aškuzai Akkadca Scythians Halklar Iškuzai, Aškuzai in the Semitic records; the biblical Ashkenaz belongs to the same set.
  • aspron ospition Yunanca Sarkel Yerler The Greek words with which De administrando imperio 42 explains Sarkel, 'white house'. The text says that Sarkel means 'white house' among the Khazars.
  • Assembly at Mount Yanzhi (609) Assembly at Mount Yanzhi (609) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī Kaynaklar
  • ata kültü Türkçe Ancestor Cult Dinler The Turkish scholarly term for the cult of the ancestors; it is not a word of any source of the khaganates.
  • Atabeg Atabeg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • atabeg Türkçe Atabeg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The compound as the Seljuk chanceries wrote it: ata, father, and beg, lord.
  • atabey Türkçe Atabeg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The modern Turkish spelling, general in the Turkish literature.
  • Atïl Eski Türkçe Attila Kişiler The Turkic name of the Volga, Atïl or Itil, with which the name has been connected; others reject the connection and derive the name from Gothic atta, father.
  • Atil Arapça Itil Yerler The form Canard writes for the river and the city in Ibn Fadlan's report. The dictionary of Yaqut heads its article Itil, with Atil in brackets.
  • Atïl Türkçe Volga Yerler The Turkic name of the river, also Itil, which the Greek forms may render.
  • Atli Eski İskandinavca Attila Kişiler The Attila of the Old Norse poems; Ætla in Old English.
  • ätmäk Türkçe Bread Yeme içme 'Bread', the common form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077.
  • Attila Attila Kişiler
  • Attila Latince Attila Kişiler
  • Attila's Balkan wars Attila's Balkan wars Savaşlar
  • Attila's invasion of Gaul İngilizce Hunnic invasion of Gaul, 451 Savaşlar
  • Attila's invasion of Italy İngilizce Hunnic invasion of Italy, 452 Savaşlar
  • Avar Craftsmen Avar Craftsmen Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Avars Avars Halklar
  • Awusili Irkin Awusili Irkin Kişiler
  • Axian Shad Axian Shad Kişiler
  • Ay Ata Ay Ata Dinler
  • Ay Ata Türkçe Ay Ata Dinler Moon Father.
  • Ay Atam Türkçe Ay Ata Dinler My Moon Father; the name of the first man in the origin legend copied by al-Dawādārī.
  • ay tängridä Eski Türkçe Ay Ata Dinler By the god of the moon; the Turkic phrase behind the Chinese transcription in the titles of the Uyghur khagans.
  • Ayran Ayran Yeme içme
  • ayrān Türkçe Ayran Yeme içme The form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077, glossed with the Arabic maḫīḍ, 'churned milk'. The oldest record of the word.
  • äyrän Tatarca Ayran Yeme içme Tatar.
  • Az Az Halklar
  • Az Eski Türkçe Az Halklar The ethnonym as the transcriptions give it. The word also means 'few', so each passage has to be read for its sense.
  • Ažo, Ajo, aco İngilizce Are Khan Kişiler The forms of the name in Russian and Turkish scholarship. None of them is a Turkic word that can be shown to lie behind the Chinese characters.

B

  • Bāb al-Abwāb Arapça Derbent Yerler The gate of gates, the Arabic name Golden gives beside Darband.
  • Bactra Yunanca Balkh Yerler
  • Bactria Bactria Yerler
  • Badghis Badghis Yerler
  • Bādhghēs Arapça Badghis Yerler Bâdhgês in the German translation of Tabari, named together with Herat.
  • bäg Eski Türkçe Beg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Turkological normal form; the quality of the first vowel is written differently in different handbooks.
  • Baga Baga Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Bagatur Eski Türkçe Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) Kişiler The reconstruction that reads the Han-period values of the two graphs and the rule by which Chinese renders a foreign -r with -n, giving *baġtur beside baġatur, 'hero'. The word is attested from the Danube Bulgars to the Mongols; the equation with 冒頓 is a reconstruction and carries a question mark in the literature. It is nevertheless the only one of the three current forms that reaches for the second-century-BC sound.
  • Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) Kişiler
  • Bagha Khan Bagha Khan Kişiler
  • Bagha Shad Bagha Shad Kişiler
  • Baghatur Baghatur Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Baghatur Khan Baghatur Khan Kişiler
  • bägni Türkçe Millet Beer Yeme içme Beer of wheat, millet or barley in Kashgari.
  • Bahram Chobin Bahram Chobin Kişiler
  • Bahrām Čōbīn Farsça Bahram Chobin Kişiler DMG. The byname Čōbīn, 'the wooden', is of unknown origin.
  • Bai Ülgen Altayca Ülgen and Kayra Khan Dinler Rich Ülgen, in Radloff's account the god of the sixteenth heaven.
  • Baidao Plain Baidao Plain Yerler
  • Baidie Cotton Baidie Cotton Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Baikand Arapça Paikent Yerler The form in Narshakhi and the Arabic geographers, as de la Vaissière quotes them.
  • Bain Tsokto inscriptions İngilizce Tonyukuk inscription Kaynaklar After the find-spot; the literature also writes Bayn Tsokto and Bain Chokto.
  • Bajanāk Arapça Pechenegs Halklar
  • Balamber Balamber Kişiler
  • Balamber Latince Balamber Kişiler Jordanes: Balamber rex Hunnorum.
  • Balamerus Latince Valamir Kişiler Balamer the Scythian, to whom the eastern Romans paid 300 pounds of gold a year, in the Latin of Priscus; a prince of the Goths in the summary of the edition, and sometimes identified with Valamir.
  • Balane Latince Bulan Kişiler The Latin rendering in the first printed translation of the reply, by Buxtorf in 1660.
  • Balangar Arapça Balanjar Yerler The form in Tabari's account of Sinjibu, in Noeldeke's translation: the Abkhaz, the Bangar and the Balangar.
  • Balanjar Balanjar Yerler
  • Balanjar Arapça Balanjar Yerler The usual scholarly form for the city and for the group.
  • Balasaghun Balasaghun Yerler
  • Balasagun İngilizce Balasaghun Yerler
  • balbal Eski Türkçe Burial and the balbal Dinler The rough stones set in a line east of a grave; the word is untranslated and kept.
  • balbal Eski Türkçe Stone Figures Dinler In the inscriptions the word names the stones set up for a dead man, among them an enemy ruler; the archaeological literature has also used it for the carved figures.
  • Balimber Latince Balamber Kişiler The form that one proposal restores, assuming that the name was assimilated to the Gothic Valamer.
  • Balkh Balkh Yerler
  • Ban Chao Ban Chao Kişiler
  • Banquet of the Wine Fountain (647) Banquet of the Wine Fountain (647) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • baqır Eski Türkçe Metals and Metalworking in Kashgari's Dictionary Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Baqır, copper.
  • baqsy Diğer Shamanism Dinler Kazakh: the ritual specialist who plays the qyl-qobyz, written baksa in the older literature.
  • Baranjar Arapça Balanjar Yerler The form for the family of about 5,000 people, women and men, that Ibn Fadlan met in the Volga Bulgar country. It is connected with the Balanjar of Khazaria.
  • Barda İngilizce Partaw Yerler The town in Azerbaijan with which Partaw is identified.
  • Bardores Bardores Halklar
  • Bardores Latince Bardores Halklar Variant reading Bardares.
  • Barjik Barjik Kişiler
  • Barjik Farsça Barjik Kişiler The form of the name in Bal'amī's Persian version of al-Ṭabarī. The manuscripts give many garbled forms, and al-Ṭabarī himself does not name the leader.
  • bark Eski Türkçe Burial and the balbal Dinler The grave building, raised beside the stone and decorated with carving.
  • bark Eski Türkçe Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Building, tomb. The thing that the carvers were brought to make, together with the inscribed stone, *bitig taş*.
  • Barmūdha Arapça Parmudha Kişiler aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī, in Zotenberg's translation Barmoûdha (pp. 648–658).
  • Bars Beg Bars Beg Kişiler
  • bars beg Eski Türkçe Bars Beg Kişiler As the working translation of the Kül Tegin inscription transcribes the name in the passage on the reign of Bilge Khan's uncle: kırkız kaganı bars beg erti, 'the khan of the Kırgız was Bars Beg'.
  • Bars-bek İngilizce Bars Beg Kişiler The spelling of the name in Russian and Kyrgyz scholarship. No Chinese form of the name is known.
  • Basich Basich Kişiler
  • Basmïl Basmïl Halklar
  • Basmïl Eski Türkçe Basmïl Halklar The Turkic form, from the inscriptions of the Uyghur period and from later Turkic sources.
  • Battle of Ardabil (730) Battle of Ardabil (730) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Baidao (583) Battle of Baidao (583) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Balanjar (652) Battle of Balanjar (652) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Bolchu Battle of Bolchu Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Bukhara Battle of Bukhara Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Dzungaria, 552 Battle of Dzungaria, 552 Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Huaihuang, 552 Battle of Huaihuang, 552 Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Jingyang (626) Battle of Jingyang (626) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Lake Sevan (629–630) Battle of Lake Sevan (629–630) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Mount Dajin (600) Battle of Mount Dajin (600) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Mount Mulai (553) Battle of Mount Mulai (553) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of the Catalaunian Plains Battle of the Catalaunian Plains Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of the Iron Mountain (630) Battle of the Iron Mountain (630) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of the Nedao Battle of the Nedao Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Battle of Zhoupan (582) Battle of Zhoupan (582) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Bay Balïq Bay Balïq Yerler
  • Bay Balïq Eski Türkçe Bay Balïq Yerler The name as the Šine-Usu inscription gives it, west side, line 5; balïq means town.
  • bay terek Türkçe Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Dinler The rich poplar of the later Turkic epic tradition, commonly identified with the world tree.
  • Bay-Balık Türkçe Bay Balïq Yerler The spelling of the Turkish literature. The element bay means rich.
  • Bayan-Ölgii inscriptions İngilizce Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 Kaynaklar The seven finds of the Mongolian Altai, in the province of Bayan-Ölgii.
  • Bayanchur Khan Bayanchur Khan Kişiler
  • Bayirku Bayirku Halklar
  • bayrak Türkçe Tuğ Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The flag proper, distinguished from the tailed standard in the later vocabulary.
  • bayram Türkçe Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary Gelenekler ve eğlenceler 'Festival day' among the Oghuz; Kashgari derives it from baḏram, 'joy and laughter among the people' (Dankoff/Kelly I, 359).
  • Be-ca-nag Tibetçe Pechenegs Halklar The form in a Tibetan translation of an eighth-century Uyghur account of the northern peoples.
  • bediz Eski Türkçe Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Carving, decoration. Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines N11 to N13, and south face, lines S9 to S11.
  • bedizçi Eski Türkçe Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Carver. The inscriptions name the Chinese carvers with this word, *bedizçi* and *bedizçig*.
  • Befreiungskrieg Almanca The Turkic War of Independence Savaşlar The German term.
  • Beg Beg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Begre inscription (E 11) Begre inscription (E 11) Kaynaklar
  • Begre stele İngilizce Begre inscription (E 11) Kaynaklar
  • Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) Kaynaklar
  • Bei Shi (History of the Northern Dynasties) Bei Shi (History of the Northern Dynasties) Kaynaklar
  • Beihai Beihai Yerler
  • Beilou Pass Beilou Pass Yerler
  • Beiting Beiting Yerler
  • bek Eski Türkçe Beg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The devoiced form, general where the word stands at the end of a word group.
  • Belaya Vezha Rusça Sarkel Yerler The name in the Rus chronicle, 'white tower'. The town the chronicle says Sviatoslav took in 965 is equated with Sarkel; the equation is disputed.
  • Berel Berel Yerler
  • beş balık Eski Türkçe Beshbalik Yerler Five Towns, the Turkic name, from the later Uyghur material; the Tang chapters write Beiting.
  • Besenyő Macarca Pechenegs Halklar
  • Beshbalik Beshbalik Yerler
  • bey Türkçe Beg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The modern Turkish outcome, by way of beg > beğ > bey.
  • bi Kıpçakça Beg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Kipchak form; Kazakh bi, the judge of customary law, belongs to it.
  • Bi Chanyu Bi Chanyu Kişiler
  • biçin yıl Eski Türkçe The twelve-year animal cycle Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Year of the Monkey, in which his monument was completed; 732 by back-reckoning.
  • Big Berel Kurgan İngilizce Berel Yerler Kurgan 1, the largest mound of the cemetery, opened in 1865; the older literature calls it the Great Berel kurgan.
  • Bigilas Bigilas Kişiler
  • Bilge Kagan İngilizce Bilge Khan inscription Kaynaklar
  • Bilge Kağan Hazinesi Türkçe Bilge Khan's Golden Crown Kaynaklar "The Bilge Kağan treasure", the name the excavators gave to the whole hoard; whether it was Bilge Khan's is disputed.
  • Bilge Kağan Tacı Türkçe Bilge Khan's Golden Crown Kaynaklar The Turkish name of the diadem; the literature also writes "the crown attributed to Bilge Kağan".
  • Bilge Khagan İngilizce Bilge Khan Kişiler Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Bilge Khagan inscription İngilizce Bilge Khan inscription Kaynaklar Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Bilge Khan Bilge Khan Kişiler
  • Bilge Khan inscription Bilge Khan inscription Kaynaklar
  • Bilge Khan's Golden Crown Bilge Khan's Golden Crown Kaynaklar
  • Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Bilge Tonyukuk Boyla Baga Tarkan Eski Türkçe Tonyukuk Kişiler His full style, line 6 of his inscription.
  • Bin-gheul İngilizce Thousand Springs Yerler A Turkic name of the same meaning, 'thousand springs', which some scholars set beside the Chinese; the notes to the English translation of the Life give Myn-bulak and Bingheul.
  • Bittugures Bittugures Halklar
  • Bittugures Latince Bittugures Halklar
  • Black Carts İngilizce Heichezi Halklar The English rendering of the reference literature.
  • Bleda Bleda Kişiler
  • Bleda Latince Bleda Kişiler
  • Bloomery Furnaces of the South Altai Bloomery Furnaces of the South Altai Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Bochan Bochan Kişiler
  • Bochanos Yunanca Bochan Kişiler Latin-letter transcription of Menander's form.
  • Bod chen po İngilizce The Tibetan Empire Devletler Great Tibet, the empire's name for itself in its own records.
  • Bodeng Ningli Bodeng Ningli Yerler
  • Bögü Khan Bögü Khan Kişiler
  • Bögü Khan Eski Türkçe Kapgan Khan Kişiler Line 34 of the Tonyukuk inscription and the fragmentary line 50; the same man.
  • Boisci Boisci Halklar
  • Boisci Latince Boisci Halklar
  • bökli Eski Türkçe Goguryeo Devletler In the list of peoples who came to mourn the founders, from the direction of the sunrise. The equation with Goguryeo is the most common identification and is not stated by the text.
  • Bolān Arapça Bulan Kişiler A modern transcription of the name, used in the discussion of his date.
  • Boma Boma Halklar
  • Bone and Horn Working Bone and Horn Working Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Book of Han İngilizce Han Shu Kaynaklar
  • Book of the Later Han İngilizce Hou Han Shu Kaynaklar
  • Book of Wei İngilizce Wei Shu Kaynaklar
  • Boqan Eski Türkçe Bochan Kişiler A Turkic interpretation of the Greek form proposed in the literature, with a query.
  • Border Markets Border Markets Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • böri Eski Türkçe Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Dinler The Old Turkic word, in the simile böri teg, like wolves.
  • böri Eski Türkçe Böri (Guard) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Old Turkic word for wolf, in the simile böri teg, 'like wolves'; the inscriptions do not use it of the guard.
  • Böri Eski Türkçe Börü Khan Kişiler The Turkic word for wolf, read behind the Chinese 步離.
  • Böri (Guard) Böri (Guard) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Börü Eski Türkçe Börü Khan Kişiler The Turkic form of the name in one modern account.
  • Börü Khan Börü Khan Kişiler
  • Börü Shad Börü Shad Kişiler
  • Bosporos Bosporos Yerler
  • Bouzēros Gliabaros Yunanca Busir Glavan Kişiler A second garbled form in the same chronicle. Dunlop gives Bousērou Gliabarou.
  • Boyla Kutlug Yargan Boyla Kutlug Yargan Kişiler
  • Boyla qutluğ yarğan Eski Türkçe Boyla Kutlug Yargan Kişiler The self-name in the first sentence of the Suji inscription, in the transcription as printed: Boyla qutluğ yarğanmen, 'I am Boyla Kutlug Yargan'.
  • böz Eski Uygurca Baidie Cotton Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The word for cloth, above all cotton cloth, in Uyghur; one translation of the account of 981 says that baidie is böz.
  • boz at Eski Türkçe Kül Tegin's Horses Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Grey horse; the colour of the horses of Tadık Çor and Išbara Yamtar and of the mount at Bolču.
  • Bread Bread Yeme içme
  • Breviarium Latince Nikephoros Kaynaklar The Latin name under which the work is often cited.
  • Bride-Price in Livestock Bride-Price in Livestock Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Bronze Mirrors of the Steppe Bronze Mirrors of the Steppe Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • bu kök kirsün qizil čiqsün Eski Türkçe The Iron Oath Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The oath formula in Kashgari's entry tämür. Kashgari's translation: 'May this (iron) go in blue and come out red'.
  • Buchārā Arapça Bukhara Yerler The Arabic form in Tabari and Dinawari, as Nöldeke gives it; the Sogdian name is not read in a primary source here.
  • Buda Macarca Bleda Kişiler The Hungarian form in the medieval Hungarian chronicle tradition, which names the town of Buda after him.
  • Buddhism among the Göktürks Buddhism among the Göktürks Dinler
  • bugan chuluu Moğolca Deer stones Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Mongolian name; the English is a translation of it.
  • Bugu Bugu Halklar
  • Bugut inscription Bugut inscription Kaynaklar
  • Bugut stele İngilizce Bugut inscription Kaynaklar
  • Bukadur Türkçe Baghatur Khan Kişiler The form of one modern account, which reads the first element of the title.
  • Bukhar Khuda Bukhar Khuda Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Bukhār Khudā Farsça Bukhar Khuda Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Bukhara Bukhara Yerler
  • Bulan Bulan Kişiler
  • Bulgar Turkic İngilizce Oghur Turkic Diller The name that ties the branch to the Bulgars, its best known speakers.
  • Bulgars Bulgars Halklar
  • Buli Shad Buli Shad Kişiler
  • Bulkhan Gürcüce Bulan Kişiler The name of a Khazar commander that the Georgian chronicle is said to give for the raid of 730. The same chronicle names a general Bluč'an about 800. Whether either man is the same as Bulan is argued.
  • Buluzhen Khan Buluzhen Khan Kişiler
  • Bumin Khan Bumin Khan Kişiler
  • Bumın Eski Türkçe Bumin Khan Kişiler Turkological normal form of the name as the Kül Tegin and Bilge Khan inscriptions write it in runes; the equation with 土門 rests on phonetic reconstruction.
  • Buqaraq Eski Türkçe Bukhara Yerler The city-folk of Bukhara among the mourners of 732, in the working translation of the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • Bürgerkrieg Almanca The Göktürk Civil War Savaşlar The German term, under which the war is dated from 584.
  • Burial and the balbal Burial and the balbal Dinler
  • Busir İngilizce Busir Glavan Kişiler Dunlop's reading of the first part of the name. Zajączkowski reads the whole as Bäzir Yilbars. Glavan is taken from the second part, Gliabanos.
  • Busir Glavan Busir Glavan Kişiler
  • buxsum Türkçe Millet Beer Yeme içme Millet beer in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, glossed with the Arabic mizr.
  • Buyeo Buyeo Devletler
  • Buyruk Buyruk Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • buyruk Eski Türkçe Buyruk Kurumlar ve Unvanlar In the founders' passage: buyrukı yeme bilge ermis erinç, alp ermis erinç.
  • Byang phyogs na rgyal po du bzhugs pa’i rabs gyi yi ge Tibetçe Old Tibetan report on the northern kings Kaynaklar The heading of the second Tibetan text on the reverse of the manuscript, the report itself.
  • Byzantium Byzantium Devletler

C

  • Čāč Soğdca Chach Yerler De la Vaissière's form; Ilaq is the Angren valley beside it.
  • čäčgä Eski Türkçe Felt, Cloth, Leather and Wood in Kashgari's Dictionary Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Weaver's reed, the comb of a loom.
  • čākar Soğdca Chakar Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • čališ Türkçe Wrestling Gelenekler ve eğlenceler 'Wrestling', glossed with the Arabic musāraʿa (Dankoff/Kelly I, 284).
  • Cambridge Document İngilizce The Schechter letter Kaynaklar The name under which the letter is also cited. The manuscript is held at Cambridge University Library.
  • Camels Camels Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Campaign of Marwan (737) Campaign of Marwan (737) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • campi Catalaunici Latince Battle of the Catalaunian Plains Muharebeler ve olaylar Jordanes: the Catalaunian plains, which are also called the Mauriacian.
  • Captives and the Unfree Captives and the Unfree Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Capture of Apa (587) Capture of Apa (587) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Capture of Ilig Khan (630) Capture of Ilig Khan (630) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • carpenta Latince Wagons of the Steppe Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Wagons in which the Huns live, in Ammianus Marcellinus 31.2.10.
  • Catulfus Latince Katulph Kişiler The form of the Latin translation in Müller's edition.
  • Cave of the ancestors Cave of the ancestors Yerler
  • Cefu yuangui Cefu yuangui Kaynaklar
  • Chach Chach Yerler
  • Chadir Türkçe Wulei Yerler One identification of the site: Chadir, some fifty kilometres east of Bugur.
  • Chakar Chakar Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Chan Çince Emperor Wuzong of Tang Kişiler His given name. On 11 April 846 he decreed that it be changed to Yan, in the hope of halting his decline.
  • Chang'an Chang'an Yerler
  • Chanyu Chanyu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Charaton Charaton Kişiler
  • Chebi Khan Chebi Khan Kişiler
  • Chelchal Chelchal Kişiler
  • Chelchal Latince Chelchal Kişiler The form of the Latin edition of Priscus, which calls him a Hun by race.
  • Chembukh Ermenice Chepetukh Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The form in Sebeos, chapter 28, of the commander on the Oxus.
  • Chepetukh Chepetukh Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Chepetukh Ermenice Chepetukh Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The form in Sebeos, chapter 29, in the notice on the Pass of Chor; English transliteration.
  • Chepetukh Ermenice Tong Yabgu Kişiler The commander under the great Khak'an, king of the regions of the north, in Sebeos; taken for a garbled form of the same title yabgu.
  • Cherson Cherson Yerler
  • Chersona Latince Cherson Yerler Getica § 32, among the Greek towns on the Pontic coast, and § 37, iuxta Chersonam.
  • Chersonesus İngilizce Cherson Yerler The ancient town on the south-western coast of the Crimea, with which the translator of Menander identifies Cherson.
  • Chichak Yunanca Tzitzak Kişiler A spelling used in the English literature on the Khazars.
  • Chiji Shad Chiji Shad Kişiler
  • Chik Chik Halklar
  • Chinese Bans on the Export of Iron Chinese Bans on the Export of Iron Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Chinese transcriptions of Turkic Chinese transcriptions of Turkic Diller
  • Chinese Weaponsmiths among the Xianbei Chinese Weaponsmiths among the Xianbei Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Chionitae Latince Huns Halklar The Latin writers' name for the group on the Persian frontier; whether it belongs to the same people is a separate question.
  • Choito-Tamir İngilizce Hoyto Tamir inscriptions Kaynaklar The spelling of the place in Radloff's edition of 1895, which printed the ten texts that Klementz copied in 1893.
  • Chorpan Tarkhan Chorpan Tarkhan Kişiler
  • Choscho-Zaidam Almanca Khöshöö Tsaidam Yerler The spelling of the report on the excavation of 1958.
  • Chounu Khan Chounu Khan Kişiler
  • Chrysaphius Chrysaphius Kişiler
  • Chula Khan Chula Khan Kişiler
  • Chumukun Chumukun Halklar
  • Chunyu Tan Chunyu Tan Kişiler
  • Chur Chur Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Church of the East Church of the East Dinler
  • Chuzhe River Chuzhe River Yerler
  • Čiček Eski Türkçe Tzitzak Kişiler A conjectured Turkic form of the name; it means 'flower'.
  • Cicek Eski Türkçe Tzitzak Kişiler A spelling of Čiček used in the English literature on the marriage of 732.
  • Çigşi Çigşi Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • çigşi Eski Türkçe Çigşi Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The form in the Yenisei epitaphs.
  • Čik Eski Türkçe Chik Halklar The ethnonym as the translations of the Bilge Khan inscription give it: Chik in one rendering, Cik in the reference literature.
  • čik Türkçe Knucklebones Gelenekler ve eğlenceler 'A particle used in playing knuckles'; when the bone falls on its underside one says čik turdï (Dankoff/Kelly I, 265).
  • çikşi Eski Türkçe Çigşi Kurumlar ve Unvanlar A second interpretation of the same spelling.
  • Cimmerians Cimmerians Halklar
  • Çince yazım Türkçe Chinese transcriptions of Turkic Diller The usual Turkish phrase for the Chinese spelling of a Turkic word.
  • Climate and the steppe empires Climate and the steppe empires Tartışmalar
  • čögän Türkçe Polo Gelenekler ve eğlenceler 'Polo stick', glossed with the Arabic ṣawlajān (Dankoff/Kelly I, 306).
  • Coinage of the Huna Peoples Coinage of the Huna Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Commandant of Slaves İngilizce Tongpu Duwei Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The usual English rendering of 僮僕都尉. The word 僮僕 means youths or servants; the rendering is a translator's choice.
  • Compendium of the Turkic Dialects İngilizce Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Kaynaklar
  • Composite bow Composite bow Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • čor Eski Türkçe Chur Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The turkological reading of the Chinese transcription.
  • Čorpan Tʿarxan Ermenice Chorpan Tarkhan Kişiler Movses Dasxuranci II.16, in Dowsett's transliteration (p. 104): 'a prince of theirs called Čorpan Tʿarxan'.
  • Craftsmen in the Steppe Empires Craftsmen in the Steppe Empires Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Culture of the Turkic Peoples Culture of the Turkic Peoples Gelenekler ve eğlenceler
  • Cwcn Soğdca Jiuquan Yerler Cwcn, in line 5 of Ancient Letter II, identified with Jiuquan in the translation.

D

  • Da Ci'ensi Sanzang fashi zhuan Çince Life of Xuanzang Kaynaklar Pinyin of the short title.
  • Da Tang Xiyu ji Çince Record of the Western Regions Kaynaklar Pinyin.
  • dağ kültü Türkçe Sacred Mountains Dinler The Turkish scholarly term for the reverence of mountains; it is not a word of any source of the khaganates.
  • Daguan Daguan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Dali City Dali City Yerler
  • Daluobian Daluobian Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Damozhi Damozhi Kişiler
  • Danube Bulgaria Danube Bulgaria Devletler
  • Darband Farsça Derbent Yerler The Persian name, 'closed gate'; Nöldeke writes Derbend for Tabari's form.
  • Darband Farsça Iron Gate Yerler Not the Caspian Derbent; the pass in the Baysun range.
  • Datan Khan Datan Khan Kişiler
  • Daxi Wu Daxi Wu Kişiler
  • De administrando imperio De administrando imperio Kaynaklar
  • De origine actibusque Getarum Latince Jordanes Kaynaklar The title of the work, commonly called the Getica.
  • Death of Attila Death of Attila Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Death of Princess Dayi Death of Princess Dayi Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Death of Tulan Khan Death of Tulan Khan Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Deer stones Deer stones Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Defeat of the Tiele, 546 Defeat of the Tiele, 546 Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Defection of Töles (628) Defection of Töles (628) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Del Uul inscriptions İngilizce Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 Kaynaklar The four texts on the rock group of Del Uul in the province of Dund Govi.
  • Dengizich Dengizich Kişiler
  • Dengzhu Dengzhu Kişiler
  • Derbent Derbent Yerler
  • Dewashtich İngilizce Dēwāštīč Kişiler The form without diacritics.
  • Dēwāštīč Dēwāštīč Kişiler
  • Di-de Yi-si-nan-shu Çince Tatik Iznanchu Kişiler The Pinyin of the Chinese form; the characters are not given in any work used here.
  • Dieluozhi Dieluozhi Kişiler
  • Dihqan Dihqan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • dihqān Farsça Dihqan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Dingan Dachang Gongzhu Çince Princess Taihe Kişiler Dingan Grand Senior Princess, written 定安大長公主 in the Tang Huiyao and 定安公主 in the Xin Tang Shu; the title she received on her return in 843.
  • Dingling Dingling Halklar
  • Dingxiang Dingxiang Yerler
  • Dintzic Latince Dengizich Kişiler Jordanes: rex Hunnorum Dintzic filius Attilae.
  • Dinzirichus Latince Dengizich Kişiler The Easter Chronicle; Marcellinus Comes writes Denzic.
  • Diplomacy of the Steppe Empires Diplomacy of the Steppe Empires Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Diqincha Diqincha Kişiler
  • Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Kaynaklar
  • Dîvânu Lugâti't-Türk Türkçe Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Kaynaklar
  • Diwan Diwan Kişiler
  • Djordjân Fransızca Gurgan Yerler Le Djordjân, the French rendering of the Arabic name in Zotenberg's translation of al-Thaʿalibi.
  • Dochia Dochia Dinler
  • Doğu Balık Türkçe Togu Balık Yerler The spelling of a Turkish study that reads togu as doğu, east.
  • Donghu Donghu Halklar
  • Dou Xian Dou Xian Kişiler
  • Dövön stele İngilizce Rock inscriptions found in Mongolia, 2018 to 2021 Kaynaklar The standing stone with a tamga, a text in Uyghur script and a two-letter runiform text.
  • Drums and Banners for the Khans Drums and Banners for the Khans Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • drw’’n Soğdca Dunhuang Yerler
  • Dsungarei Almanca Dzungaria Yerler The German form; the name is that of the Dzungar Mongols of the seventeenth century and is applied to the region by convention.
  • Du-lü-shi Alp Du-lü-shi Alp Kişiler
  • Du-lü-shi Alp Çince Du-lü-shi Alp Kişiler The Pinyin and Turkic reading in the translation of the Kirghiz petition; the characters are not given. The Tang pronunciation of the first three syllables suggests something like Tölish.
  • Duan Duan Soylar
  • Dubo Dubo Halklar
  • Dujin Garrison Dujin Garrison Yerler
  • Duke of Wei İngilizce Li Deyu Kişiler The title Wuzong gave him in 844.
  • Dukhyn Buuts inscription İngilizce Rock inscriptions found in Mongolia, 2018 to 2021 Kaynaklar The rock text with two published readings that differ completely.
  • Duliu Duliu Kişiler
  • Duman Türkçe Duman (Touman) Kişiler The form of the Turkish tradition, used as the name in every language. Neither Touman nor Douman is used.
  • Duman (Touman) Duman (Touman) Kişiler
  • Dunhuang Dunhuang Yerler
  • Duoxifu Duoxifu Kişiler
  • Dusuliu Dusuliu Kişiler
  • džaurun Diğer Scapulimancy Dinler Kirghiz name of the shoulder blade, in the form Potanin recorded in north-western Mongolia; the Mongolian name he gives is tal.
  • Dzungaria Dzungaria Yerler
  • ıdok Eski Türkçe Yer-Su Spirits Dinler The reading with o in the second syllable, which takes o and ö as phonemes of non-first syllables and for which this word is a standard example; the Orkhon inscriptions spell it with the sign for back d.
  • ıduk baş Eski Türkçe Sacred Mountains Dinler A second sacred head, the place of the battle of 701; it may or may not be the same as Tamag.
  • ıduk ötüken yış Eski Türkçe Sacred Mountains Dinler The sacred Ötüken forest, the one forested upland that the inscriptions call sacred.
  • ıduk yer sub Eski Türkçe Water Cult Dinler The sacred Earth-and-Water; the pair in which water stands in the inscriptions.
  • ıduq ötüken yış Eski Türkçe Ötüken Yerler The sacred Ötüken forest, E23. The epithet has been glossed as kutlu, blessed; the transcription reads ıduq.
  • ıduq yer sub Eski Türkçe Animism Dinler Related term, not a name for animism: the sacred Earth-and-Water of the inscriptions, treated in its own article.

E

  • E 11 İngilizce Begre inscription (E 11) Kaynaklar The number of the stele in the catalogue of the Yenisei inscriptions.
  • Early Nomads İngilizce The steppe before the Xiongnu Tartışmalar The archaeologists' name for the equestrian pastoral cultures of the first millennium BC, Pazyryk among them.
  • Eastern Türk Khaganate; Later Türk Khaganate İngilizce Second Göktürk Khaganate Devletler Names the literature uses; 'Second' is the usual one.
  • Eastern Wei Eastern Wei Devletler
  • Ebodalo Baktriyaca Hephthalites Halklar Understood as a self-designation in Bactrian documents from the kingdom of Rob; this interpretation is recent and not settled.
  • Ectag Latince Ektag Yerler The form of the Latin translation in Müller's edition: in monte qui vocatur apud ipsos Ectag, montem aureum diceres.
  • eçüm apam Eski Türkçe Ancestor Cult Dinler My forefathers, in the Kül Tegin inscription; Bumin and Istemi are the forefathers named.
  • Edeco Edeco Kişiler
  • Edica Latince Edeco Kişiler The father of Odoacer in the Latin sources, identified with Edeco by some scholars and rejected by others.
  • Edict of Emperor Wen against the Göktürks (583) Edict of Emperor Wen against the Göktürks (583) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Ediz Ediz Halklar
  • edzen Moğolca Iye Dinler The Buryat word for owner, Mongolic and not Turkic; the Tungus word is amaka. They stand beside the Turkic forms in the ethnographic record.
  • ee, eezi Altayca Iye Dinler The Altaian forms, in the compounds su eezi, tu eezi, ot eezi and the like; plural eeler. The collectors also record ie, iye and izi.
  • eer Eski Türkçe Horse harness Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Old Turkic word for saddle.
  • Egiin Gol Egiin Gol Yerler
  • ekin ara kişi oglı Eski Türkçe The three worlds Dinler Between the two, the sons of men; mankind's place given as a position rather than a world.
  • Ektag Ektag Yerler
  • elig yıl Eski Türkçe The Göktürk interregnum, 630–682 Devletler Fifty years; the inscription's own reckoning of the period, counted from the fall of the eastern khaganate.
  • Ellac Ellac Kişiler
  • Ellac Latince Ellac Kişiler Jordanes: filius Attilae maior natu nomine Ellac. Priscus does not name him.
  • eltäbär Eski Türkçe Ilteber Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The form used where the first vowel is read as open; the handbooks divide.
  • Elterish Khan İngilizce Ilterish Khan Kişiler Thomsen's and Ross's spelling; the literature also writes Elteriš and İlteriş.
  • Embassy of Cui Junsu (608) Embassy of Cui Junsu (608) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Embassy of Maximinus to Attila Embassy of Maximinus to Attila Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Embassy of Priscus İngilizce Embassy of Maximinus to Attila Muharebeler ve olaylar Named after the historian who described it.
  • Embassy of Valentinos (576) Embassy of Valentinos (576) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Embassy of Yu Qingze (584) Embassy of Yu Qingze (584) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Emperor Gaozu of Han Emperor Gaozu of Han Kişiler
  • Emperor Wu of Han Emperor Wu of Han Kişiler
  • Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Kişiler
  • Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Kişiler
  • Emperor Wuzong of Tang Emperor Wuzong of Tang Kişiler
  • Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (846–859) Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (846–859) Kişiler
  • Emperor Yizong of Tang Emperor Yizong of Tang Kişiler
  • Empire of Attila İngilizce Hunnic Empire Devletler The usual name for the realm at its height.
  • Empress Ashina Empress Ashina Kişiler
  • Empress Yujiulü Empress Yujiulü Kişiler
  • Envoys and Embassies Envoys and Embassies Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Kaynaklar
  • Er At Er At Gelenekler ve eğlenceler
  • er at Eski Türkçe Er At Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The two words of line E31 of the Kül Tegin inscription, er, 'man', and at, 'name'. The meaning of the pair is disputed.
  • er atım Eski Türkçe Er At Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The formula of the Yenisei epitaphs, 'my name as a man', which stands before the dead man's name on many stones.
  • Er Chanyu Er Chanyu Kişiler
  • Ērānšahr Farsça Sasanian Persia Devletler The empire's own name, the realm of the Iranians; the Sasanian house is named after Sasan, the ancestor of Ardashir I.
  • erkin Eski Türkçe Irkin Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The turkological view; the Kül Tegin inscription has the compound name Ulug Irkin for the chief of the Bayirku.
  • Erklig Erklig Dinler
  • Erlik Altayca Altaian Creation Story Dinler The name given to the first man in Radloff's version and to the clay figure in Verbitskii's; glossed by Verbitskii as manly.
  • Erlik Türkçe Erklig Dinler The form under which the figure is known from the ethnography of the Altai, and the form of most popular accounts.
  • erlik adı Türkçe Er At Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The Turkish gloss, 'name of manhood', with which the editors usually render er at.
  • Ermenrichus Latince Hermanaric Kişiler Ammianus: Ermenrichus, bellicosissimus rex.
  • Ernak Ernak Kişiler
  • Esik kurgan inscription İngilizce Issyk inscription Kaynaklar The spelling of one of the Turkish studies.
  • Eski Türkçe Türkçe Old Turkic Diller The name of the language in Turkish scholarship.
  • Eski Uygurca Türkçe Old Uyghur Diller The name of the language in Turkish scholarship.
  • Etil Türkçe Itil Yerler Golden gives Atil, Etil and Itil side by side for the city and for the river.
  • Eurasian Nomads Eurasian Nomads Halklar
  • Eyang Ridge Eyang Ridge Yerler

F

G

H

I

  • Ibn Fadlan Ibn Fadlan Kaynaklar
  • Ibn Rusta Ibn Rusta Kaynaklar
  • Ibouzēros Gliabanos Yunanca Busir Glavan Kişiler A garbled form in the anonymous Byzantine chronicle of the eighth century. Golden calls the forms in this chronicle obviously defective.
  • iççi Yakutça Iye Dinler The Yakut owner-spirit, of rivers, lakes, stones, the forest, vessels and tools; it belongs neither to the good spirits of the sky nor to the evil spirits of the underworld.
  • Ichā Arapça Khazar Dual Kingship Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Ibn Rusta's name for the king who holds the command. The editors find the word enigmatic.
  • ičränki Eski Türkçe Yizhi-lianji Kişiler The Turkic form from which the Chinese may be derived, itself taken as a distortion of the rank ičräki. The study notes that the transcription poses some problems.
  • idi Eski Türkçe Animism Dinler Master, owner. The inscription has idisiz, 'without a master', of land and water; Kashgari glosses idi as master and as a name of God.
  • Idi Idi Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • idi Eski Türkçe Idi Kurumlar ve Unvanlar In the compound idisiz, 'without a master', in the east face of the Kül Tegin inscription, where the formula is said first when the Az are set in order and then of the Kögmen, when the Az and the Kirghiz are set in order.
  • idi Eski Türkçe Iye Dinler Master, owner, lord. The inscription has idisiz, 'without a master', of land and water; Kashgari glosses idi as master and as a name of God. A second idi, before a negative, means 'not at all'.
  • iik Altayca Horse Sacrifice Dinler The light-coloured horse that every married man owes to Ülgen, in Verbitskii's spelling.
  • Ikar Ikar Yerler
  • Ikh Bichigt inscription İngilizce Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 Kaynaklar The rock with a runiform line, two words in Uyghur script and three tamgas, in Govi-Ugtaal.
  • Ikhe Khushotu inscription İngilizce Küli Čor inscription Kaynaklar After the find-spot. The literature also writes Ihe-Hüşötü, Ihe-Huşotu and Ikhe-Khushotu.
  • Ildico Ildico Kişiler
  • Ildico Latince Ildico Kişiler Jordanes, after Priscus: puellam Ildico nomine decoram valde.
  • Ilig Khan Ilig Khan Kişiler
  • Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • ilig külüg šad baga ïšbara qaġan Eski Türkçe Ishbara Khan Kişiler The full string of titles the Chinese preserve in transcription, as Peter B. Golden reconstructs it.
  • ilik Eski Türkçe Ellac Kişiler The Turkic word for ruler or prince with which the name is equated; some scholars take Ellac as a title rather than a name.
  • Illig Illig Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • illig Eski Türkçe Illig Kurumlar ve Unvanlar 'Having a realm', as some interpret 伊利; the word occurs in the inscriptions, but not as part of a title.
  • Ilteber Ilteber Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Ilteber Eski Türkçe Ilteber Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Turkological normal form, as in the Sogdian contract of 639 from Gaochang, which de la Vaissière renders 'Ilteber-king'.
  • Ilterish Khan Ilterish Khan Kişiler
  • in modum circensium cursibus ambientes Latince Riding Round the Dead Dinler Riding round in courses after the manner of the circus games; the horsemen at Attila's funeral, Getica 256.
  • Inal Inal Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • inal Türkçe Inal Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The form in Turkish and Russian scholarship. Gardīzī's Kimek chief is Yinal yabgu and Ibn Faḍlān's Oghuz deputy the Lesser Yinal, in the renderings of the literature.
  • Inel Khan Inel Khan Kişiler
  • Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Kişiler
  • Irbis Shegui Khan Irbis Shegui Khan Kişiler
  • Irk Bitig Irk Bitig Kaynaklar
  • Irkin Irkin Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Iron Gate Iron Gate Yerler
  • Iron Mountain Iron Mountain Yerler
  • Iron of the Bayegu Iron of the Bayegu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • ïšbara Eski Türkçe Ishbara (Title) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The transcription of the same word on the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • Išbara Jabğu Eski Türkçe Sparzeugun Kişiler A Turkic equivalent offered with a question mark by some scholars.
  • Ïšbara Tölis Eski Türkçe Ishbara Tolis Khan Kişiler The reading of the title: ïšbara is the word in Ishbara Khan's title in the east, tölis the name of the eastern half of a Göktürk people.
  • Ishbara (Title) Ishbara (Title) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Ishbara Khan Ishbara Khan Kişiler
  • Ishbara Tolis Khan Ishbara Tolis Khan Kişiler
  • Ishbara's Hunt (587) Ishbara's Hunt (587) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Islam Islam Dinler
  • Issik Khagan İngilizce Issik Khan Kişiler Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Issik Khan Issik Khan Kişiler
  • Issyk cup İngilizce Issyk inscription Kaynaklar After the object. The kurgan is also written Issık and Esik, and the town near it Alma-Ata in the older studies.
  • Issyk inscription Issyk inscription Kaynaklar
  • Issyk-Kul Issyk-Kul Yerler
  • Istemi Istemi Kişiler
  • Istemi Khagan İngilizce Istemi Kişiler Form with the khaganal title, as the inscriptions, the Tang histories and much of the literature give it.
  • Istemi's campaign against Persia, 569 Istemi's campaign against Persia, 569 Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Itil Itil Yerler
  • Itimari Itimari Halklar
  • Itimari Latince Itimari Halklar
  • Iusta Grata Honoria Latince Honoria Kişiler Justa Grata Honoria, her full name on her coins and in an inscription.
  • Ivolga Ivolga Yerler
  • Ivolga fortress İngilizce Ivolga Yerler The English literature calls the site the Ivolga fortress or the Ivolga settlement.
  • iyä, igä Eski Uygurca Iye Dinler The late spellings of idi in Old Uyghur texts, derived from idi through a late change of the intervocalic d to y. The Old Uyghur Golden Light Sutra has umay iyäsi, 'owner of the placenta'.
  • iye Türkçe Animism Dinler The owner-spirit of the Altaians, who also say ie and izi; the Yakut form is iççi. The forms are those of the ethnographic record, not of the Göktürk sources.
  • Iye Iye Dinler
  • iye Türkçe Iye Dinler The form of the Turkish literature, where the word has also taken the sense of protector, hami ruh.

J

  • Jabogan inscription Jabogan inscription Kaynaklar
  • Jade Gate Jade Gate Yerler
  • Jangar İngilizce Yami Khan Kişiler A modern form of his personal name 染干 Rangan, used on the maps of the civil war.
  • Jaxartes Yunanca Syr Darya Yerler
  • Jayḥūn Arapça Oxus Yerler
  • Jebu Xak'an Ermenice Meeting of Heraclius and Ziebel (627) Muharebeler ve olaylar The Armenian history of the Albanians, which joins the titles yabgu and khagan.
  • J̌ebu Xakʿan Ermenice Tong Yabgu Kişiler The name of Heraclius's ally in the Armenian history of the Caucasian Albanians, read by Peter B. Golden as Yabgu Khagan and equated with the Sir Yabgu of the Greek sources; Édouard Chavannes took him for a Khazar chief.
  • Jian River Jian River Yerler
  • Jiaohe Jiaohe Yerler
  • Jie Jie Halklar
  • Jie couplet İngilizce The language of the Xiongnu Tartışmalar The four words in the Jin Shu that are the only connected text ever assigned to the language.
  • Jin Midi Jin Midi Kişiler
  • Jin River Jin River Yerler
  • Jingyang Jingyang Yerler
  • Jinyang Jinyang Yerler
  • Jinyang campaign, 563–564 Jinyang campaign, 563–564 Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) Kaynaklar
  • Jiuquan Jiuquan Yerler
  • John of Asia İngilizce John of Ephesus Kaynaklar The other name under which he is known, from his mission in the province of Asia.
  • John of Ephesus John of Ephesus Kaynaklar
  • Jordanes Jordanes Kaynaklar
  • Jornandes Latince Jordanes Kaynaklar The author's name in the lesser manuscripts and the early editions; the primary manuscripts write Jordanes.
  • Joseph of Khazaria Joseph of Khazaria Kişiler
  • Joseph, son of Aaron İbranice Joseph of Khazaria Kişiler The heading of the reply in Marcus's translation: Joseph the king, son of Aaron the king.
  • Juan-juan İngilizce Rouran Halklar Older transcription, still met in the literature; Golden writes Jou-jan.
  • Juan-juan İngilizce Rouran Khaganate Devletler Older Western transcription of the Chinese name.
  • Jujian Tegin Jujian Tegin Kişiler
  • Junchen Chanyu Junchen Chanyu Kişiler
  • Justin II Justin II Kişiler

K

  • K.M.JKATH Farsça Kemijkat Yerler The consonants of the name in the Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam as Minorsky transliterates them. The last syllable is the Iranian word for town.
  • K.SAYM Farsça Kyshtym Halklar The consonant skeleton as Minorsky renders the Ḥudūd; the vowels are not given.
  • K'art'lis Cxovreba Gürcüce Kartlis Tskhovreba Kaynaklar The scholarly transcription of the Georgian title.
  • Kabar Revolt Kabar Revolt Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Kabaroi Yunanca Kabar Revolt Muharebeler ve olaylar The Greek form in the text of Constantine VII, in the transliteration of the English translation; the same people are the Kabars, Qabars or Kavars of the modern literature.
  • Kabaroi Yunanca Kabars Halklar The name in De administrando imperio 39: 'the so-called Kabaroi'.
  • Kabars Kabars Halklar
  • Kābul-šāh Arapça Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa Devletler The name of the king of Kabul in the Arabic accounts of the eighth and ninth centuries.
  • Kaira Kan Altayca Ülgen and Kayra Khan Dinler The gracious khan, in Radloff's account Tengere Kaira Kan, the god of the seventeenth heaven.
  • kam Eski Türkçe Shamanism Dinler The Turkic word for the ritual specialist. Turkic texts that use it date from the eleventh century on; the Göktürk inscriptions do not.
  • Kam (Turkic Shaman) Kam (Turkic Shaman) Dinler
  • kamlik Kıpçakça Shamanism Dinler In the Codex Cumanicus of 1303, kamlik etermen, 'I make a conjuration'; kamlik is also the Altaian word for a kam's conjuration.
  • Kamos Kamos Yeme içme
  • Kang Shaoli Kang Shaoli Kişiler
  • Kang Sumi Kang Sumi Kişiler
  • Kangju Kangju Halklar
  • Kapgan Khan Kapgan Khan Kişiler
  • Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Kapgan's wars with the Tang, 698–716 Kapgan's wars with the Tang, 698–716 Savaşlar
  • Kapgan's western war, 709–713 Kapgan's western war, 709–713 Savaşlar
  • Kara Eski Türkçe Issik Khan Kişiler Reconstruction of the personal name from the Chinese transcription; not attested in a Turkic-language source.
  • Kara-Khanid Khanate Kara-Khanid Khanate Devletler
  • Karabalgasun İngilizce Karabalghasun inscription Kaynaklar Also written Kara Balgasun and Qara Balghasun; the name is the later Mongol one for the ruined site, meaning the black city.
  • Karabalgasun İngilizce Ordu-Balık Yerler The black town, the Mongolian name of the ruin field, and the name under which the trilingual stele is cited.
  • Karabalghasun inscription Karabalghasun inscription Kaynaklar
  • Karashahr Karashahr Yerler
  • Karashahr Türkçe Karashahr Yerler The modern name of the oasis with which Yanqi is identified.
  • Karı Çor Tegin epitaph Türkçe Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Kaynaklar The spelling of the Turkish editors, Aydın and Alyılmaz.
  • Karluk Karluk Halklar
  • Karluk Yabgu State Karluk Yabgu State Devletler
  • Kartlis Tskhovreba Kartlis Tskhovreba Kaynaklar
  • Kashgar Kashgar Yerler
  • Kashgar Türkçe Kashgar Yerler The modern name of the oasis with which Shule is identified.
  • kästäm Türkçe Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary Gelenekler ve eğlenceler A feast prepared for drinkers who come without formal arrangements (Dankoff/Kelly I, 360).
  • Katin Fransızca Kayen Kişiler The name in Patkanian's French version of Sebeos, as Chavannes cites it.
  • Katulph Katulph Kişiler
  • Katun Katun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • katun Eski Türkçe Katun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar In the line where Heaven takes İlteriš Khan and İlbilge Katun by the crown of the head.
  • Kayen Kayen Kişiler
  • Kayēn Ermenice Kayen Kişiler Sebeos, chapter 10 (Abgaryan p. 73), in Thomson's transliteration: 'His mother, called Kayēn, was the daughter of the great Khakʿan, king of the Tʿetals'.
  • Kayrakan Altayca Ülgen and Kayra Khan Dinler The form of the Telengit and Soyot record; a great khan in Katanov's gloss.
  • Kc’n Soğdca Wuwei Yerler
  • Kebineng Kebineng Kişiler
  • Keluo Chuo Keluo Chuo Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Kemijkat Kemijkat Yerler
  • kergeksiz Eski Türkçe Gold and Silver in the Orkhon Inscriptions Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The word that follows altun kümüş at the funerals. Translations give it as 'past all counting' and as 'beyond need'.
  • Kesh Kesh Yerler
  • khadang Farsça Wood and Woodworking Kurumlar ve Unvanlar A wood used for bows and arrows in the Hudud al-ʿĀlam and exported from the Kirghiz country. The Hudud does not say what tree it came from.
  • khagan İngilizce Khan (Khagan) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The form most of the literature uses for the supreme ruler.
  • Khalaj Khalaj Halklar
  • khalanj Farsça Wood and Woodworking Kurumlar ve Unvanlar A second wood that the Hudud lists with khadang, for Chach and for the Kirghiz country.
  • Khan (Khagan) Khan (Khagan) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Khāqān Bih Arapça Khazar Dual Kingship Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Ibn Fadlan's name for the king under the Great Khagan, in Canard's rendering Khaqan Beg. Bih stands for beg.
  • Khar-us inscription İngilizce Ulaangom inscription Kaynaklar After the place of the find, Khar-us, also written Kara-su.
  • Khazar Customs and Tribute Khazar Customs and Tribute Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Khazar Dual Kingship Khazar Dual Kingship Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Khazar Khaganate Khazar Khaganate Devletler
  • Khazar Mail and the Armourers of the Caucasus Khazar Mail and the Armourers of the Caucasus Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Khazar script İngilizce Runiform inscriptions of the Khazar lands Kaynaklar The name some surveys use for the signs of the Don and Kuban groups. It assumes that the Khazars wrote them.
  • Khe-rged Tibetçe Yenisei Kirghiz Halklar One of several forms of the name in a Tibetan text of the eighth century, with Gir-tis and Hir-kis; taken to be the Kirghiz.
  • Kherkhir Yunanca Yenisei Kirghiz Halklar The name of the people whose captive Istemi gave to the Byzantine envoy Zemarchos in 569; scholars take it for the Kirghiz.
  • Khirkhiz Farsça Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Devletler The form of the Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam in Minorsky's transliteration; its ruler is the Khirkhiz-khāqān.
  • Khitan Khitan Halklar
  • Khorasan Khorasan Yerler
  • Khorâsân Fransızca Khorasan Yerler Le Khorâsân in Zotenberg's French translation of al-Thaʿalibi.
  • Khorezm Khorezm Yerler
  • Khöshöö Tsaidam Khöshöö Tsaidam Yerler
  • Khöshöö-Tsaidam Moğolca Khöshöö Tsaidam Yerler The spelling with a hyphen, used for the lake and for the site.
  • Khosrow I Khosrow I Kişiler
  • Khosrow's gift of maidens (573) Khosrow's gift of maidens (573) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Khotan Khotan Yerler
  • Khumdān Soğdca Chang'an Yerler The Sogdian name, written ’xwmt’n in Ancient Letter II; it renders Xianyang, the Qin capital, as it was pronounced then.
  • Khurasan İngilizce Khorasan Yerler The form of the English commentary on Sebeos, which renders the name as 'the regions of the east'.
  • Khwarazm İngilizce Khorezm Yerler
  • Kidarites Kidarites Halklar
  • kidiz Eski Türkçe Felt Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Old Turkic word for felt.
  • kidiz Eski Türkçe Felt, Cloth, Leather and Wood in Kashgari's Dictionary Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Felt. The common Turkic word, still *kiyiz* and *kigiz* in the modern languages.
  • Kiev letter İngilizce The Kievian letter Kaynaklar The name under which the letter is also cited. Whether it was written at Kiev is itself disputed.
  • Kievan letter İngilizce The Kievian letter Kaynaklar The spelling used in the edition of Golb and Pritsak.
  • Killing of Heshana Khan (619) Killing of Heshana Khan (619) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Kimek Kimek Halklar
  • Kimek Khaganate Kimek Khaganate Devletler
  • Kipchak Kipchak Halklar
  • Kirghiz and Tibetan troops at Hedong (890) Kirghiz and Tibetan troops at Hedong (890) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Kirghiz campaign against the Shiwei (848) Kirghiz campaign against the Shiwei (848) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Kirghiz embassies of the Xiantong era (860–873) Kirghiz embassies of the Xiantong era (860–873) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang (842–848) Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang (842–848) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Kirghiz embassy of 648 Kirghiz embassy of 648 Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Kirghiz Entertainments Kirghiz Entertainments Gelenekler ve eğlenceler
  • Kirghiz Iron and Gold Kirghiz Iron and Gold Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • kishachilo Moğolca Stone Figures Dinler The Mongol name for upright stones, with or without a carved face, recorded in north-western Mongolia in 1876–77; the Uriankhai said kishatat and the Kirghiz syn-tas.
  • Kishi Altayca Altaian Creation Story Dinler The word for man; in Radloff's version the first being that the creator makes, and the one who dives.
  • Kishtim Türkçe Kyshtym Halklar Minorsky's restitution of K.SAYM, written *Kishtim. Also Kištim or Kıştım; Kyshtym is the Russian form.
  • Kisrā Arapça Khosrow I Kişiler The Arabic form of the name in Tabari, which became the generic word for a Persian king.
  • kiyik Eski Türkçe Hunting among the Göktürks Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Wild game; the word of line 8 of the inscription for what the Göktürks ate, beside tabıšgan, the hare.
  • kiyik yiyü tabıšgan yiyü Eski Türkçe Steppe Diet Yeme içme 'Eating deer, eating hare'; the Tonyukuk inscription on the first years of the restored khaganate.
  • kizhi kozhee Tuvaca Stone Figures Dinler The Tuvan name for the figures; it is explained as "braided person" in one account and as "person-stone" in another.
  • Kıpçak Türkçe Kipchak Halklar
  • Kırkız Eski Türkçe Yenisei Kirghiz Halklar The name in the Orkhon inscriptions, written in runes and transcribed kırkız.
  • Kızıl Kum (Ulaan Gom) Yazıtı Türkçe Ulaangom inscription Kaynaklar The title of one study of the stone.
  • Knucklebones Knucklebones Gelenekler ve eğlenceler
  • köčürmä oyun Türkçe Fourteen (Köčürmä Oyun) Gelenekler ve eğlenceler 'The game called Fourteen' (Dankoff/Kelly I, 364).
  • Kögmen Kögmen Yerler
  • kögmen Eski Türkçe Kögmen Yerler kögmen aša, beyond the Kögmen, and kögmen yer sub, the land and water of the Kögmen, east face lines 17 and 20 of the Kül Tegin inscription and lines 15 and 17 of the Bilge Khan inscription, in Thomsen's count; also line 23 of the Tonyukuk inscription and line 5 of the west face of the Tariat inscription.
  • kögmen yış Eski Türkçe Kögmen Yerler The Kögmen forest, or wooded range: kögmen yışıg toga yorıp, marching up over the Kögmen forest, east face line 35 of the Kül Tegin inscription and line 27 of the Bilge Khan inscription; line 28 of the Tonyukuk inscription.
  • kök tämür kerü turmās Eski Türkçe The Iron Oath Kurumlar ve Unvanlar A proverb in the same entry: 'The blue iron does not come to rest ineffectually'.
  • kök teŋri Eski Türkçe Tengri Dinler The blue sky of the opening formula, in the phrase üze kök teŋri.
  • Kök Teŋri Eski Türkçe Tengrism Dinler The blue sky of the opening formula; the modern Turkish Gök Tengri follows it.
  • kök türk Eski Türkçe First Göktürk Khaganate Devletler The Blue or Sky Türk of E2, a single attestation, from which the modern name Göktürks derives.
  • Köl Tigin Eski Türkçe Kül Tegin Kişiler Turkological normal form; Kül or Köl is itself argued over.
  • Köl Tigin Eski Türkçe Kül Tegin inscription Kaynaklar Turkological normal form of the name; Kül or Köl is itself argued over.
  • koñ yıl Eski Türkçe The twelve-year animal cycle Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Year of the Sheep, in which Kül Tegin died; 731 by back-reckoning.
  • Kotzager Kotzager Halklar
  • Kreka Kreka Kişiler
  • Kucha Kucha Yerler
  • Kuči Eski Türkçe Kucha Yerler The Turkic form, from the later Uyghur material of the Tarim.
  • Kuci Sanskritçe Kucha Yerler Kuci, in the Sanskrit leaves from Qizil of about 600, in the title Kuciśvara Kucimahārāja; taken there from the local language.
  • Kudai Altayca Ülgen and Kayra Khan Dinler God; the name by which the southern Altaian shamanists call Ülgen.
  • küdän Türkçe Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary Gelenekler ve eğlenceler 'Wedding feast', glossed with the Arabic walīma (Dankoff/Kelly I, 308).
  • Kuhanzhen Kuhanzhen Kişiler
  • Kujie Valley Kujie Valley Yerler
  • kul Eski Türkçe Captives and the Unfree Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Slave, male; in the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, in the line on how the state was lost. Kashgari glosses the word as slave.
  • Kül İç Čor inscription İngilizce Küli Čor inscription Kaynaklar The name as the catalogue of 1983 and a study of 2023 read it. Orkun and Tekin read Küli Čor.
  • Kül Tegin Kül Tegin Kişiler
  • Kül Tegin inscription Kül Tegin inscription Kaynaklar
  • Kül Tegin's Horses Kül Tegin's Horses Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Küli Čor inscription Küli Čor inscription Kaynaklar
  • Külüg Bagha Külüg Bagha Kişiler
  • Külüg Bagha Eski Türkçe Külüg Bagha Kişiler The reading of the Chinese name in the English-language literature. No Turkic form is attested; the reading rests on the sound of the Chinese characters.
  • Külüg Chur Külüg Chur Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Külüg Chur İngilizce Külüg Chur Kurumlar ve Unvanlar English rendering, with the first element taken for Turkic külüg, 'famous'.
  • kümüş Eski Türkçe Metals and Metalworking in Kashgari's Dictionary Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Kümüş, silver. The same word means a dirham, 'since it contains silver'.
  • Kumys Kumys Yeme içme
  • kün ana Diğer Kün Tengri Dinler Mother Sun; the Altaian shamanists swore by it, and the Altaians called the moon father.
  • kün ay täŋrikä Eski Türkçe Kün Tengri Dinler To the gods of the sun and of the moon; the phrase of a Manichaean confession of sins in which the two lights are gods who dwell in two bright palaces.
  • kün täŋri Eski Türkçe Kün Tengri Dinler God of the sun; the Old Uyghur texts use it for the sun. In the titles of the Uyghur khagans it stands as kün täŋridä, usually rendered 'by the god of the sun'.
  • Kün Tengri Kün Tengri Dinler
  • kün togsık Eski Türkçe Kün Tengri Dinler The sun's rising; the east in the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • Kün Toyon Diğer Kün Tengri Dinler The Yakut name of the Sun Lord, whose symbol is the iron or silver ring on the shaman's robe and cap.
  • Kunaksolan Eski Türkçe Kunaxolan Kişiler A Turkic form offered with a question mark by some scholars.
  • Kunaxolan Kunaxolan Kişiler
  • Kunçuy Kunçuy Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • kunçuy Eski Türkçe Kunçuy Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The form in the Orkhon and Yenisei inscriptions.
  • Kunduz İngilizce Huo Yerler The town with which some identify Huo.
  • küŋ Eski Türkçe Captives and the Unfree Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Serving-woman or female slave, paired with kul in the Orkhon inscriptions.
  • Kürabir Kürabir Kişiler
  • Kürabir Eski Türkçe Kürabir Kişiler The reading of the Chinese name in the English-language literature. No Turkic form is attested; the reading rests on the sound of the Chinese characters.
  • Kurbustan Altayca Altaian Creation Story Dinler A name of the creator in Verbitskii's version, where it is the Oirot name of Ülgen.
  • Kurbustan Altayca Ülgen and Kayra Khan Dinler In Verbitskii the Oirot name of Ülgen.
  • Kurgan Kurgan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • kurgan Türkçe Kurgan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The word is Turkic and reached the archaeological literature through Russian; the practice is far older than the word.
  • Kurıkan Eski Türkçe Kurykan Halklar In the lists of mourners and of enemies, once as the Three Kurıkan (Üč Kurıkan). The equation with 骨利幹 is the literature's interpretation, not a statement of either source.
  • Kursich Kursich Kişiler
  • kurultay Türkçe Toy Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Modern Turkish, from the Mongol quriltai; the usual name in the Turkish-language literature, and today the word for a party congress.
  • Kurykan Kurykan Halklar
  • Kushan Empire Kushan Empire Devletler
  • Kut Kut Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Kut Türkçe Kut Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Modern Turkish form; kutlu survives as the ordinary word for 'blessed'.
  • Kutadgu Bilig Kutadgu Bilig Kaynaklar
  • Ḳutadġu Bilig Eski Türkçe Kutadgu Bilig Kaynaklar
  • Kutadgu Bilig Türkçe Kutadgu Bilig Kaynaklar
  • Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan Kişiler
  • Kutluk Eski Türkçe Ilterish Khan Kişiler His personal name, behind the Chinese transcription. Written with a final k: a final -g of that kind did not exist among the Göktürks, and the -γ of the Turkological spelling Qutluγ is a convention of the transcription, not a sound of the language.
  • Kutluk Eski Türkçe Kutluk Tegin Kişiler The Turkic reading of 骨咄祿, the characters the Tang histories also use for the personal name of Ilterish Khan. No text gives the envoy's name in Turkic.
  • Kutluk Tegin Kutluk Tegin Kişiler
  • Kutrigurs Kutrigurs Halklar
  • kwrtrgr Süryanice Kutrigurs Halklar The Kutrigurs in the Syriac list of peoples.
  • Kyrgyz runiform inscriptions İngilizce Talas and Tian Shan runiform inscriptions Kaynaklar The runiform texts of Kyrgyzstan as a whole, which the studies treat together.
  • Kyshtym Kyshtym Halklar
  • каменные бабы (kamennye baby) Rusça Stone Figures Dinler "Stone women", the traditional Russian collective name for stone statues of the steppe from several ages, applied also to the figures that Turkic Atlas treats.

L

M

N

  • Na-sai Çince Nezak Shahs Halklar The king of Ko-p'i-shih (Kapisa) who sent an envoy to the Chinese court, in the Cefu Yuangui. Some scholars take it for the Bactrian form of Nizük.
  • Nad Sent Mikloş Türkçe Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós Kaynaklar The spelling of the Turkish literature.
  • Nadulu Shad Nadulu Shad Kişiler
  • Nagai Khan Nagai Khan Kişiler
  • Naissus Naissus Yerler
  • Naissus Latince Naissus Yerler The city that Attila had taken and destroyed and wanted as the market and boundary, in the edition of Priscus.
  • Naissus Latince Siege of Naissus Muharebeler ve olaylar The city in the Latin of the edition of Priscus; the modern Niš.
  • Nakbanda Çince An Nuopantuo Kişiler The pronunciation of the time, by Pulleyblank's reconstruction, as Étienne de la Vaissière gives it.
  • Nalaikh Inscription Nalaikh Inscription Kaynaklar
  • Nalayh Yazıtı Türkçe Nalaikh Inscription Kaynaklar The Turkish form of the name, with Nalayh for the place.
  • Nalayha, Ulan-Bator kiremit yazıtı Türkçe Nalaikh Inscription Kaynaklar The catalogue entry of 1983: the tile inscription of Nalaikh, Ulaanbaatar.
  • Nan Qi Shu Nan Qi Shu Kaynaklar
  • Nan Shi Nan Shi Kaynaklar
  • Nanai-vandak Nanai-vandak Kişiler
  • Nanai-vandak Soğdca Nanai-vandak Kişiler Servant of Nanai, a Sogdian name formed on the goddess Nanai; a common name, borne also by a traveller on the upper Indus and by the fathers of several men there.
  • Narshakhī, History of Bukhara Narshakhī, History of Bukhara Kaynaklar
  • Naṣr b. Sayyār Arapça Nasr ibn Sayyar Kişiler
  • Nasr ibn Sayyar Nasr ibn Sayyar Kişiler
  • Natra Natra Kişiler
  • Natrā Arapça Natra Kişiler Tabari, in Nöldeke's translation Natrâ (p. 289), with a query to the reading.
  • Nedao Latince Battle of the Nedao Muharebeler ve olaylar Jordanes: in Pannonia iuxta flumen, cui nomen est Nedao.
  • Nestorian Christianity İngilizce Church of the East Dinler
  • Nezak Shahs Nezak Shahs Halklar
  • Nicephorus Latince Nikephoros Kaynaklar The Latin form of the author's name.
  • Night Attack on Dingxiang (630) Night Attack on Dingxiang (630) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Nikephoros Nikephoros Kaynaklar
  • Niri Khan Niri Khan Kişiler
  • Nishu Bagha Shad Nishu Bagha Shad Kişiler
  • Nishufu Khan Nishufu Khan Kişiler
  • Nivar Eski Türkçe Ishbara Khan Kişiler His own name. The Bugut inscription names the khan after Taspar as Nivar; Kljaštornyj and Livšic read it so, and Pritsak reads the Chinese personal name Shetu as Nabar. Shabolüe and Shetu are Chinese transcriptions.
  • Nizük Baktriyaca Nezak Shahs Halklar The form of the name in the view of the series that makes the Nezak kings a Western Turkic dynasty of Kapisa and Gandhara. It goes back to a Saka word meaning 'fighter'.
  • Noin Ula Noin Ula Yerler
  • Northern Qi Northern Qi Devletler
  • Northern Wei Northern Wei Devletler
  • Northern Xiongnu Market at Wuwei (AD 84) Northern Xiongnu Market at Wuwei (AD 84) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Northern Zhou Northern Zhou Devletler
  • Noyon Uul Moğolca Noin Ula Yerler The form of recent English-language work, after the Mongolian name of the mountains.
  • Noyun-Ula Türkçe Noin Ula Yerler The spelling of a Turkish work of 1984. Other Turkish and older works write Noin-Ula or Noin Ula.
  • Numijkat Arapça Bukhara Yerler One of the many names of Bukhara that the History of Bukhara lists; the same text gives the copper city and the city of merchants in Arabic.
  • Nushibi Nushibi Halklar
  • nyčky MLK’ Orta Farsça Nezak Shahs Halklar The Pahlavi legend on the coins, read Nezak Malka, 'King Nezak'. Earlier readings were Napki (npky) and Nspk. The reading nyčky is the one now accepted.

O

  • Obadiah of Khazaria Obadiah of Khazaria Kişiler
  • öčäš Türkçe Stakes and Wagers Gelenekler ve eğlenceler 'Wager', glossed with the Arabic muxāṭara (Dankoff/Kelly I, 104).
  • Octar Octar Kişiler
  • Octar Latince Octar Kişiler Jordanes, among the brothers of Mundzuc who ruled before Attila.
  • Ögä Eski Türkçe Ögä Khan Kişiler The reading of the Chinese name in the English-language literature (Ögä Qaghan). No Turkic form is attested; the reading rests on the sound of the Chinese characters.
  • Ögä Khan Ögä Khan Kişiler
  • Oghur Turkic Oghur Turkic Diller
  • Oghuric İngilizce Oghur Turkic Diller The spelling of the handbooks on the Turkic family; Oguric in other works.
  • Oghuz Oghuz Halklar
  • Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari Diller
  • Oghuz Herds in Ibn Fadlan's Account Oghuz Herds in Ibn Fadlan's Account Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Oghuz Yabgu State Oghuz Yabgu State Devletler
  • oğlan atım Eski Türkçe Er At Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The counterpart on the epitaphs, 'my name as a child'.
  • ögsüz ak Eski Türkçe Kül Tegin's Horses Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The white horse Ögsüz, which Kül Tegin rode in the defence of the royal camp at Amga.
  • Ogurs Ogurs Halklar
  • Oğuz ve Kıpçak lehçeleri Türkçe Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari Diller The usual Turkish phrase.
  • öjä, iyä Tatarca Iye Dinler The Volga Tatar forms, in Su iyäse, Urman iyäse, Öy iyäse and Cir iyäse.
  • Öktem Eski Türkçe Octar Kişiler The Turkic form that has been proposed as the original of the name, meaning strong or proud.
  • Old Great Bulgaria Old Great Bulgaria Devletler
  • Old Tibetan report on the northern kings Old Tibetan report on the northern kings Kaynaklar
  • Old Turkic Old Turkic Diller
  • Old Uyghur Old Uyghur Diller
  • Old Uygur İngilizce Old Uyghur Diller The spelling of the grammar of Old Turkic, which keeps the term for the language of the manuscripts.
  • Omens and Divination Omens and Divination Dinler
  • on eki hayvanlı Türk takvimi Türkçe The twelve-year animal cycle Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The name of the reckoning in modern Turkish scholarship.
  • on ok Eski Türkçe On Oq Halklar on ok bodun, the On Ok people, in the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines 18–19.
  • On Oq On Oq Halklar
  • on oq Eski Türkçe Western Göktürk Khaganate Devletler The Ten Arrows, the confederation into which the western Göktürks dissolved after 630; the Kül Tegin inscription calls the Türgeš khan the khan of the Ten Arrows.
  • On-Ok Türkçe On Oq Halklar
  • Onegesius Onegesius Kişiler
  • Ongi inscription Ongi inscription Kaynaklar
  • Ongin (Işbara Tarkan) yazıtı Türkçe Ongi inscription Kaynaklar The heading Tekin gives it in 1998, after the man who speaks in it.
  • Ongin inscription İngilizce Ongi inscription Kaynaklar The form of the Turkish editions, after the river name Ongin. Ōsawa writes Ongi, which he takes from the Mongolian name of the river.
  • Onogurs Onogurs Halklar
  • Or. 8212/161 İngilizce Irk Bitig Kaynaklar The shelfmark of the manuscript; Tekin gives it as British Museum, Or. 8212.
  • Ordos Ordos Yerler
  • Ordos bronzes Ordos bronzes Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Ordos bronzes İngilizce Ordos bronzes Kurumlar ve Unvanlar A modern collective name, after the region where many were found; the objects are not confined to the Ordos.
  • Ordu Ordu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • ordu Eski Türkçe Ordu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Old Turkic word; it gives Ordu-Balık, the Uyghur capital, and by way of the Mongols the European word horde.
  • Ordu Balık Eski Türkçe Karabalghasun inscription Kaynaklar The turkological name for the Uyghur capital itself; the equation with the ruins at Karabalghasun is the standard modern one.
  • ordu balık Eski Türkçe Ordu-Balık Yerler Camp-town: ordu is the khan's camp, balık a walled town. The name the turkological literature uses; the Šine-Usu stone records the building of a walled seat without giving this name in the lines consulted.
  • Ordu-Balık Ordu-Balık Yerler
  • Ordu-Balıq İngilizce Ordu-Balık Yerler The same name with final q, as part of the literature writes it.
  • Ordukent Eski Türkçe Western Göktürk Khaganate Devletler The Göktürk name of the seat at Suyab, 'the city of the army', as the literature reports it.
  • Orestes Orestes Kişiler
  • Orestes Pannonius Latince Orestes Kişiler Orestes the Pannonian, in the Anonymus Valesianus.
  • Organum Latince Argu Yerler The country William of Rubruck heard of in 1253, with its own language and script used by the Nestorians; identified with Argu.
  • Orkhon Turkic İngilizce Old Turkic Diller The narrower term: the language of the Orkhon inscriptions alone, as against the whole Old Turkic period.
  • Orkhon valley Orkhon valley Yerler
  • Ostrogothae Latince Goths Halklar The eastern Goths in Jordanes.
  • Ostrom Almanca Byzantium Devletler East Rome, the term one view prefers to Byzantium.
  • Ötüken Ötüken Yerler
  • ötüken yış Eski Türkçe Ötüken Yerler The Ötüken forest, or forested mountain; yış is the wooded upland, not a city.
  • Otuz Tatar Eski Türkçe Tatars Halklar The Thirty Tatars, in the lists of mourners and of enemies and in Bilge Khan's address.
  • Oxus Oxus Yerler
  • öz qonuqı Eski Türkçe Soul Words Dinler Kashgari's entry: the soul's guest, the name of a part of the body that palpitates, said to be the spirit. The Old Uyghur öz konok renders a Sanskrit word for the vital point and is glossed as the place of the soul.
  • Ozmish Khan Ozmish Khan Kişiler

P

  • Paikent Paikent Yerler
  • pairikā Avestaca Peri Dinler The Avestan word behind Persian perī: a sorceress, a creature hostile to fire, water, cattle, plants and earth.
  • Pan Die Pan Die Kişiler
  • Panjikent Panjikent Yerler
  • Panticapaeum İngilizce Bosporos Yerler The ancient name of the city, with which Menander's Bosporos is identified.
  • parīg Pehlevice Peri Dinler The Middle Persian form between the Avestan word and New Persian perī.
  • Parmudha Parmudha Kişiler
  • Parmūdha Arapça Parmudha Kişiler Tabari, in Nöldeke's translation Parmûdha (p. 272). The name stands fairly firm in the tradition and is also in Firdausi.
  • Partaw Partaw Yerler
  • Partaw Ermenice Partaw Yerler The capital of Albania in the History of the Caucasian Albanians.
  • Paykent İngilizce Paikent Yerler De la Vaissière's spelling.
  • Peace of Anatolius Peace of Anatolius Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Peace of Margus İngilizce Treaty of Margus Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Pecheneg Confederation Pecheneg Confederation Devletler
  • Pechenegs Pechenegs Halklar
  • Pei Ju Pei Ju Kişiler
  • Pei Xingjian Pei Xingjian Kişiler
  • Pelliot tibétain 1283 Fransızca Old Tibetan report on the northern kings Kaynaklar The shelfmark of the manuscript in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, usually abbreviated P.T. 1283.
  • Penjikent İngilizce Panjikent Yerler
  • Peri Peri Dinler
  • perî Farsça Peri Dinler The New Persian word, borrowed into Turkic as peri.
  • peri Eski Türkçe Peri Dinler The Persian loanword as it stands in the Karakhanid verse of 1069–1070 (couplet 4716).
  • peri han Türkçe Peri Dinler The peri-reader: the name for the Muslim kam in parts of East Turkestan.
  • perihon Farsça Peri Dinler The Persian compound behind peri han, and possibly behind purhan as a name for the shaman.
  • Perozapat Ermenice Partaw Yerler The name under which, according to the same history, the town was built at the order of the Persian king Peroz.
  • Pingliang Pingliang Yerler
  • Pizenaci Latince Pechenegs Halklar
  • Placidia Latince Galla Placidia Kişiler Placidia, and Placidia Augusta, in Jordanes.
  • plaustra Latince Wagons of the Steppe Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Wagons with which Attila fortified his camp, in Jordanes, Getica 210.
  • Pliska Pliska Yerler
  • Plunder of Luoyang and the Silk Payment (757) Plunder of Luoyang and the Silk Payment (757) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Pofu Katun Pofu Katun Kişiler
  • Poliuhan Baling Poliuhan Baling Kişiler
  • Polo Polo Gelenekler ve eğlenceler
  • Poluomen Khan Poluomen Khan Kişiler
  • Poshi Tegin Poshi Tegin Kişiler
  • Post and Communication Post and Communication Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • primores Latince Logades Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The leading men of the Scythians, in the Latin of the edition.
  • Princess Anyi Princess Anyi Kişiler
  • Princess Changle Princess Changle Kişiler
  • Princess Huainan Princess Huainan Kişiler
  • Princess Linhe Princess Linhe Kişiler
  • Princess Qianjin Princess Qianjin Kişiler
  • Princess Taihe Princess Taihe Kişiler
  • Princess Xinyi Princess Xinyi Kişiler
  • Princess Yicheng Princess Yicheng Kişiler
  • Priscus Priscus Kaynaklar
  • Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Procopius Procopius Kaynaklar
  • Protobulgarian sign corpus Protobulgarian sign corpus Kaynaklar
  • Pseudo-Avars İngilizce The origin of the Avars Tartışmalar The name for the Avars of Europe in Theophylact's account, which sets them apart from the Avars whom the Göktürks defeated. The question of their origin is often called the pseudo-Avar question.
  • Pseudo-Sebeos İngilizce Sebeos Kaynaklar Used where the attribution is doubted.
  • Purification by Fire Purification by Fire Dinler

Q

  • *Qazar Eski Türkçe Khazar Khaganate Devletler The reconstructed Turkic form behind them all; what it means is not settled.
  • Qabar Türkçe Kabars Halklar The scholarly spelling in Golden. The literature also writes Kabar, Kavar and Qavar.
  • qagan-beg İngilizce Khazar Dual Kingship Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The scholarly name for the executive ruler. The sources also call him beg, sad (shad) or yilig.
  • qaghan, qaġan, kağan İngilizce Khan (Khagan) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Scholarly transcriptions.
  • qam Eski Türkçe Kam (Turkic Shaman) Dinler The Old Turkic word for the ritual specialist, caught in a Manichaean text from Turfan and in the eleventh-century dictionary.
  • qam Eski Türkçe Shamanism Dinler The turkological spelling of the same word.
  • Qapaghan Khan İngilizce Kapgan Khan Kişiler The spelling of much of the literature.
  • Qāqin Arapça Kayen Kişiler The form chosen by the translator of Tabari among the greatly varying forms of the name in Masʿudi, because the Armenian writer seems to call her Kaiēn.
  • Qara Čurin Farsça Tardush Kişiler The name of the Türk ruler in the Bukharan tradition whom Lev Gumilev identifies with Tardush; the identification cannot be established.
  • Qarakhanids İngilizce Kara-Khanid Khanate Devletler
  • Qarï Čor Tegin İngilizce Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Kaynaklar
  • Qarluq Eski Türkçe Karluk Halklar karluk in the transcription of the inscription; Golden writes Qarluq; the English form is Karluk.
  • Qazar tili Türkçe The Khazar language Diller The language of the Khazars, as the Turkological literature calls it; the name of the people is spelled Qazar, Xazar or Hazar.
  • Qibi Qibi Halklar
  • Qiedihou Chanyu Qiedihou Chanyu Kişiler
  • Qifchaq Arapça Kipchak Halklar
  • Qifu Qifu Soylar
  • Qikou Qikou Yerler
  • qimiz Türkçe Kumys Yeme içme The form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077, glossed with the Arabic al-āmiṣ: mare's milk poured into skins, fermented and drunk. The oldest record of the Turkic word.
  • Qinyu Shad Qinyu Shad Kişiler
  • Qocho Eski Türkçe Gaochang Yerler The Uyghur name of the city, Qara Xoja, Chinese Gaochang; Golden's form for the later Uyghur kingdom.
  • qonaq Türkçe Millet Yeme içme Coarse millet in Kashgari, glossed with the Arabic jāwars.
  • qopuz Türkçe Turkic Songs at the Tang Court Gelenekler ve eğlenceler 'Lute', in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077.
  • Que Dadu Shad Que Dadu Shad Kişiler
  • Quli Quli Yerler
  • Qūrī Farsça Furi Halklar Minorsky's restitution; also written Quri. Rashīd ad-Dīn has Quri beside Quriqan.
  • quriltai Moğolca Toy Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Mongol assembly of the thirteenth century, the institution's best-known descendant.
  • Quriqan Farsça Kurykan Halklar The form of the reference literature, with Quri (Qori) as its short form in Rashīd ad-Dīn. Whether Quri is the same name as the Furi of the Ḥudūd is argued.
  • Qurut Qurut Yeme içme
  • qurut Türkçe Qurut Yeme içme The form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077, glossed with the Arabic aqiṭ, 'dried curds'.
  • qut Eski Türkçe Kut Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The turkological transcription of the word as it stands in the inscription, in the khan's statement that he ruled because his Kut was there.
  • Qutayba ibn Muslim Qutayba ibn Muslim Kişiler
  • qutluġ Eski Türkçe Kut Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The derived adjective, 'possessed of Kut', in turkological transcription; the name under which the restorer of the khaganate is known, Kutluk, is this word. Not applied to Ötüken in the inscription, which calls the forest ıduq, sacred.

R

S

  • *sak- İranca Saka Halklar One etymology derives the name from Iranian sak-, 'to go, flow, run', giving 'running, swift, vagrant', that is 'nomad'. It is one proposal among several and has been rejected.
  • *skuda İranca Scythians Halklar Iranian skuda, skuδa, 'archer', from Indo-European *skeuta; the Germanic words for shooter belong to the same root. The form is a reconstruction.
  • *Sumit Soğdca Kang Sumi Kişiler The Sogdian name read in the Chinese form, from the Indian name Sumitta.
  • s'rtp'w Soğdca Sabao Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Sartapao, chief merchant, caravan master; the address of Ancient Letter V, to the chief merchant Aspandhat. The word comes from Indian sarthavaha through Bactrian.
  • Šāba Šāba Kişiler
  • Sāba Arapça Šāba Kişiler The Arabic reading of a name written with varying diacritical points.
  • Šāba Arapça Šāba Kişiler The form in the translation of Tabari.
  • Šāba, Sāwa Farsça Bagha Khan Kişiler The Türk king of the Persian tradition, 'the greatest king of the Turks', identified with Bagha by some scholars and by Peter B. Golden with a son of Tardush.
  • Sabao Sabao Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Sabirs Sabirs Halklar
  • Sabriel İbranice Bulan Kişiler The name the Schechter Letter gives to the great prince who turns to Judaism and becomes king. Some scholars identify him with Obadiah, and another identifies him with Bulan.
  • Sacred Mountains Sacred Mountains Dinler
  • Sacrifice and the year Sacrifice and the year Dinler
  • sagu Eski Türkçe The Battue Gelenekler ve eğlenceler A game battue; the word of the sixty-third omen of the Irk Bitig.
  • šāhiya Arapça Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa Devletler The title that al-Biruni gives the kings of Kabul, as a modern history reports it.
  • Šāhnāma Farsça Shahnameh Kaynaklar DMG; the Book of Kings.
  • Saka Saka Halklar
  • Sakā Farsça Saka Halklar The Old Persian form; Herodotus says the Persians called all Scythians by this name.
  • Salt among the Turkic Peoples Salt among the Turkic Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • šaman Diğer Shamanism Dinler Evenki, a Tungusic language: the word from which English *shaman* comes. The Manchu form is saman.
  • Samandar Samandar Yerler
  • Samandar Arapça Samandar Yerler The form of the Arabic geographers and of Masʿūdī.
  • Samanids Samanids Devletler
  • Samarkand Samarkand Yerler
  • samūr Arapça Furs and Musk among the Turkic Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Sable, in Marvazī's account of the Kimak hunters; the translation of the Ḥudūd has samūr for sable-marten as well.
  • Sanguozhi Sanguozhi Kaynaklar
  • Sanmi Mountain Sanmi Mountain Yerler
  • Saŋun Saŋun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • saŋun Eski Türkçe Saŋun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The form in the Yenisei epitaphs.
  • şaŋun Eski Türkçe Saŋun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar A third form of the same word.
  • Saragurs Saragurs Halklar
  • Sarkel Sarkel Yerler
  • Sarkil Türkçe Sarkel Yerler Sarkel or Sarkil is counted among the Khazar words. If Sarkil is the right form, it could be an Oguric form, but the word is open to several interpretations.
  • Sarmatians Sarmatians Halklar
  • Sasanian Persia Sasanian Persia Devletler
  • sata Diğer Yada Stone Dinler The Yakut name of the stone, which the Yakuts say is found inside animals.
  • Saviri Latince Sabirs Halklar Jordanes, Getica 37: one of the two branches of the Huns.
  • Savirkʿ Ermenice Sabirs Halklar The Armenian form, as given in the literature.
  • Sāwa Farsça Šāba Kişiler The Persian reading; Sāwa Shāh in the epic tradition.
  • sbr Süryanice Sabirs Halklar
  • scala Langobardca Skull Cup Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Lombard name for such a cup, which Paul the Deacon renders with the Latin patera.
  • Scapulimancy Scapulimancy Dinler
  • scapulimancy İngilizce Scapulimancy Dinler The modern term; omoplatoscopy is the same word made from Greek.
  • Scotta Latince Scottas Kişiler The form in the Latin of the edition.
  • Scottas Scottas Kişiler
  • Scultor Latince Askel Kişiler The ruler named by Corippus in his praise of Justin II; one view makes him Askel, another Istemi.
  • Scythians Scythians Halklar
  • Scytho-Siberian cultural community İngilizce The steppe before the Xiongnu Tartışmalar The name for the shared culture of the mounted nomads across the steppe in the same age.
  • Seasonal Pastures Seasonal Pastures Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Seating at the Feast Seating at the Feast Gelenekler ve eğlenceler
  • Sebeos Sebeos Kaynaklar
  • Sebüktegin Sebüktegin Kişiler
  • Second Göktürk Khaganate Second Göktürk Khaganate Devletler
  • seŋün Eski Türkçe Saŋun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The form in the Orkhon inscriptions, with front vowels: čača seŋün, udar seŋün, enik seŋün, čaŋ seŋün, lisün tay-seŋün.
  • Sha-po-lüe İngilizce Ishbara Khan Kişiler Wade–Giles form, as Peter B. Golden writes it.
  • Shad Shad Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Shadow empire İngilizce Xiongnu: Making the First Steppe Empire Tartışmalar Thomas Barfield's term for a steppe polity that rises and falls with the Chinese empire it extorts.
  • Shahnameh Shahnameh Kaynaklar
  • Shahr-i Sabz Farsça Kesh Yerler The modern town with which Kesh is identified.
  • shaman İngilizce Kam (Turkic Shaman) Dinler A Tungus word carried into European scholarship in the seventeenth century and applied to the whole of northern Eurasia since.
  • Shamanism Shamanism Dinler
  • Shanshan Shanshan Devletler
  • Shanyu İngilizce Chanyu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The reading the Tang used for their Shanyu protectorate; the same two characters.
  • Shanyu Protectorate Shanyu Protectorate Yerler
  • Shatial inscriptions İngilizce Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus Kaynaklar After the site with by far the most Sogdian graffiti, about 550 of them.
  • Shatuo Shatuo Halklar
  • Sheep Sheep Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Shegui Khan Shegui Khan Kişiler
  • Shelun Khan Shelun Khan Kişiler
  • Shi Xiong Shi Xiong Kişiler
  • Shibi Khan Shibi Khan Kişiler
  • Shiboqu Azhan Shiboqu Azhan Kişiler
  • Shih-po-ch'ü A-chan İngilizce Shiboqu Azhan Kişiler The Wade-Giles form of the name, as it stands in the Turkish study of the title aco.
  • Shiji Shiji Kaynaklar
  • Shine-usu İngilizce Šine-Usu inscription Kaynaklar After the find-spot; the literature also writes Šine Usu and Selenge inscription.
  • Shishu Huxi Shishu Huxi Kişiler
  • Shiveet Ulaan Shiveet Ulaan Yerler
  • Shiveet Ulan İngilizce Shiveet Ulaan Yerler A spelling with one a, used in some English-language work.
  • Shiwei Shiwei Halklar
  • Shuozhou Shuozhou Yerler
  • Si Yabgu Khan Si Yabgu Khan Kişiler
  • Si yu ki Fransızca Record of the Western Regions Kaynaklar The transcription of the French literature.
  • Siege of Baideng Siege of Baideng Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Siege of Bosporos, 576 Siege of Bosporos, 576 Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Siege of Naissus Siege of Naissus Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Siege of Tiflis (627–629) Siege of Tiflis (627–629) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Sifa Sifa Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Sijie Sijie Halklar
  • Sijie Irkin Sijie Irkin Kişiler
  • Silifa Silifa Kişiler
  • Silk in the Steppe Silk in the Steppe Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Silk Road İngilizce Trade Routes of the Steppe Kurumlar ve Unvanlar A modern name that later writers applied to the roads of Central Asia.
  • Šine-Usu inscription Šine-Usu inscription Kaynaklar
  • Sinǧibū Arapça Istemi Kişiler Sinjibu, the khagan in Tabari who killed the Hephthalite king and marched on Sul. The equation with Istemi is modern.
  • Şiveet-Ulaan Türkçe Shiveet Ulaan Yerler The spelling of the Turkish report of the Japanese-Mongolian expedition.
  • Six Garrisons Six Garrisons Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • sıgıt Eski Türkçe Burial and the balbal Dinler The wailing; sıgıtçı is the wailer, paired with yogçı in the lists of those who came.
  • Sır Tarduš Eski Türkçe Xueyantuo Khaganate (Syr Tardush) Devletler The turkological equation with the runiform Sır and Tarduš, proposed by Friedrich Hirth. Paul Boodberg holds that it rests on a misunderstanding.
  • Sır Yabgu Eski Türkçe Istemi Kişiler Some modern scholars interpret the title as an elevated yabgu, above a tribal chief and below a khan.
  • Skottas İngilizce Scottas Kişiler A transcription of the Greek form of the name.
  • Skull Cup Skull Cup Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Smbat Bagratuni's war with the khan Smbat Bagratuni's war with the khan Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Smendr Ermenice Samandar Yerler The form in the Armenian Geography, which some scholars identify with the later Khazar city of Samandar.
  • sogdaq Eski Türkçe Sogdians Halklar The form of the Türk inscriptions; the Shine-usu inscription has Bayan Chor order the sogdaq and the Chinese to build Bay Balïq.
  • Sogdian İngilizce The Sogdian language Diller The name of the language after the land, as in the literature.
  • Sogdian Ancient Letters Sogdian Ancient Letters Kaynaklar
  • Sogdian inscriptions of the Talas valley Sogdian inscriptions of the Talas valley Kaynaklar
  • Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus Kaynaklar
  • Sogdiana Sogdiana Yerler
  • Sogdians Sogdians Halklar
  • Song Shu Song Shu Kaynaklar
  • Sorosgi Sorosgi Halklar
  • Sorosgi Latince Sorosgi Halklar Sorosgoi in the Greek of Priscus.
  • Soul Words Soul Words Dinler
  • South Yenisei inscriptions South Yenisei inscriptions Kaynaklar
  • Southern Xiongnu Southern Xiongnu Devletler
  • Sparzeugun Sparzeugun Kişiler
  • Srg Soğdca Luoyang Yerler The name in Ancient Letter II; the translator gives the identification.
  • Stakes and Wagers Stakes and Wagers Gelenekler ve eğlenceler
  • Stelae of the Golden Lake İngilizce Altın Köl Inscriptions Kaynaklar Translation of the Russian name of the pair, stely Zolotogo ozera, the name under which Klyashtorny edited them.
  • Steppe Diet Steppe Diet Yeme içme
  • Stone Figures Stone Figures Dinler
  • Strava Strava Dinler
  • strava Latince Strava Dinler Jordanes: stravam super tumulum eius quam appellant ipsi ingenti commessatione concelebrant, 'a strava, as they call it, they celebrate over his tomb with great revelling'.
  • sü Eski Türkçe Army of the Steppe Empires Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Army, host; the verb süle- means to march with an army, to campaign.
  • Su Dingfang Su Dingfang Kişiler
  • su kültü Türkçe Water Cult Dinler The Turkish scholarly term for the reverence of waters; it is not a word of any source of the khaganates.
  • Su Wu Su Wu Kişiler
  • sub Eski Türkçe Water Cult Dinler Water, in the Orkhon spelling; the Old Uyghur texts write suv.
  • Subjugation of the Alans and Onogurs (before 576) Subjugation of the Alans and Onogurs (before 576) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Submission of Ishbara (585) Submission of Ishbara (585) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Submission of Yiwu (630) Submission of Yiwu (630) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Sudzhi inscription İngilizce Suji inscription Kaynaklar
  • Sughd Arapça Sogdiana Yerler The form of the Arab geographers; Ibn Hawqal describes its hospitality.
  • Sui Sui Devletler
  • Sui Shu (Book of Sui) Sui Shu (Book of Sui) Kaynaklar
  • Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Suji inscription Suji inscription Kaynaklar
  • Ṣūl Arapça Derbent Yerler Sul, the region and gate that Tabari has Khosrow I fortify and the khagan Sinjibu approach. Whether it is the gate at Derbent is disputed: Nöldeke places Sul in Gurgan, at the south-eastern corner of the Caspian, and holds that Tabari has confused the works there with those at the Caucasus.
  • Ṣūl Arapça Gate of Sul Yerler Sul, in Tabari the name of a land, of a people and of a gate; Ṣûl in the German translation.
  • süle- Eski Türkçe Warfare of the Steppe Empires Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The verb the inscriptions use for a campaign: to march with an army (süledimiz, we campaigned).
  • Suli Çince Sogdiana Yerler Xuanzang's name for the whole land from Suyab to Kesh.
  • Suli Çince Sogdians Halklar The name Xuanzang gives to the land and the people from Suyab to Kesh, in the Da Tang Xiyu ji as de la Vaissière quotes it.
  • Sulu Khan Sulu Khan Kişiler
  • süne Diğer Soul Words Dinler The reasoning soul that takes the shape of a whole man when it leaves the body; found in men only.
  • süngüz başkan ıduk baş Eski Türkçe Sacred Mountains Dinler As read in the Turkish edition: the holy summit west of which the Uyghur khan Bayanchur had his camp set up in 748.
  • Suni Shi Suni Shi Kişiler
  • Suo Suo Devletler
  • Suoge Tudun Suoge Tudun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Suopi Shad Suopi Shad Kişiler
  • sür Diğer Soul Words Dinler Appearance, vigour, the soul that leaves the body; the Altaian ethnographers write sür, syur.
  • Şüräle Tatarca Arçura Dinler The Tatar and Bashkir name of the same figure; also Yarımtıq among the north-western Bashkirs.
  • Süüji inscription İngilizce Suji inscription Kaynaklar A spelling of the place name used in the Turkological literature; the Russian editions write Sudzhi or Sudzhinskaya nadpis'.
  • Suwār Arapça Sabirs Halklar The Arabic form; Ibn Khurdadhbih places the Suwar beyond Derbent.
  • Suyab Suyab Yerler
  • Sūyāb Arapça Suyab Yerler The form of the Arabic geographers, as Chavannes gives it.
  • Śveta Huna Sanskritçe Alchon Huns Halklar The White Huns of the Indian texts.
  • Sword of Mars Sword of Mars Dinler
  • Syr Darya Syr Darya Yerler
  • Szarvas bone needle case İngilizce Szarvas needle case inscription Kaynaklar
  • Szarvas needle case inscription Szarvas needle case inscription Kaynaklar
  • ʾšynʾs Soğdca Ashina Soylar The name as read in the Sogdian text of the Bugut inscription of about 584 by Yoshida and Moriyasu; the earliest non-Chinese attestation.

T

U

  • Uarkhonitai Yunanca The origin of the Avars Tartışmalar Varchonites in the literature. The name the Göktürks gave the Avars in 576, in Menander's account of the embassy of Valentinus.
  • Üç Tuğlu Khan Üç Tuğlu Khan Kişiler
  • Üç Tuğlu Khan Türkçe Üç Tuğlu Khan Kişiler Khan of the Üç Tuğlu, the tribes of the left, in the form used for the Duolu; the lemma follows it.
  • uda bas- Eski Türkçe Warfare of the Steppe Empires Kurumlar ve Unvanlar To fall on someone in his sleep; the Kül Tegin inscription uses it of the Kırgız and of the Türgeš.
  • ügür Türkçe Millet Yeme içme Millet in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, glossed with the Arabic duxn; a word of the Turks that the Oguz did not know.
  • Ulaangom inscription Ulaangom inscription Kaynaklar
  • ulaq Eski Türkçe Post and Communication Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Turkic word that stands behind 鄔落, the relay horse of the post. Pelliot reads it as the oldest recorded form of the word.
  • Uldin Uldin Kişiler
  • Uldin Latince Uldin Kişiler Orosius, in the nominative; Marcellinus Comes writes Huldin.
  • Ülgen Altayca Ülgen and Kayra Khan Dinler The form of the name in the Altaian record; Radloff writes Ülgön and Ülgän. Glossed as the Great.
  • Ülgen and Kayra Khan Ülgen and Kayra Khan Dinler
  • Ultzinzures Ultzinzures Halklar
  • Ulukayın Türkçe Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Dinler The form of the Altaian material and of the twentieth-century syntheses; it is not an Old Turkic word.
  • Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Dinler
  • Umay Umay Dinler
  • umay teg ögüm katun Eski Türkçe Umay Dinler My mother the katun, who is like Umay; the attestation in the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • ut- Türkçe Stakes and Wagers Gelenekler ve eğlenceler 'To defeat (in the game, or other)' (Dankoff/Kelly I, 179); the passive utsuq- is 'some dirhams were wagered' (I, 216).
  • Utigurs Utigurs Halklar
  • Uyghur Farming Uyghur Farming Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Uyghur Khaganate Uyghur Khaganate Devletler
  • Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho Devletler
  • Uyghur victory over the Kirghiz (758) Uyghur victory over the Kirghiz (758) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Uyghur–Kirghiz War Uyghur–Kirghiz War Savaşlar
  • Uyghurs Uyghurs Halklar
  • uyran Çuvaşça Ayran Yeme içme Chuvash; 'buttermilk'.
  • üze kök teŋri, asra yagız yer Eski Türkçe The three worlds Dinler The blue sky above and the brown earth below; the two-part cosmos of the opening formula.
  • üzüt Eski Türkçe Soul Words Dinler Soul, spirit; in Old Uyghur texts the soul of a person that survives, and in the Altai of the nineteenth century the wandering soul of the dead.

V

  • Vahram Merhewandak Ermenice Bahram Chobin Kişiler The form in the English translation of Sebeos; Merhewandak, 'servant of Mithra', is a byname.
  • Valamir Valamir Kişiler
  • Valamir Latince Valamir Kişiler Valamir and Valamer, king of the Ostrogoths, in Jordanes.
  • Valentinian III Valentinian III Kişiler
  • Valentinianus Latince Valentinian III Kişiler Valentinianus princeps and Valentinianus imperator in Jordanes; Valentinianus also in the Latin of Priscus.
  • Valentinos Valentinos Kişiler
  • Valentinus Latince Valentinos Kişiler The Latin form of Müller's translation and of the older literature.
  • Vandali Latince Vandals Halklar
  • Vandals Vandals Halklar
  • Vatagēs Ermenice Badghis Yerler Vatage·s in the English translation of Sebeos, among the lands that Smbat Bagratuni's army plundered.
  • Vehrot Ermenice Oxus Yerler Sebeos' name for the great river that Bahram Chobin crossed; the translators identify it with the Oxus. It is understood as the Armenian form of the Persian Weh-rōd, 'the good river'.
  • Vesegothae Latince Goths Halklar The western Goths in Jordanes.
  • Vigilas İngilizce Bigilas Kişiler A form some historians use, with Vigilius and Vigilans.
  • Viminacium Viminacium Yerler
  • Viminacium Latince Viminacium Yerler A city of the Moesians in Illyricum on the Ister, in the edition of Priscus.
  • Vltzinzures Latince Ultzinzures Halklar Jordanes: Vltzinzures.
  • Volga Volga Yerler
  • Volga Bulgaria Volga Bulgaria Devletler
  • Vrkan Ermenice Gurgan Yerler The name in the Armenian history attributed to Sebeos, where Smbat Bagratuni is marzpan of Vrkan; the same history once writes Gurkan.

W

X

Y

  • ya Eski Türkçe Composite bow Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Old Turkic word for bow.
  • Yabgu Yabgu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Yabgus of Tokharistan Yabgus of Tokharistan Devletler
  • Yabogan inscription (A 84) İngilizce Jabogan inscription Kaynaklar The spelling and the catalogue number that one Turkish study uses.
  • yada Moğolca Yada Stone Dinler The Mongolian form, written also jada; Rashid al-Din calls the rite yeda mishi.
  • Yada Stone Yada Stone Dinler
  • yada-tash Diğer Yada Stone Dinler The Altaian name in the form Verbitskii and Radloff write it, jada tasch; the man who works it is the yadachi.
  • Yaglakar Yaglakar Soylar
  • Yaglakar Eski Türkçe Yaglakar Soylar The Turkic form of the name. Old Uyghur runiform monuments name the dynasty by it several times, and the Tariat stele has the word at the end of a line of dignitaries.
  • yalabaç Eski Türkçe Post and Communication Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Envoy. The word of the Bilge Khan stone.
  • Yami Khan Yami Khan Kişiler
  • Yang Su's Northern Campaign (601–602) Yang Su's Northern Campaign (601–602) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Yang Zhong Yang Zhong Kişiler
  • Yangdi's Visit to Yami Khan (607) Yangdi's Visit to Yami Khan (607) Muharebeler ve olaylar
  • Yangsu Tegin Yangsu Tegin Kişiler
  • Yanhongda Yanhongda Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Yanmen Yanmen Yerler
  • yarın Eski Türkçe Scapulimancy Dinler Kashgari's word for the shoulder blade, in a saying of the Turks that ties it to the fate of the state; his other word is ösin.
  • yarınčı Diğer Scapulimancy Dinler Altaian diviner who reads the burnt shoulder blade, in the transcription of the Altai missionary Verbitskii.
  • Yarkand Yarkand Yerler
  • Yarkand Türkçe Yarkand Yerler The modern name of the oasis with which Suoju is identified.
  • Yarkhoto Türkçe Jiaohe Yerler The modern name of the ruins with which Jiaohe is identified, west of Turfan.
  • Yasa Moğolca Töre Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Mongol code of the thirteenth century, held to have taken much of its substance from the Töre.
  • yat Eski Türkçe Yada Stone Dinler Kashgari's word: a kind of divination with special stones with which one brings on rain, wind and the like; the diviner is the yatčï.
  • Yeltegin Arapça Parmudha Kişiler Dinawari's form, Jertegîn or Jeltegîn in Nöldeke's note (p. 272), Yer-tegin or Yel-tegin in Chavannes (p. 243); the translator of Tabari regards it as an adjustment to the Turkish names in -tegin of Dinawari's own day.
  • Yenisei epitaphs İngilizce Yenisei inscriptions Kaynaklar The usual name in the literature for the grave inscriptions among them, which are most of the corpus.
  • Yenisei inscriptions Yenisei inscriptions Kaynaklar
  • Yenisei Kirghiz Yenisei Kirghiz Halklar
  • Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Devletler
  • Yenisei runiform inscriptions İngilizce Yenisei inscriptions Kaynaklar
  • yer sub Eski Türkçe Yer-Su Spirits Dinler Without ıduk, in the political sense: land and water that must not be left without a master.
  • Yer-Su Spirits Yer-Su Spirits Dinler
  • Yi Khan Yi Khan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Yimek Türkçe Kimek Halklar Imek, Yemek; a form with the loss of the initial k in some Kipchak dialects.
  • Yinan Khan Yinan Khan Kişiler
  • Yinčü ügüz Eski Türkçe Syr Darya Yerler The Pearl River of the inscriptions; the equation with the Syr Darya is the usual reading, not a statement of the text.
  • Yinghefu Yinghefu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • Yingsuo Yingsuo Yerler
  • Yinnai Tegin Yinnai Tegin Kişiler
  • Yinshan Yinshan Yerler
  • Yintou Tegin Yintou Tegin Kişiler
  • Yir Bayırku Eski Türkçe Bayirku Halklar The 'land Bayirku' of the Kül Tegin inscription, E34 and S3.
  • Yiran Khan Yiran Khan Kişiler
  • Yiwu Yiwu Yerler
  • Yiwu Tudun Shad Yiwu Tudun Shad Kişiler
  • Yizhi Nishidu Yizhi Nishidu Kişiler
  • Yizhi-lianji Yizhi-lianji Kişiler
  • Yizhixie Chanyu Yizhixie Chanyu Kişiler
  • yılkı Eski Türkçe Livestock Raids Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Herd of horses; the word of the Bilge Khan inscription for the horse herds taken from the Tangut and the Tatabı.
  • Ymai Türkçe Umay Dinler One of the forms recorded among Turkic-speaking peoples of the Altai and Siberia in the modern period.
  • yog Eski Türkçe Burial and the balbal Dinler The funeral and the funeral feast; yogçı is the mourner who attends it.
  • Yol Tengri Yol Tengri Dinler
  • yol teŋri Eski Türkçe Yol Tengri Dinler The form in the omen book; the two words are written separately.
  • Youzhou Youzhou Yerler
  • Yucheng Khan Yucheng Khan Kişiler
  • Yueban Yueban Halklar
  • Yuefu Shiji (Collection of Yuefu Songs) Yuefu Shiji (Collection of Yuefu Songs) Kaynaklar
  • Yuezhi Yuezhi Halklar
  • Yugu Shad Çince Yukuk Shad Kişiler Pinyin reading of 欲谷設.
  • Yuḥanon of Ephesus Süryanice John of Ephesus Kaynaklar The Syriac form of the name, John.
  • Yujiulü Yujiulü Soylar
  • Yukuk Shad Yukuk Shad Kişiler
  • Yukuk Shad Eski Türkçe Yukuk Shad Kişiler The Turkic form one modern account gives for the eastern prince.
  • Yulduz İngilizce Yingsuo Yerler The valley with which one view identifies Yingsuo.
  • Yulin Yulin Yerler
  • Yumen Pass İngilizce Jade Gate Yerler The pinyin name with the English rendering of the word for pass.
  • Yunzhong Yunzhong Yerler
  • Yushe Shad Yushe Shad Kişiler
  • Yuwen Yuwen Soylar
  • Yuwen Hu Yuwen Hu Kişiler
  • Yuwen Tai Yuwen Tai Kişiler
  • Yuwen Yong Çince Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Kişiler 宇文邕, his personal name; Wu is the posthumous title.

Z

Eski Türk runik yazısı 32

Orhun ve Yenisey yazıtlarının yazısı

  • 𐰀𐰯𐰺 Eski Türkçe Avars Halklar Apar, among the mourners in the Kül Tegin inscription; whether the word means the Rouran, the European Avars or both is argued, and some doubt that it names the Avars at all and understand it as Persia.
  • 𐰃𐰑𐰸 𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃 𐰽𐰆𐰉𐰃 Eski Türkçe Tengrism Dinler ıduq yiri subı, the sacred Earth-and-Water, in the same line as Türük Teŋrisi.
  • 𐰃𐰑𐰸 𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃 𐰽𐰆𐰉𐰃 Eski Türkçe Yer-Su Spirits Dinler ıduk yiri subı, in the same sentence as türk teŋrisi.
  • 𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰼𐰃𐰾: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Eski Türkçe Ilterish Khan Kişiler Ilteriš Kagan, lines 7, 48, 54 and 59–61 of the Tonyukuk inscription; the Kül Tegin inscription writes the same name.
  • 𐰃𐰤𐰠: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Eski Türkçe Inel Khan Kişiler Inel Kagan, lines 31 and 45 of the Tonyukuk inscription, sent with the Tardush Shad at the head of the army; the equation with the Lesser Khan is an inference.
  • 𐰃𐰾𐱅𐰢𐰃 Eski Türkçe Istemi Kişiler istemi, in the phrase 'Bumın kagan, Istemi kagan' of the east face.
  • 𐰃𐱁𐰉𐰺𐰀 Eski Türkçe Ishbara (Title) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar ïšbara, in the name of Išbara Yamtar, whose grey horse Kül Tegin rode in the fight against Čača Seŋün; east face, line 33 in the count of Wilhelm Radloff, whose glossary prints the runes. The equation with 始波羅 is a modern proposal.
  • 𐰆𐰢𐰖 Eski Türkçe Umay Dinler The runiform spelling of the name in the phrase umay teg ögüm katun.
  • 𐰆𐰣: 𐰸 Eski Türkçe On Oq Halklar on ok in the runes of the Tonyukuk inscription, first stone, east face: o-n¹ and the single sign oq, in on ok kaganı yagımız erti, the khan of the On Ok was our enemy.
  • 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰲𐰆 Eski Türkçe Battle of Bolchu Muharebeler ve olaylar Bolču, line 35 of the Tonyukuk inscription and E37 of the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • 𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣 Eski Türkçe Bumin Khan Kişiler Runiform spelling in the Kül Tegin and Bilge Khan inscriptions, 732 and 735: b¹-U-m-n¹, in the back series that the vowels of bumın require.
  • 𐰉𐰍𐰀 Eski Türkçe Baga Kurumlar ve Unvanlar baga, in Tonyukuk's style Bilge Tonyukuk Boyla Baga Tarkan, first stone, west face, line 6.
  • 𐰋𐰏 Eski Türkçe Beg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The runiform spelling of the Orkhon and Yenisei inscriptions.
  • 𐰖𐰉𐰆 Eski Türkçe Yabgu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar yabgu, in the line where the founders give the office to the Tölis and the Tarduš.
  • 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐰾 Eski Türkçe Gold and Silver in the Orkhon Inscriptions Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Altun kümüş, gold and silver, in Kül Tegin N12 and S4 and in Bilge Khan G 10–G 12.
  • 𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰪 Eski Türkçe Khitan Halklar Kıtañ, in the lists of mourners and of enemies.
  • 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Eski Türkçe Khan (Khagan) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar kagan, the runiform spelling; read qaġan in most editions.
  • 𐰴𐰯𐰍𐰣: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 Eski Türkçe Kapgan Khan Kişiler Kapgan Kagan, lines 51 and 60–61 of the Tonyukuk inscription; Qapγan in Turkological spelling, Qapaghan in Peter B. Golden.
  • 𐱁𐰑 Eski Türkçe Shad Kurumlar ve Unvanlar šad, in the line where İlteriš gives the office to the Tölis and the Tarduš.
  • 𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸 Eski Türkçe Tonyukuk Kişiler The name as the stone writes it, normalised Tuñuquq or Toñuquq; the vowels are argued over.
  • 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲 Eski Türkçe Tang Devletler Tabgaç, the Göktürk name for China, carried over from the Tuoba and used of the Tang throughout the inscriptions.
  • 𐱃𐰺𐰑𐰆𐱁 Eski Türkçe Tölis and Tardush Kurumlar ve Unvanlar tarduš, in the same line.
  • 𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 Eski Türkçe Tegin Kurumlar ve Unvanlar tigin or tegin, the second part of the name Kül Tegin, which line 30 of the east face cuts as one word, 𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰠𐰃𐰾 Eski Türkçe Tölis and Tardush Kurumlar ve Unvanlar tölis, in line 13 of the east face, where İlteriš organises the Tölis and the Tardush.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 Eski Türkçe The Old Turkic script Diller The name of the people in its own letters; the script has no name in its own texts.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰃𐰠 Eski Türkçe First Göktürk Khaganate Devletler Türük El in the runes of the Tonyukuk inscription: t²-ü-r²-ük and i-l², as in türük bilge kagan iliŋe.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰃𐰠 Eski Türkçe Second Göktürk Khaganate Devletler Türük El in the runes of the Tonyukuk inscription: t²-ü-r²-ük and i-l², as in türük bilge kagan iliŋe.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 Eski Türkçe First Göktürk Khaganate Devletler türk bodun in the runes of the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines 1 and 6: t²-ü-r²-ük and b¹-o-d¹-n¹.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 Eski Türkçe Second Göktürk Khaganate Devletler türk bodun in the runes of the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines 1 and 6: t²-ü-r²-ük and b¹-o-d¹-n¹.
  • 𐱅𐰢𐰼 Eski Türkçe Göktürk Ironworking Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Temir, iron, in temir kapıg, the Iron Gate; Tonyukuk inscription, second stone, south face, lines 1 and 2.
  • 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 Eski Türkçe Tengri Dinler The runiform spelling, read t²ŋr²i.
  • 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 Eski Türkçe Tengrism Dinler Runiform spelling t²ŋr²i, read off the inscription text.

Çin karakterleri 1040

Hanedan tarihlerindeki biçimler

  • 丁令 Çince Dingling Halklar The form the Han Shu uses for the Dingling of the first century BC.
  • 丁零 Çince Dingling Halklar Dingling, Ting-ling in the Wade-Giles literature. The form of the Shiji and of the list of Bagatur's conquests in the Han Shu.
  • 丁零 Çince Tiele Halklar Dingling, the name of a people north of the Xiongnu from the third century BC, from whom the Tiele are held to descend.
  • 丁靈 Çince Dingling Halklar The form in the biographies of Li Guang and Su Jian, where Wei Lü is made king of the Dingling.
  • 丁靈王 Çince Wei Lü Kişiler King of the Dingling, his title at the chanyu's court; the Xin Tang Shu writes 丁零王.
  • 三國志 Çince Sanguozhi Kaynaklar Sanguozhi, the Records of the Three Kingdoms; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 三彌山 Çince Sanmi Mountain Yerler Sanmi shan, the mountain north of Kucha on which Shegui set his court; the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian write it the same way.
  • 三環屍哭 Çince Riding Round the Dead Dinler They go three times round the body, weeping; the Kirghiz funeral in the Xin Tang Shu, which does not say whether on horseback.
  • 三道 Çince Trade Routes of the Steppe Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Sandao, the three roads from Dunhuang to the western sea in the preface of Pei Ju, 607.
  • 不卒祿 Çince Ilterish Khan Kişiler Buzulu, 'not finishing his fortune', the name Empress Wu ordered written for him after 687.
  • 且鞮侯單于 Çince Qiedihou Chanyu Kişiler The form of the Han Shu and the Shiji. The Tang commentary on the Shiji gives the first graph the reading ju, which yields Judihou; Ts'ü-ti-hou and Ch'ieh-ti-hou stand for the two readings in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 丘豆伐可汗 Çince Shelun Khan Kişiler Qiudoufa Khan, his title, glossed in the Wei Shu as 'to drive and to open out'.
  • 丘豆伐可汗 Çince The origin of the title Khan Tartışmalar Qiudoufa Khan, the style Shelun took. The Wei Shu glosses the first part as 'to drive and to open out'.
  • 中行說 Çince Zhonghang Yue Kişiler Zhonghang is the surname and Yue the personal name, as the Zhengyi commentary of Zhang Shoujie explains. The Han Shu writes the name the same way.
  • 乙彌泥孰俟利苾可汗 Çince Ashina Simo Kişiler Yimi Nishu Silibi Khan, the title conferred in 639. The Turkic reading of the elements is not settled.
  • 乙息記可汗 Çince Issik Khan Kişiler Yixiji kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
  • 乙支連幾 Çince Yizhi-lianji Kişiler Yizhi-lianji. The characters are those that the study of the Begre stele gives from the Tang huiyao.
  • 乙毗咄陸可汗 Çince Üç Tuğlu Khan Kişiler Yipi Duolu Khan, the title the western tribes gave him in 638.
  • 乙毗射匱可汗 Çince Irbis Shegui Khan Kişiler Yipi Shegui Khan; Irbis Šegui in the turkological reading. The second word is the name of Shegui Khan, 611 to 618, and this is not the same man.
  • 乙毗沙鉢羅葉護可汗 Çince Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Kişiler Yipi Shaboluo Yabgu Khan; Irbis Ïšbara Yabgu in the turkological reading. The histories shorten it to the Yabgu Khan or the Shaboluo Yabgu.
  • 乙毗缽羅肆葉護可汗 Çince Si Yabgu Khan Kişiler Yipi Boluo Si yehu kehan, his title in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the Cefu yuangui writes 乙毘沙鉢邏肆葉䕶可汗.
  • 乙註車鼻可汗 Çince Chebi Khan Kişiler Yizhu Chebi Khan, the title he took himself. The Turkic reading of the first element is not settled.
  • 九姓 Çince Toquz Oghuz Halklar Jiuxing, the Nine Surnames, in the Tang account of Kapgan Khan's northern campaigns.
  • 乞伏 Çince Qifu Soylar The form of the Chinese records.
  • 予成 Çince Yucheng Khan Kişiler
  • 事火 Çince Fire Worship Dinler To serve fire; the words of the Life of Xuanzang for the Göktürks at the Yabgu Khan's court (Beal, p. 43).
  • 二十八等 Çince The Twenty-Eight Ranks Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Ershiba deng, twenty-eight grades, the count of the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 于窴 Çince Khotan Yerler
  • 互市 Çince Border Markets Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Hushi, mutual market; the word of Ilig Khan's request of 624.
  • 互市 Çince Raw Materials and Trade among the Turkic Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Hushi, mutual market; the Chinese word for the frontier markets at which the Göktürks traded.
  • 五原 Çince Ordos Yerler Wuyuan, the Han and Tang commandery on the northern edge of the loop, north of which Ilig had his camp as a shad.
  • 五月八日 Çince Sacrifice and the year Dinler The eighth day of the fifth month, the day of the Western Göktürk gathering.
  • 五狼頭纛 Çince Li Chengqian's Göktürk Camp Muharebeler ve olaylar Five wolf-head standards, which Li Chengqian had made for the camp.
  • 五部 Çince Five Divisions of the Xiongnu Devletler Wubu, 'the five divisions', the term of the Jin Shu as the literature reports it; the passage has not been read at the text.
  • 五部高車合聚祭天 Çince The Great Sacrifice of the Gaoche Muharebeler ve olaylar The five tribes of the Gaoche gathered together to sacrifice to Heaven; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 五隴阪 Çince The Standoff at Binzhou (624) Muharebeler ve olaylar Wulong slope, with a different second character, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 五龍阪 Çince The Standoff at Binzhou (624) Muharebeler ve olaylar Wulong slope, where the khan's horsemen drew up, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 交河 Çince Jiaohe Yerler Jiaohe, river junction; the Han Shu says the river divided and flowed round the city, and that this gave it the name.
  • 什鉢苾 Çince Töles Khan Kişiler Shiboubi, his personal name in the Tang history.
  • 仁孝端麗明智上壽可敦 Çince Princess Taihe Kişiler The khatun title in which the Xin Tang Shu has the Tang court invest her before she left.
  • 仍妻後母 Çince Levirate Kurumlar ve Unvanlar And married his stepmother; of the son of Tardu Shad at Kunduz (Beal, p. 48).
  • 他人水 Çince Taren River Yerler Taren shui, the Taren water, in the Zhou Shu's account of Göktürk custom; T'a-jen in Wade-Giles.
  • 他人水 Çince Water Cult Dinler Taren shui, the river at which the Zhou Shu has the Göktürks gather in the middle of the fifth month to sacrifice to the spirit of heaven.
  • 他汗可汗 Çince Futu Khan Kişiler Tahan Khan, his title, glossed 'succession'.
  • 以其頭為飲器 Çince Skull Cup Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Made his head into a drinking vessel; the Shiji on the Yuezhi king killed by the Xiongnu.
  • 以刀劃面 Çince Göktürk Face-Cutting Dinler yi dao hua mian, they gash the face with a knife; the wording of the Sui Shu.
  • 以刀𠢐面 Çince Göktürk Face-Cutting Dinler yi dao li mian, they cut the face with a knife; the wording of the Zhou Shu.
  • 以季春月大會於饒樂水上 Çince The Xianbei Spring Assembly Gelenekler ve eğlenceler In the last month of spring they hold a great assembly on the Raole river; the wording of the Hou Han Shu.
  • 以死殉 Çince Following in Death Dinler Followed him in death; of Suni Shi.
  • 以磧為界 Çince Submission of Ishbara (585) Muharebeler ve olaylar 'With the desert as the frontier', the terms of the treaty in the Sui Shu.
  • 以高車為圍 Çince The Battue Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Made the Gaoche the ring; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 仲升 Çince Ban Chao Kişiler Zhongsheng, his courtesy name.
  • 仿製鏡 Çince Bronze Mirrors of the Steppe Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Fangzhi jing, imitation mirror. The Japanese archaeologists call the copies of Han mirrors made outside China *hōseikyō*.
  • 伊利 Çince Illig Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Yili, in Bumin's title 伊利可汗 and at the head of Ishbara's.
  • 伊利可汗 Çince Bumin Khan Kişiler Illig Khan, the title assumed in 552.
  • 伊利可汗 Çince Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) Muharebeler ve olaylar Yili kehan, Illig Khan, the title as the Zhou Shu writes it.
  • 伊吾 Çince Yiwu Yerler Yiwu, in the Sui and Tang histories; the Tang chapter on the Western Regions calls it the city of Yiwu, 伊吾城.
  • 伊吾吐屯設 Çince Yiwu Tudun Shad Kişiler Yiwu tutun she, the tudun shad of Yiwu, in the biography of Pei Ju and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 伊吾設 Çince Yiwu Tudun Shad Kişiler Yiwu she, the shad of Yiwu, in the same biography's account of the meeting at Mount Yanzhi.
  • 伊然可汗 Çince Yiran Khan Kişiler Yiran Kehan; the Turkic name behind it is not known.
  • 伊稚斜 Çince Yizhixie Chanyu Kişiler The name as the Shiji and the Han Shu write it, followed by 單于, chanyu. I-chih-hsieh in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 伊穉斜 Çince Yizhixie Chanyu Kişiler The spelling of the Suoyin commentary of Sima Zhen (eighth century), which adds that 穉斜 is probably a Hu word and that this form comes near the actual one.
  • 伊西州 Çince Submission of Yiwu (630) Muharebeler ve olaylar Yixi prefecture, the same prefecture in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 伊質泥師都 Çince Yizhi Nishidu Kişiler Yizhi Nishidu at his first mention in the Zhou Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; the texts then call him 泥師都, Nishidu.
  • 伏古敦可汗 Çince Tulun Khan Kişiler Fugudun Khan, his title, glossed 'constant'.
  • 伏圖 Çince Futu Khan Kişiler Peter B. Golden writes Fu-t'ou; he is also known as Tahan Khan, after his title.
  • 伐材 Çince Wood and Woodworking Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Fa cai, felling timber. The Han Shu says that the Xiongnu felled several thousand timbers.
  • 伯 Çince Beg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Bo, an older brother and a rank of nobility. Proposed as the source of the Turkic word; the derivation is one of three that compete.
  • 伯度 Çince Dou Xian Kişiler Bodu, his courtesy name.
  • 伽藍 Çince Buddhism among the Göktürks Dinler Qielan, saṅghārāma: the monastery Taspar built.
  • 但耨可汗 Çince Rudan Khan Kişiler Danou kehan, the Tongdian's form, with 耨 for 褥 and the two characters in reverse order; a note gives the reading of 耨.
  • 佉沙 Çince Kashgar Yerler Qusha; the second name the Xin Tang Shu gives for Shule.
  • 佉沙 Çince Kesh Yerler Qusha; the second name that the Xin Tang Shu gives, and the name of the Tang prefecture made from the country in 658.
  • 佗鉢可汗 Çince Taspar Khan Kişiler Tuobo kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
  • 佛法 Çince Buddhism among the Göktürks Dinler Fofa, the Buddha's law, in the words Huilin uses to Taspar.
  • 你能作幾年可汗 Çince Raising on the Felt Dinler How many years can you be khan; the question put to the new ruler.
  • 佰 Çince Beg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Bai or bo, the leader of a hundred men, a centurion. The character under which Giles lists the Chinese word that the standard etymological dictionary compares; it is a different character from 伯.
  • 侖頭 Çince Luntai Yerler Luntou; the form in the Shiji's account of the Han farms.
  • 侯利伐 Çince Silifa Kişiler Houlifa, in the Bei Shi.
  • 俟利伐 Çince Silifa Kişiler Silifa, in the Sui Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 俟利弗設 Çince Chula Khan Kişiler Silifu Shad, his title before his accession.
  • 俟利發 Çince Shiboqu Azhan Kişiler Silifa, the title he bears in the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian. The Zhou Shu lists the silifa among the great offices of the Göktürks. The reading of the word as ilteber is itself disputed.
  • 俟斤 Çince Irkin Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Siji, last in the Jiu Tang Shu's list of the great offices and standard in the titles of the Nushibi and Tiele chiefs.
  • 俟斤 Çince Mukan Khan Kişiler Sijin, given as his personal name; the same characters render the title irkin elsewhere.
  • 俟發 Çince Sifa Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Sifa, in the Sui Shu and in the Bei Shi, which copies it.
  • 信義公主 Çince Princess Xinyi Kişiler Xinyi gongzhu, the princess Xinyi, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 俱儉特勒 Çince Jujian Tegin Kişiler Jujian Tegin in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 候其伏代庫者可汗 Çince Nagai Khan Kişiler Houqifudaikuzhe Khan, his title, glossed 'joyful'.
  • 候婁匐勒 Çince Afuzhiluo Kişiler Houloufule, his title, glossed 'great son of heaven'.
  • 候婁匐勒 Çince Gaoche Devletler The title the people gave Afuzhiluo; the Wei Shu renders it "great son of heaven".
  • 候月將滿，輒為寇抄 Çince Raiding at the Full Moon Dinler They wait until the moon is about to be full, and then they raid.
  • 候月將滿，轉為寇抄 Çince Raiding at the Full Moon Dinler The Bei Shi's wording, with 轉 for 輒; taken from the Sui Shu.
  • 倫特勒 Çince Jujian Tegin Kişiler Lun Tegin, the tegin left behind in the Zizhi tongjian; whether he is the same man is an open question.
  • 僕固 Çince Bugu Halklar The form of the Tang histories.
  • 僮僕都尉 Çince Captives and the Unfree Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tongpu duwei; rendered Commandant of Slaves, a translator's choice for a Xiongnu office that taxed the Western Regions.
  • 僮僕都尉 Çince Tongpu Duwei Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tongpu duwei; the title the Han Shu gives to the Xiongnu officer over the Western Regions.
  • 先祖之法 Çince Ancestor Cult Dinler The law of the forefathers, in the words the Sui Shu gives to Bagha in 587.
  • 先窟 Çince Ancestor Cult Dinler Xian ku, the cave of the forebears, to which the khan led the nobles each year.
  • 先窟 Çince Cave of the ancestors Yerler Xian ku, the cave of the forebears, in the Zhou Shu's account of Göktürk custom.
  • 先窟 Klasik Çince Cave of the ancestors Yerler The Bei Shi repeats the Zhou Shu's wording; it is not a second witness.
  • 兒單于 Çince Er Chanyu Kişiler Er Chanyu, 'the Child Chanyu'. The Shiji gives it as the name by which he was called because he was young: 年少，號為兒單于.
  • 兩道 Çince Trade Routes of the Steppe Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Liangdao, the two roads out of the Jade Gate and Yangguan in the Han Shu.
  • 公主 Çince Kunçuy Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Gongzhu, princess. The Old Uyghur texts match kunçuy with this word and, in other places, with 女人 nǚrén, woman.
  • 六畜 Çince Livestock Losses in the Annals Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Liuchu, the six domestic animals; the Tang histories' word for the herds of the Göktürks.
  • 六鎮 Çince Six Garrisons Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • 六鎮之亂 Çince Revolt of the Six Garrisons Savaşlar The Rising of the Six Garrisons, the modern Chinese name; the histories speak of the garrisons that rose one after another.
  • 兵器 Çince Göktürk Weapons Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Bingqi, weapons; the word with which the Zhou Shu opens its list of bows and arrows, whistling arrows, armour, lances, sabres and swords.
  • 其坐，長左而北鄉 Çince Seating at the Feast Gelenekler ve eğlenceler When they sit, the left is the senior side and they face north; the Shiji on the Xiongnu.
  • 其書字類胡 Çince The origin of the Old Turkic script Tartışmalar Their written characters resemble those of the Hu. The one sixth-century notice that says the Göktürks wrote at all.
  • 冊府元龜 Çince Cefu yuangui Kaynaklar The title as the text gives it.
  • 冒頓 Çince Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) Kişiler The form of the Shiji and the Han Shu, read Modu; Mao-tun and Mo-tun in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 冠軍侯 Çince Huo Qubing Kişiler Marquis of Guanjun, 'first in the army', the fief given to him in 123 BC.
  • 出鐵 Çince Iron of the Bayegu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Chu tie, produces iron, the Tongdian's wording for the same country.
  • 刀鋋 Çince Xiongnu Ironworking Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Daochan, knife and short lance, the Shiji's words for the short weapons of the Xiongnu.
  • 刑白馬 Çince Horse Sacrifice Dinler To kill a white horse for an oath; the words of the Han Shu for the covenant on the river Nuo, and of the Jiu Tang Shu for the covenant of 626.
  • 利稽察 Çince Lijicha Kişiler Lijicha, in the edict of 583 as the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi quote it.
  • 刺史 Çince Çigşi Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Cishi, the Chinese prefect of a zhou, the head of a prefecture. The Xin Tang Shu names prefects of Lanzhou and Beiping in the account of Ilterish's raid.
  • 刻木為契 Çince Tally Sticks and the Golden Arrow Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Kemu wei qi, they notch wood to make agreements; the Sui Shu's shorter version.
  • 刻木為數 Çince Tally Sticks and the Golden Arrow Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Kemu wei shu, they notch wood to record the number.
  • 刻石為像 Çince Stone Figures Dinler "Cut stone into an image": the Old Tang History on the likeness of Kül Tegin set up at his monument.
  • 前燕 Çince Former Yan Devletler The form of the Chinese records.
  • 副伏羅 Çince Fufuluo Soylar Fufuluo, written 副伏羅氏 in the list of the twelve Gaoche clans and 副伏羅部 where the clan acts as a tribe.
  • 劍水 Çince Jian River Yerler Jian shui, the Jian water, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 勃登凝梨 Çince Bodeng Ningli Yerler The Bei Shi's spelling, with 梨 for 黎.
  • 勃登凝黎 Çince Bodeng Ningli Yerler Bodeng ningli, the name in the Zhou Shu's account of Göktürk custom; P'o-teng-ning-li in Wade-Giles.
  • 勃登凝黎 Çince Sacred Mountains Dinler Bodeng ningli, the name the Göktürks gave to a bare high mountain, glossed by the Zhou Shu as the spirit of the earth.
  • 勑勒歌 Çince The Chile Song Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The title in the Bei Qi Shu, written with the variant character 勑.
  • 勝兵 Çince Army of the Steppe Empires Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Shengbing, men fit for war; the Tang histories give the fighting strength of a people in this term.
  • 匈奴 Çince Xiongnu Devletler
  • 匐你熱汗 Çince Funi Rehan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Funi rehan, which the transmitted sentence gives as the Göktürk word for wine.
  • 匐俱 Çince Inel Khan Kişiler Fuju, his name in the Tang history at his appointment in 699.
  • 北周 Çince Northern Zhou Devletler Northern Zhou, the later name that separates the dynasty from the Zhou of antiquity.
  • 北庭 Çince Beiting Yerler Beiting, the Northern Court.
  • 北庭 Çince Beshbalik Yerler Beiting, the Northern Court: the protectorate seat north of the Tian Shan in the Tang chapters on the Göktürks.
  • 北庭 Çince Dzungaria Yerler Beiting, the Northern Court: the Tang protectorate at Jimsar on the northern slope of the Tian Shan, and in the Xin Tang Shu the seat of the Duolu Khan west of the Zuhe mountain.
  • 北庭大都護府 Çince Beiting Yerler Beiting da duhufu, the Grand Protectorate of Beiting; the office Ashina Xian held in the Chang'an period.
  • 北樓關 Çince Beilou Pass Yerler Beilou guan, the Beilou pass, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 北海 Çince Beihai Yerler Beihai, the Northern Sea, in the Zhou Shu's description of Mukan's realm; the Sui Shu uses the name in the chancellor Gao Jiong's toast and in its chapter on the Tiele.
  • 北魏 Çince Northern Wei Devletler The usual modern name; the dynasty called itself Wei 魏.
  • 北齊 Çince Northern Qi Devletler
  • 北齊書 Çince Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) Kaynaklar
  • 十姓可汗 Çince On Oq Halklar Shi xing kehan, Khan of the Ten Surnames; the Tang title carried by Ashina Duzhi, Huaidao and Xin.
  • 十姓部落 Çince On Oq Halklar Shi xing buluo, the Ten Surnames tribes; the same sentence gives it as the name of the whole.
  • 十等 Çince The Twenty-Eight Ranks Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Shi deng, ten grades, the Tongdian's count for the beginning of the khaganate.
  • 十箭 Çince On Oq Halklar Shi jian, the Ten Arrows; the Xin Tang Shu gives it beside the Ten Shads in the sentence that divides the state.
  • 千泉 Çince Thousand Springs Yerler Qianquan, 'thousand springs'; Xuanzang's Record says the place took the name from its thousand springs and pools. The Tang histories write it the same way.
  • 千金公主 Çince Death of Princess Dayi Muharebeler ve olaylar Qianjin gongzhu, her title as a princess of the Northern Zhou.
  • 千金公主 Çince Princess Qianjin Kişiler Qianjin gongzhu, Princess Qianjin, the title the Zhou gave her in 579.
  • 千金公主 Çince The Marriage of Princess Qianjin (580) Muharebeler ve olaylar Qianjin gongzhu, Princess Qianjin, the title the Zhou gave her.
  • 南匈奴 Çince Southern Xiongnu Devletler
  • 南史 Çince Nan Shi Kaynaklar Nan Shi, the History of the Southern Dynasties; one of the Twenty-Four Histories, the southern companion of the Bei Shi.
  • 南單于 Çince Southern Xiongnu Devletler The Southern Chanyu; the Hou Han Shu names the realm by its ruler more often than by itself.
  • 南庭 Çince Beiting Yerler Nanting, the Southern Court. Beiting is formed against it, and the two are measured from the same point.
  • 南面可汗 Çince The Western and Southern Khans Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Nanmian kehan, the Southern Khan, in Pei Ju's plan for Shibi's brother.
  • 南齊書 Çince Nan Qi Shu Kaynaklar Nan Qi Shu, the Book of Southern Qi; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 博望侯 Çince Zhang Qian Kişiler Marquis of Bowang, the title he received in the sixth year of Yuanshuo, 123 BC; later envoys used it to vouch for themselves.
  • 卜之，不吉 Çince Omens and Divination Dinler They divined it, and it was inauspicious; of Chula Khan's plan to take Bingzhou.
  • 㕎颯 Çince Hesa Khan Kişiler Hesa, as the Tang Huiyao writes the name; it has 可汗 after it. The Xin Tang Shu and the Jiu Tang Shu write the second character 馺, and the first character is damaged in the text read.
  • 參天可汗道 Çince Trade Routes of the Steppe Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Cantian kehan dao, the Road for Paying Court to the Heavenly Khan, 647; the Xin Tang Shu writes the road as 參天至尊道.
  • 受羅部真可汗 Çince Yucheng Khan Kişiler Shouluobuzhen Khan, his title, glossed 'gracious'.
  • 口頌咒文 Çince Wuhuan Funeral Songs Gelenekler ve eğlenceler To chant a spell; the two men who spoke for the spirit of the dead on the night of the burial.
  • 句注 Çince Gouzhu Pass Yerler Gouzhu, the form of the Shiji, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian; the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu write 句註.
  • 句注陘 Çince Gouzhu Pass Yerler Gouzhu xing, the Gouzhu defile, in the annals of the Northern Wei.
  • 句錄末賀 Çince Külüg Bagha Kişiler Julu Mohe, with a different third character. The Jiu Tang Shu calls him a general (將軍).
  • 句錄莫賀 Çince Külüg Bagha Kişiler Julu Mohe. The Xin Tang Shu calls him a great chief (渠長) of the Uyghurs and, in its account of the Kirghiz, a general of the Uyghurs (其將).
  • 句黎湖 Çince Xulihu Chanyu Kişiler Goulihu, the Han Shu's form. The first two characters differ from the Shiji's, the third is the same.
  • 可敦 Çince Katun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Kedun, the standing Chinese transcription of the title.
  • 可汗 Çince Are Khan Kişiler Kehan, khan. The title the Xin Tang Shu says he took himself when the Uyghurs weakened.
  • 可汗 Çince Khan (Khagan) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar kehan, the Chinese transcription used for the Rouran and the Türk rulers alike.
  • 可汗 Çince The origin of the title Khan Tartışmalar Kehan. The form in which the Wei Shu writes the title of Shelun. It glosses the word as 'emperor' in the speech of Wei.
  • 可薩 Çince Khazar Khaganate Devletler Kesa; Golden gives Ho-sa and K'o-sa and holds the Chinese forms to have come through an Iranian intermediary.
  • 可賀敦 Çince Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) Muharebeler ve olaylar Kehedun, katun, the title Bumin gave his wife.
  • 可賀敦 Çince Women among the Turkic Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Kehedun, the Göktürk title of the khan's wife; the Zhou Shu sets it beside the yanzhi of old. The Chinese histories also write 可敦.
  • 可賀敦周千金公主 Çince Princess Qianjin Kişiler 'The katun, the Zhou princess Qianjin', in the Sui Shu's account of Ishbara's submission.
  • 叱吉 Çince Chiji Shad Kişiler Chiji, the name without the title, in the sentence on his refusal.
  • 叱吉設 Çince Chiji Shad Kişiler Chiji Shad in the biography of Pei Ju in the Sui Shu and in the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 史君 Çince Tomb of Shi Jun Kaynaklar Shi Jun, "Lord Shi", the name as the Chinese epitaph gives it; it names his city of origin, Shi (Kesh), and is no personal name.
  • 史國 Çince Kesh Yerler Shi guo, the kingdom of Shi; the name in the Sui Shu and the Tang histories.
  • 史蜀胡悉 Çince Murder of Shishu Huxi Muharebeler ve olaylar Shishu Huxi.
  • 史蜀胡悉 Çince Shishu Huxi Kişiler Shishu Huxi in the biography of Pei Ju in the Sui Shu and in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 史記 Çince Shiji Kaynaklar
  • 右殺 Çince Right Shad (d. 741) Kişiler Right Shad, his office in the Tang history; the eastern counterpart was the Left Shad.
  • 右賢王 Çince Worthy Kings of the Left and Right Kurumlar ve Unvanlar You Xian Wang, Worthy King of the Right.
  • 各殺羊馬，陳於帳前，祭之 Çince Horse Sacrifice Dinler Each kills sheep and horses, sets them out before the tent and makes the offering; the Zhou Shu on the Göktürk funeral.
  • 合伊難支 Çince Alp Inanch Kişiler He Yinanzhi, in Drompp's Wade-Giles Ho I-nan-chih. The Zizhi tongjian chapter is not among the texts at hand; the characters are those in Drompp's article.
  • 合市 Çince Northern Xiongnu Market at Wuwei (AD 84) Muharebeler ve olaylar Heshi, joint market; the word of the Hou Han Shu for the trade the Northern chanyu asked for at Wuwei.
  • 合骨咄祿毗伽可汗 Çince Tun Bagha Tarkan Kişiler Alp Kutlug Bilge Khan.
  • 同俄設 Çince Ishbara Tolis Khan Kişiler Tong'e Shad, his title before his accession.
  • 同羅 Çince Tongra Halklar The form of the Tang histories.
  • 吐務 Çince Tuwu Kişiler Tuwu, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürks: grandson of Nadulu 訥都陸, titled Great Yabgu, father of Tumen Ilig Khan and Shidianmi; the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi do not give the name.
  • 吐屯 Çince Tudun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tutun, the shorter form used throughout the Tang chapters on the eastern and western Göktürks.
  • 吐屯發 Çince Tudun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tutunfa, fifth in the Zhou Shu's list of the great offices, after the ilteber.
  • 吐渾邪 Çince Tuyuhun Hunye Kişiler The spelling of the Cefu yuangui.
  • 吐火羅 Çince Bactria Yerler
  • 吐火羅葉護 Çince Yabgus of Tokharistan Devletler Tuhuoluo yehu, the yabgu of Tokhara. The Xin Tang Shu says that the king of the country bears the title yehu.
  • 吐烏過拔闕可汗 Çince Que Dadu Shad Kişiler Tuwuguoba Que kehan, the title the Tang gave him in 618; the Cefu yuangui writes 吐焉過拔闕可汗.
  • 吐蕃 Çince The Tibetan Empire Devletler Tubo, in the Tang chapters; the power that wrote to Bilge Khan in 727.
  • 吐谷渾 Çince Tuyuhun Halklar
  • 吐谷渾邪 Çince Tuyuhun Hunye Kişiler Tuyuhun Hunye at the first mention in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 吐賀真 Çince Tuhezhen Khan Kişiler
  • 向夫人 Çince Lady Xiang Kişiler Xiang furen, the Lady Xiang, in Cui Junsu's speech in the Sui Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 向氏 Çince Lady Xiang Kişiler Xiang shi, of the Xiang family, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 君登里邏 Çince Kün Tengri Dinler Jun denglilo, the opening of the title conferred on the Uyghur khagan in 821; the Chinese transcription of kün täŋridä.
  • 吞阿婁拔奚利邲咄陸可汗 Çince Nishu Bagha Shad Kişiler Tun Aloubo Xilibi Duolu kehan, the title of the Tang investiture in the Jiu Tang Shu; 吞阿婁拔利邲咄陸可汗 in the Xin Tang Shu, 奚利邲咄陸可汗 in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 吳提 Çince Wuti Khan Kişiler
  • 周 Çince Northern Zhou Devletler Zhou; the Zhou Shu, its own history, speaks of 'the court' and 'us'.
  • 周槃 Çince Battle of Zhoupan (582) Muharebeler ve olaylar Zhoupan, the place of the battle.
  • 周槃 Çince Zhoupan Yerler Zhoupan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 周武帝 Çince Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Kişiler
  • 呴犁湖 Çince Xulihu Chanyu Kişiler The Shiji's form, followed by 單于, chanyu. The commentaries of Pei Yin and Sima Zhen read the first character 呴 in two ways, gou and xu; the pinyin Xulihu follows the second, and Kou-li-hu in the Wade-Giles literature follows the first. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 呼屠吾斯 Çince Zhizhi Chanyu Kişiler Hutuwusi, his personal name, given when his brother raised him to Left Guli King.
  • 呼韓邪單于 Çince Bi Chanyu Kişiler Huhanye Chanyu, the title the chiefs of the eight tribes gave him in AD 48 after his grandfather's.
  • 呼韓邪單于 Çince Huhanye Chanyu Kişiler Hu-han-yeh in the Wade-Giles literature. His personal name is given as 稽侯狦 Jihoushan.
  • 呾度設 Çince Tardu Shad Kişiler Dadu she, Tardu Shad, in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, which explains shad as the title of an official.
  • 咄吉世 Çince Shibi Khan Kişiler Duojishi, his personal name in the Sui Shu; the Jiu Tang Shu writes Duoji 咄吉.
  • 咄悉匐 Çince Duoxifu Kişiler Duoxifu, in the Tang histories' list of the offices Ilterish gave when he set himself up as khan, and in the account of the year 699.
  • 咄苾 Çince Ilig Khan Kişiler Duobi, his personal name in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 咄陸可汗 Çince Nishu Bagha Shad Kişiler Duolu kehan, Duolu Khan, his title as khan from 632; not the later Yipi Duolu Khan of 638.
  • 咄陸可汗 Çince Üç Tuğlu Khan Kişiler Duolu Khan, as the histories shorten it; also the title of Nishu, 632 to 634.
  • 和市 Çince Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Heshi, purchase at an agreed price; the Jiu Tang Shu says that the Uyghurs sent envoys to trade horses for silk in this way (以馬和市繒帛).
  • 咎徵妖作 Çince Omens and Divination Dinler Ill omens and prodigies arose; the Sui emperor's edict on the portents in the Göktürk lands.
  • 咥力特勒 Çince Si Yabgu Khan Kişiler Dieli tele, Dieli Tegin, his name as a prince in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the Tongdian writes 咥利特勤.
  • 哥利達官 Çince Geli Daguan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Geli daguan; geli is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for old.
  • 唐 Çince Tang Devletler Tang.
  • 唐會要 Çince Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang) Kaynaklar Tang huiyao, the Essential Documents of the Tang.
  • 唯以草青為記 Çince Sacrifice and the year Dinler They mark the year only by the greening of the grass; the Zhou Shu's statement that they did not know a calendar.
  • 啜 Çince Chur Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Chuo, in the Tang list of the great offices and in the titles of the five chiefs of the Duolu.
  • 喜致震霆 Çince Gaoche Thunder Rite Dinler The phrase that opens the passage: they often drew down thunder, or, in a second rendering, they were fond of it.
  • 單于 Çince Chanyu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • 單于大都護府 Çince Shanyu Protectorate Yerler Shanyu da duhufu, the Shanyu Grand Protectorate; the Xin Tang Shu's name for the Yunzhong protectorate after Gaozong renamed it.
  • 單于都護府 Çince Shanyu Protectorate Yerler Shanyu duhufu, the Shanyu protectorate; set up with the Hanhai protectorate after the fall of Chebi Khan.
  • 嚈噠 Çince Hephthalites Halklar Chinese Yeda; the form Hua is also given.
  • 四鎮 Çince Anxi Protectorate Yerler Sizhen, the Four Garrisons that stood under the protectorate.
  • 回紇 Çince Uyghur Khaganate Devletler The form of the Tang histories; the later spelling 回鶻 is also used.
  • 回紇 Çince Uyghurs Halklar Huihe, the form of the Tang histories for the empire period.
  • 回紇路 Çince Trade Routes of the Steppe Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Huihe lu, the Uyghur road; the name Li Deyu gives in 843 to the way to Anxi and Beiting through Uyghur land.
  • 回鶻 Çince Uyghurs Halklar Huihu, the later spelling.
  • 因頭特勒 Çince Yintou Tegin Kişiler With 勒 for 勤, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 因頭特勤 Çince Yintou Tegin Kişiler Yintou Tegin, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 特勤 is the title tegin.
  • 土門 Çince Bumin Khan Kişiler
  • 地勤察 Çince Diqincha Kişiler Diqincha, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 地神 Çince Animism Dinler Dishen, the spirit of the earth: the Zhou Shu's gloss on the bare mountain called 勃登凝黎.
  • 地神 Çince Bodeng Ningli Yerler Dishen, the spirit of the earth, the Zhou Shu's Chinese rendering of the name.
  • 地神 Çince Sacred Mountains Dinler Dishen, the spirit of the earth, the Chinese gloss on the name of that mountain.
  • 地神 Çince Yer-Su Spirits Dinler Dishen, the spirit of the earth, the Zhou Shu's gloss on the mountain called 勃登凝黎. The Chinese never render Yer-Sub.
  • 埋羖羊，燃火，拔刀，女巫祝說 Çince Gaoche Thunder Rite Dinler They bury a ram, light a fire and draw their knives, and a female shaman speaks prayers; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 執失思力 Çince Zhishi Sili Kişiler Zhishi Sili in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 堅昆 Çince The Khakas name debate Tartışmalar Jiankun. The older name of the country, which the Xin Tang Shu says Xiajiasi replaced.
  • 堅昆 Çince Yenisei Kirghiz Halklar Jiankun, the old name of the country in the Han and Tang texts; the Xin Tang Shu says that the Xiajiasi of the ninth century are its people.
  • 堅昆 Çince Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Devletler Jiankun, the old Chinese name of the country, which the Xin Tangshu equates with the Xiajiasi.
  • 堅昆府 Çince Kirghiz embassy of 648 Muharebeler ve olaylar Jiankun fu, the Jiankun command, the Tang name of the Kirghiz land after the audience.
  • 塔寒 Çince Tahan Kişiler Tahan, in the Bei Shi and the Zizhi Tongjian. Not to be confused with 他汗 Tahan, the title of Futu Khan.
  • 塞 Çince Saka Halklar Sai, the Chinese transcription, read back through earlier stages as *sək, *sək, *səg.
  • 壺衍鞮單于 Çince Huyandi Chanyu Kişiler Hu-yen-ti in the Wade-Giles literature. No personal name and no Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 夏州 Çince Xiazhou Yerler Xiazhou, in the Sui Shu, the Tang histories and the Zizhi tongjian; notes in the Tongdian give it as the Shuofang commandery of their own day.
  • 多殺羊馬以祭天 Çince Horse Sacrifice Dinler In the fifth month they kill many sheep and horses to sacrifice to heaven; the Sui Shu on the Göktürks.
  • 大人 Çince Wuhuan Halklar Daren, 'great man': the chief of a camp or a tribe, chosen for courage and not by inheritance.
  • 大利城 Çince Dali City Yerler Dali cheng, the walled town of Dali; the Tongdian, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian have the same form.
  • 大可汗 Çince Great Khan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Da kehan, in the Sui Shu, the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 大可汗 Çince Shegui Khan Kişiler Great Khan, the title the Sui court proposed to confer on him in Pei Ju's plan.
  • 大周 Çince Northern Zhou Devletler Great Zhou, the style of the dynasty's own edicts.
  • 大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳 Çince Life of Xuanzang Kaynaklar Biography of the Master of the Law of the Three Baskets of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang; the title as the text gives it.
  • 大唐西域記 Çince Record of the Western Regions Kaynaklar Record of the Western Regions of the Great Tang; the title as the text gives it.
  • 大夏 Çince Bactria Yerler Daxia, the name of the country in the Han texts; the equation with Bactria is the modern identification.
  • 大宛 Çince Ferghana Yerler Dayuan, the name of the Shiji and the Han Shu. Most commentators identify it with Ferghana; it has also been identified with Sogdiana.
  • 大將軍 Çince Wei Qing Kişiler Grand General, the rank given to him in the field in 124 BC.
  • 大斤山 Çince Battle of Mount Dajin (600) Muharebeler ve olaylar Dajin shan, Mount Dajin.
  • 大斤山 Çince Mount Dajin Yerler Dajin shan, the form of the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 大月氏 Çince Yuezhi Halklar The Great Yuezhi, the part that went west; the Shiji and the Han Shu use it for the people on the Oxus.
  • 大校獵 Çince The Battue Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Da xiaolie, the great hunt; the Wei Shu's name for the hunt after the campaign against the Gaoche.
  • 大樹 Çince Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Dinler Dashu, the great tree under which the ten sons gathered to choose a leader in the Suo-state legend.
  • 大檀 Çince Datan Khan Kişiler
  • 大清池 Çince Issyk-Kul Yerler Da qingchi, the Great Clear Lake, in the first book of Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions.
  • 大渡可汗 Çince Nishu Bagha Shad Kişiler Dadu kehan, another name for him in the Jiu Tang Shu; the Tongdian writes 大度可汗.
  • 大羅便 Çince Daluobian Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Daluobian, the title and the name of the wine vessel in the Tongdian.
  • 大義公主 Çince Death of Princess Dayi Muharebeler ve olaylar Dayi gongzhu, Princess Dayi, the title the Sui gave her when Ishbara submitted.
  • 大義公主 Çince Princess Qianjin Kişiler Dayi gongzhu, Princess Dayi, the title the Sui gave her.
  • 大義公主 Çince The Marriage of Princess Qianjin (580) Muharebeler ve olaylar Dayi gongzhu, Princess Dayi, the title the Sui later gave her.
  • 大葉護 Çince Tuwu Kişiler The Great Yabgu, the title under which the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi say the stock grew strong before Bumin; the identification with Bumin's father is the literature's.
  • 大谷 Çince The Göktürk Campaign of 625 Muharebeler ve olaylar Dagu, the same place in the Xin Tang Shu; the Zizhi tongjian also writes it so where it posts Li Gaoqian there.
  • 大足羊 Çince Sheep Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Dazuyang, big-footed sheep; the Xin Tang Shu's description of the livestock of the early Uyghurs.
  • 大邏便 Çince Daluobian Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Daluobian with a different second character, the personal name of Mukan Khan's son, later Apa Khan.
  • 大邏便 Çince Töremen Apa Kişiler Daluobian, the personal name in the Chinese histories; Peter B. Golden writes Ta-lo-pien.
  • 大隋 Çince Sui Devletler The Great Sui, as Qimin Khan's memorials call it.
  • 大食 Çince The Abbasid Caliphate Devletler Dashi, the Tang name for the Arabs; the chapters do not distinguish the two houses.
  • 大食 Çince The Umayyad Caliphate Devletler Dashi, the Tang name for the Arabs.
  • 天元上皇太后 Çince Empress Ashina Kişiler Tianyuan Shang empress dowager, the title Xuandi gave her in 580.
  • 天山 Çince Tian Shan Yerler The Heavenly Mountains.
  • 天神 Çince Tengri Dinler Tianshen, the spirit of heaven, in the Zhou Shu's account of the mid-fifth-month sacrifice. No Chinese source writes a name that can be read as Tengri.
  • 太原 Çince Jinyang Yerler
  • 太和公主 Çince Princess Taihe Kişiler Taihe gongzhu, the princess of Taihe; the title under which she was married out in 821.
  • 太和長公主 Çince Princess Taihe Kişiler The form of the Cefu yuangui for the enfeoffment and the marriage of 821.
  • 太祖 Çince Yuwen Tai Kişiler Taizu, his temple name as founder of the Northern Zhou, under which the Zhou Shu records his dealings with Bumin and Mukan.
  • 太谷 Çince The Göktürk Campaign of 625 Muharebeler ve olaylar Taigu, where Zhang Jin's army was lost, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 夫餘 Çince Buyeo Devletler The form of the Wei Shu and the Hou Han Shu; also written 扶餘. Fu-yü in the Wade-Giles literature, Puyŏ in Korean.
  • 失缽屈阿棧 Çince Shiboqu Azhan Kişiler Shiboqu Azhan. The Zizhi tongjian writes the same five characters. The text does not show where the name divides, and no Turkic form is attested for it.
  • 失韋 Çince Shiwei Halklar The writing of the Wei Shu, which gives them their own entry.
  • 夷男 Çince Yinan Khan Kişiler Yinan, the Chinese transcription of the name.
  • 夾畢特勒 Çince Ashina Simo Kişiler Jiabi Tele, the rank he held through two reigns because he was never allowed to command troops as a shad.
  • 奇畜 Çince Xiongnu Herds Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Qichu, the unusual livestock; the camels, donkeys, mules and three kinds of equid that the Shiji sets apart from horses, cattle and sheep.
  • 奔馬環臨之 Çince Riding Round the Dead Dinler They galloped their horses round him; the mock funeral of the Tang crown prince Li Chengqian, Xin Tang Shu 80.
  • 契丹 Çince Khitan Halklar Qidan. The Wei Shu gives them their own entry, east of the Kumo Xi.
  • 契苾 Çince Qibi Halklar The form of the Tang histories and of the Tang Huiyao.
  • 契骨 Çince Yenisei Kirghiz Halklar Qigu, the form in the Zhou Shu; that it names the Kirghiz is an identification made by modern scholarship.
  • 奧射設 Çince Aoshe Shad Kişiler Aoshe Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 奴婢 Çince Captives and the Unfree Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Nubi, slaves; the Shiji says that the Xiongnu warrior who took a captive took him as nubi.
  • 好突厥言及所服 Çince Li Chengqian's Göktürk Camp Muharebeler ve olaylar He loved the speech and the dress of the Türk; the words with which the Xin Tang Shu introduces the camp.
  • 妻其後母、世叔母及嫂 Çince Levirate Kurumlar ve Unvanlar They take as wives their stepmothers, their uncles' wives and their elder brothers' wives.
  • 妻其羣母及嫂 Çince Levirate Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Sui Shu's wording: they take as wives their fathers' wives and their elder brothers' wives.
  • 始波羅 Çince Ishbara (Title) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Shiboluo, the Tongdian's word for the brave and strong, and the form in the titles of Ishbara Khan in the Sui Shu.
  • 始畢可汗 Çince Shibi Khan Kişiler Shibi Khan, the Chinese form of his title. No Turkic form is recorded.
  • 姑臧 Çince Wuwei Yerler Guzang, the older name of the town.
  • 姑墨 Çince Aksu Yerler Gumo; the name of the state in the Han Shu. The Wei Shu writes 姑默.
  • 娉 Çince Bride-Price in Livestock Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Pin, betrothal; the Wei Shu's word for the payment of the Gaoche in cattle and horses.
  • 娑毗設 Çince Suopi Shad Kişiler Suopi Shad, in the edict of 583 as the Sui Shu quotes it; 設 is the title shad.
  • 婆匐可敦 Çince Pofu Katun Kişiler
  • 婆實特勒 Çince Poshi Tegin Kişiler Poshi tele, in the Zizhi tongjian, with the Tang spelling of the title.
  • 婆實特勤 Çince Poshi Tegin Kişiler Poshi teqin, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian.
  • 婆施 Çince Lady Poshi Kişiler Poshi, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 婆施氏 Çince Lady Poshi Kişiler Poshi shi, the lady of the Poshi family, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 婆羅門 Çince Poluomen Khan Kişiler The Chinese transcription of Brahman, used as a personal name. No Rouran form is recorded.
  • 婚姻用牛馬納聘以為榮 Çince The Gaoche Wedding Gelenekler ve eğlenceler In marriage they pay the betrothal gift in cattle and horses and count it an honour; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 子卿 Çince Su Wu Kişiler Ziqing, his courtesy name. Li Ling addresses him by it at the North Sea.
  • 孝武皇帝 Çince Emperor Wu of Han Kişiler The full style, with which the Han Shu annals open.
  • 孤塗 Çince Kut Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Gutu, in the Xiongnu ruler's title Chengli Gutu Chanyu; glossed 'son' by the Han Shu; on the best view, Kut.
  • 㝅登疑梨 Çince Bodeng Ningli Yerler The Tongdian's spelling.
  • 宇文 Çince Yuwen Soylar The form of the Chinese records.
  • 宇文泰 Çince Yuwen Tai Kişiler The Zhou Shu, the history of his house, calls him Taizu, the founding ancestor, throughout.
  • 宇文護 Çince Yuwen Hu Kişiler
  • 安 Çince Bukhara Yerler An, the Chinese name of the country of Bukhara in the Sui Shu and the Tang histories; the Xin Tang Shu adds that it is also called Buhuo and Buhe 捕喝 and that the Wei called it Niumi 忸蜜.
  • 安伽 Çince Tomb of An Jia Kaynaklar An Jia; the second character is also read Qie, and the tomb is published as the tomb of An Qie.
  • 安北都護府 Çince Anbei Protectorate Yerler Anbei duhufu, the Anbei protectorate; the memorial of 845 dates its first appearance under this name to 698.
  • 安定大長公主 Çince Princess Taihe Kişiler Anding Grand Senior Princess, the writing of the Zizhi tongjian and of one edict in the Tang Huiyao for the same title.
  • 安祿山 Çince An Lushan Kişiler Lushan transcribes the Sogdian Rōxšan, the luminous; Peter B. Golden gives the Sogdian as rwxšn and compares Persian rōšan.
  • 安禪具泥 Çince Anchan Juni Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Anchan juni; anchan is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for meat.
  • 安義公主 Çince Princess Anyi Kişiler Anyi gongzhu, Princess Anyi, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 安西都護府 Çince Anxi Protectorate Yerler Anxi duhufu, the Anxi protectorate; set up in the ninth month of 640 in Xizhou.
  • 安諾槃陀 Çince An Nuopantuo Kişiler So the Zhou Shu; the last character is written with a variant.
  • 宋書 Çince Song Shu Kaynaklar Song Shu, the Book of Song; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 宗正屬籍 Çince The Kirghiz descent from Li Ling Tartışmalar Zongzheng shuji, the register of the imperial clan in which the Tang court ordered the Kirghiz khan to be entered.
  • 宗英雄武誠明可汗 Çince Tang investiture of the Kirghiz (847) Muharebeler ve olaylar Zongying Xiongwu Chengming Khan, the title planned in 845 and never issued.
  • 定襄 Çince Dingxiang Yerler Dingxiang; 定襄城, the town of Dingxiang, in the Jiu Tang Shu; 故定襄城, the old town of Dingxiang, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 定遠侯 Çince Ban Chao Kişiler Marquis of Dingyuan, the title his sister gives him in her petition of 100.
  • 宣宗 Çince Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (846–859) Kişiler Xuanzong, the temple name of this emperor. The emperor of the eighth century with the same romanised name, 玄宗, is a different man.
  • 室韋 Çince Shiwei Halklar Shiwei, Shih-wei in the Wade-Giles literature. The Sui Shu calls them a kind of Khitan, those of the north.
  • 室點密 Çince Istemi Kişiler Shidianmi with the homophone 密, the form of the Jiu Tang Shu, which calls him 室點密可汗; the form usually printed in the modern literature.
  • 室點蜜 Çince Istemi Kişiler Shidianmi, at the head of the western Göktürk chapter: 次子曰室點蜜. The Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu do not name him.
  • 宰殺邦家，變爲勸善之國 Çince Manichaean Diet of the Uyghurs Dinler A country of slaughter became a country that exhorts to the good; the Chinese face of the Karabalghasun inscription on the conversion of the Uyghurs.
  • 密的支 Çince Kemijkat Yerler Midizhi, which the Xin Tang Shu gives as the name of the khan's camp at the Blue Mountain. The editors equate it with K.M.JKATH.
  • 寧胡閼氏 Çince Wang Zhaojun Kişiler Ninghu Yanzhi, her title among the Xiongnu: the consort who brings peace to the Hu.
  • 封氏聞見記 Çince Fengshi Wenjian Ji Kaynaklar Record of what Mr Feng heard and saw.
  • 射匱可汗 Çince Shegui Khan Kişiler Shegui kehan, in the Sui Shu and the Xin Tang Shu; older romanisations write Che-koei and Shih-kuei; the pinyin form is Shegui. No Turkic form of the name is attested.
  • 射獵 Çince Hunting among the Göktürks Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Shelie, shooting and hunting; the Zhou Shu says that the Göktürks made herding and shooting and hunting their business (以畜牧射獵為務).
  • 將軍 Çince Saŋun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jiangjun, general. The Turkic word is taken from it.
  • 小可汗 Çince Inel Khan Kişiler The Lesser Khan, his rank; the Xin Tang Shu uses the same term for the man Kül Tegin killed.
  • 小可汗 Çince Lesser Khan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • 小月氏 Çince Yuezhi Halklar The Little Yuezhi, the remnant that stayed among the Qiang of the southern mountains.
  • 小殺 Çince Bilge Khan Kişiler Xiaosha, 'the Little Shad', what his own people called him by the Tang history, from the office he held under his uncle.
  • 少卿 Çince Li Ling Kişiler Shaoqing, his courtesy name. Han envoys, Su Wu and the chanyu's court address him by it.
  • 居次 Çince Women among the Turkic Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Juci, the title the Han Shu gives to the two daughters of Wang Zhaojun and the chanyu Fuzhulei.
  • 屈利俟毗可汗 Çince Baghatur Khan Kişiler Quli Sibi kehan, the title in the Xin Tang Shu, which also shortens it to 俟毗可汗, Sibi Khan.
  • 屈利啜 Çince Külüg Chur Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Quli chuo, the form in the Jiu Tang Shu's list of the western offices.
  • 屈律啜 Çince Külüg Chur Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Quluchuo, in the Tongdian, the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 屈支 Çince Kucha Yerler Quzhi, Xuanzang's transcription; the text notes that the name was formerly written 龜茲.
  • 屋可汗 Çince Yi Khan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Wu kehan, house khan, the Tongdian's own rendering of the title.
  • 屏聿 Çince Thousand Springs Yerler Pingyu, the form of the Life of Xuanzang, which adds that the name means the Thousand Springs.
  • 屠耆 Çince Worthy Kings of the Left and Right Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tuqi, the Xiongnu word for 'worthy' in Chinese transcription: 'the Xiongnu call worthy tuqi'.
  • 屠耆堂 Çince Woyanqudi Chanyu Kişiler Tuqitang, his personal name as Right Worthy King. The Shiji glosses tuqi as the Xiongnu word for 'worthy'; whether the word in his name is that one is not said.
  • 屯田 Çince Han Military Farms in the Western Regions Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tuntian, field colony; the word of the Han Shu for farms worked by soldiers.
  • 工於鐵作 Çince Göktürk Ironworking Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Gong yu tiezuo, skilled at ironwork; the Sui Shu's phrase for the Ashina on the Golden Mountain.
  • 左屠耆王 Çince Worthy Kings of the Left and Right Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Left Tuqi King, the title the Shiji gives the heir apparent.
  • 左殺 Çince Ozmish Khan Kişiler The Left Shad, his office before he took the throne.
  • 左賢王 Çince Kül Tegin Kişiler Prince of the Left, the Han-period title the Tang history gives his office after 716; his own inscription does not use it.
  • 左賢王 Çince Worthy Kings of the Left and Right Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Zuo Xian Wang, Worthy King of the Left.
  • 巫覡 Çince Kam (Turkic Shaman) Dinler Wuxi, the female and male spirit-medium of Chinese usage, in the Sui Shu's summary of Göktürk custom.
  • 巫覡 Çince Shamanism Dinler Wuxi, the spirit-mediums that the Sui Shu says the Göktürks trusted.
  • 師子 Çince Kirghiz Entertainments Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Shizi, the lion; the same word names the lion dance of the Tang court in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 常以季春大會，作樂水上 Çince The Xianbei Spring Assembly Gelenekler ve eğlenceler They always hold a great assembly in the last month of spring and make music by the river; the earlier Wei history quoted by Pei Songzhi.
  • 常安 Çince Heng'an Yerler Chang'an, written with 常 and not to be confused with the capital 長安; the form of the Cefu yuangui in its sentence on the recovery of 630.
  • 幕北 Çince Mobei campaign, 119 BC Muharebeler ve olaylar 'North of the desert', the term of the Shiji and the Han Shu for the country beyond the Gobi, where the Xiongnu court waited. Mobei is the modern name of the campaign.
  • 幡旗 Çince Drums and Banners for the Khans Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Pennants and flags; granted with the band in 587 and 607.
  • 平涼 Çince Pingliang Yerler Pingliang, in the Sui Shu's phrase 平涼雜胡, the mixed hu of Pingliang; P'ing-liang in Wade-Giles.
  • 平涼郡 Çince Pingliang Yerler Pingliang commandery; the Tongdian's note to the origin passage reads 'today Pingliang commandery'.
  • 幽州 Çince The Raid on Youzhou (578) Muharebeler ve olaylar Youzhou, the prefecture the Göktürks raided.
  • 幽州 Çince Youzhou Yerler Youzhou, in the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Tang histories and the Zizhi tongjian; 幽州總管 and 幽州都督, the governor of Youzhou, under the Sui and the Tang.
  • 度斤舊鎮 Çince Dujin Garrison Yerler Dujin jiu zhen, the old garrison of Dujin; the Tongdian, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian have the same form.
  • 庫合真 Çince Kuhanzhen Kişiler Kuhezhen with a different first character, in the Zizhi tongjian; the editors of the Sui Shu note the same form in its annals.
  • 康 Çince Samarkand Yerler Kang, the Chinese name of Samarkand and the surname taken by its émigrés in China; Sute in the Wei Shu names the country.
  • 康國樂 Çince Music of Empress Ashina (568) Muharebeler ve olaylar The music of Kang, Samarkand, which the Sui Shu, juan 15, traces to the marriage of Emperor Wu of Zhou.
  • 康居 Çince Kangju Halklar K'ang-chü in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 康業 Çince Tomb of Kang Ye Kaynaklar Kang Ye, the name as the Chinese epitaph gives it; the surname Kang marks a family from Samarkand.
  • 康稍利 Çince Kang Shaoli Kişiler Kang Shaoli in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 康蘇密 Çince Kang Sumi Kişiler Kang Sumi in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 康蘇蜜 Çince Kang Sumi Kişiler The spelling of the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 康鞘利 Çince Kang Shaoli Kişiler Kang Qiaoli, the form of the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 廕奈特勒 Çince Yinnai Tegin Kişiler Yinnai Tegin in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 廻鶻葛啜王子墓誌 Çince Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Kaynaklar
  • 弄駝 Çince Kirghiz Entertainments Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Nong tuo, play with the camel; the first of the four.
  • 弊剌 Çince Boma Halklar Bila, given by the Xin Tangshu as a second name of the Boma. The Tongdian gives the same name to the Basmïl.
  • 弘大 Çince Pei Ju Kişiler Hongda, his courtesy name (字).
  • 弩失畢 Çince Nushibi Halklar
  • 張仁亶 Çince Zhang Renyuan Kişiler Zhang Rendan, the original name, under which the Jiu Tang Shu names the governor of Youzhou in 698.
  • 張仁愿 Çince Zhang Renyuan Kişiler Zhang Renyuan. His original name was 張仁亶, Zhang Rendan; he changed it because 亶 sounded like the personal name of the emperor Ruizong.
  • 張騫 Çince Zhang Qian Kişiler
  • 彌偶可社句可汗 Çince Poluomen Khan Kişiler Mi'oukesheju Khan, his title, glossed 'tranquil'.
  • 往年回鶻入朝，大驅名馬市茶而歸 Çince Tea among the Uyghurs Yeme içme In former years the Uyghurs came to court, drove fine horses there in great numbers, bought tea and went home.
  • 後唐 Çince Later Tang Devletler The Chinese name.
  • 後晉 Çince Later Jin Devletler The Chinese name.
  • 後漢 Çince Later Han Devletler The Chinese name.
  • 後漢書 Çince Hou Han Shu Kaynaklar
  • 後燕 Çince Later Yan Devletler The form of the Chinese records.
  • 得其所獲康國、龜茲等樂 Çince Music of Empress Ashina (568) Muharebeler ve olaylar He obtained the music of Kang, Kucha and other states which they had acquired; the Sui Shu's monograph on music, juan 14, on Emperor Wu and the bride from the Northern Di.
  • 復株絫若鞮單于 Çince Fuzhulei Chanyu Kişiler Fu-chu-lei Jo-ti in the Wade-Giles literature; the style under which the Han Shu names him as chanyu.
  • 徵召風雨 Çince Yada Stone Dinler Could summon wind and rain, said of Nishidu in the Zhou Shu; the Bei Shi has 徵占風雨, could foretell wind and rain.
  • 忸密 Çince Bukhara Yerler Niumi, the name of Bukhara in the Wei Shu, read as a rendering of the Arabic by-name Numijkat.
  • 怛邏斯 Çince Talas Yerler Daluosi, the city taken by the Tang commander of Kashgar in the campaign after Sulu Khan's death.
  • 思力俟斤 Çince Awusili Irkin Kişiler Sili sijin, without the first two characters, in the Zizhi tongjian; the biography of Zhangsun Sheng in the Sui Shu has the same shorter form.
  • 思結 Çince Sijie Halklar The form of the Tang histories.
  • 思結俟斤 Çince Sijie Irkin Kişiler The irkin of the Sijie, in the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the texts give his tribe and his rank, not a personal name.
  • 恒安 Çince Heng'an Yerler Heng'an, the form of the Sui Shu and the Xin Tang Shu; the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian write the variant character 恆安.
  • 恩屈 Çince Onogurs Halklar Enqu, a Tiele people east of Fulin in the Sui Shu. The form is attested; its equation with the Onogurs is an interpretation of modern scholarship.
  • 悅般 Çince Yueban Halklar Yueban, the form of the Wei Shu; Yüeh-pan in the Wade-Giles literature. The Zizhi Tongjian once writes the two characters in the reverse order, 般悅.
  • 悉萬斤 Çince Samarkand Yerler Xiwanjin, the name of Samarkand in the Wei Shu; the Tang histories equate it with Kang.
  • 惡陽嶺 Çince Eyang Ridge Yerler Eyangling, the Eyang ridge, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 意利珍豆啟人可汗 Çince The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) Muharebeler ve olaylar Yili Zhendou Qimin Khan, the title Yami received; the biography writes 啟人, the chapter on the Göktürks 啟民.
  • 意利珍豆啟民可汗 Çince Yami Khan Kişiler Yilizhendou Qimin Khan, the title the Sui conferred in 599, glossed 'wise and strong'; Qimin Khan is the name the Chinese histories use. Yami is the Turkic reading of the Chinese Yami and Rangan.
  • 愛登里邏 Çince Ay Ata Dinler The opening of the title given to the Uyghur khagan in 805.
  • 慕容 Çince Murong Soylar Mu-jung in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 應娑 Çince Yingsuo Yerler Yingsuo, the district north of Kucha in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; one printed text of the Sui Shu reads 應婆, Yingpo.
  • 懷荒 Çince Huaihuang Yerler Huaihuang, 'cherishing the wastes', the garrison's name; the Zhou Shu locates the battle of 552 'north of Huaihuang'.
  • 懿宗 Çince Emperor Yizong of Tang Kişiler Yizong, the temple name. The Xin Tang Shu uses it for the emperor of the Xiantong years.
  • 戲有弄駝、師子、馬伎、繩伎 Çince Kirghiz Entertainments Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Their shows were camel play, the lion, horse skills and rope skills; the sentence of the Xin Tang Shu on the Kirghiz.
  • 戶曹、水曹、田曹 Çince Farming and Taxes in Gaochang Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Hucao, shuicao, tiancao; the household, water and field offices that the Zhou Shu names in every town of Gaochang.
  • 手殺鹿十八頭 Çince Ishbara's Hunt (587) Muharebeler ve olaylar With his own hand he killed eighteen deer; the words of the Sui Shu.
  • 承乾身作可汗死 Çince Li Chengqian's Göktürk Camp Muharebeler ve olaylar Chengqian himself played the death of a khan.
  • 折支體者輸馬 Çince Horses in Göktürk Law Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Zhe zhiti zhe shu ma, he who breaks a limb pays a horse; the Sui Shu's rule for injury.
  • 拓西可汗 Çince Inel Khan Kişiler Tuoxi Kehan, 'Khan Who Expands the West', his title over the Ten Surnames.
  • 拓跋 Çince Northern Wei Devletler Tuoba, the ruling clan; Golden writes Tabgač, the form the Orkhon inscriptions use for China.
  • 拓跋 Çince Tuoba Halklar
  • 拔悉密 Çince Basmïl Halklar Baximi, the Tang form; the Uyghur chapter writes 拔悉蜜.
  • 拔曳固 Çince Bayirku Halklar Bayegu; the Xin Tang Shu writes 拔野古.
  • 拜祭天神 Çince Sacrifice and the year Dinler The sacrifice to the spirit of heaven, in the middle of the fifth month, at a river.
  • 挏馬酒 Çince Kumys Yeme içme The mare's-milk wine of the Han court, named after the office that churned it.
  • 挐鬥二十年不解 Çince Uyghur–Kirghiz War Savaşlar They fought for twenty years without a settlement. The phrase of the Xin Tang Shu for the war; no name for it is given.
  • 挹怛 Çince Hephthalites Halklar Yida, the form of the Sui Shu.
  • 捧兔舞蹈 Çince Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) Muharebeler ve olaylar Held up the hare and danced in homage; the Göktürk minister before Xuanzong on the road to Mount Tai, in the Tongdian.
  • 掘羅勿 Çince Kürabir Kişiler Jueluowu. The Xin Tang Shu, the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tang Huiyao all write the name so.
  • 掘羅勿薦公 Çince Kürabir Kişiler The Tang Huiyao adds the two characters 薦公 after the name; the other texts do not.
  • 掠羊馬 Çince Livestock Raids Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Lue yang ma, to plunder sheep and horses; the Xin Tang Shu's phrase for the raid on Yan and Xia.
  • 控弦 Çince Army of the Steppe Empires Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Kongxian, those who draw the bow; the Chinese histories count the strength of the Xiongnu and of the Göktürks in these archers.
  • 握衍朐鞮單于 Çince Woyanqudi Chanyu Kişiler Wo-yen-ch'ü-ti in the Wade-Giles literature; the style under which the Han Shu names him as chanyu.
  • 摩咄達官 Çince Moduo Daguan Kişiler Moduo daguan, in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, which afterwards calls him Moduo alone.
  • 撑犁 Çince Tengri Dinler Chengli, in the Xiongnu ruler's full title as the Han Shu transcribes it; the equation with Tengri is the standard reading.
  • 撑犁 Çince Tengrism Dinler Chengli, in the Xiongnu ruler's title as the Han Shu transcribes it; equated with Tengri in the literature.
  • 撑犁孤塗單于 Çince Chanyu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Chengli Gutu Chanyu, the full style.
  • 攝圖 Çince Ishbara Khan Kişiler Shetu, the personal name in the Chinese histories.
  • 攣鞮氏 Çince Luandi Soylar The Han Shu's form: 單于姓攣鞮氏, 'the chanyu's surname was the Luandi clan'.
  • 故漢未央宮 Çince Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) Muharebeler ve olaylar The old Han palace of Weiyang, where the feast was held.
  • 敕勒川，陰山下 Çince The Chile Song Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The first line, 'the plain of the Chile, below the Yin mountains'; the text of the Yuefu shiji, juan 86.
  • 敕勒歌 Çince The Chile Song Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Chile ge, the Chile Song; the title in the Zizhi tongjian and in the Yuefu shiji.
  • 敕連可汗 Çince Wuti Khan Kişiler Chilian Khan, his title, glossed 'divine'.
  • 敕連頭兵豆伐可汗 Çince Anagui Kişiler Chilian Toubing Doufa Khan, the title he took in 525; the Wei Shu glosses it 'grasping' (把攬).
  • 教作兵器鎧楯 Çince Chinese Weaponsmiths among the Xianbei Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jiao zuo bingqi kai dun, taught them to make weapons, armour and shields, the Sanguozhi's words for what the Chinese refugees did for Kebineng.
  • 散樂 Çince Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Muharebeler ve olaylar Sanyue, the entertainers and their music; the Sui Shu says that the emperor gathered those of all four quarters at the Eastern Capital.
  • 敦煌 Çince Dunhuang Yerler
  • 文帝悼皇后郁久閭氏 Çince Empress Yujiulü Kişiler Empress Dao of Emperor Wen, of the Yujiulü clan: the heading of her biography. Dao, the mourned, is her posthumous name; her personal name is not recorded.
  • 斛律 Çince Hulü Khan Kişiler Also the name of a Gaoche tribe in the same chapter.
  • 斛律光 Çince Hulü Guang Kişiler
  • 新唐書 Çince Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang) Kaynaklar Xin Tangshu; Mackerras writes Hsin T'ang-shu.
  • 新城 Çince The Göktürk Campaign of 622 Muharebeler ve olaylar Xincheng, 'new town', where Li Da'en waited for the column that did not come.
  • 日晏食，飲水茹葷，屏湩酪 Çince Manichaean Diet of the Uyghurs Dinler They eat late in the day, drink water, eat strong vegetables and refuse milk; the law of the Manichaeans who came with the Uyghur envoys at the beginning of the Yuanhe era.
  • 昆彌 Çince Wusun Halklar Kunmi, the later spelling of the same title.
  • 昆莫 Çince Wusun Halklar Kunmo, the royal title; the Han Shu explains that it is a title and not a name, and that the man who bore it was called Liejiaomi.
  • 昆邪王 Çince Hunye King Kişiler Kunye wang, the form of Han Shu 6, 54, 68 and 94A.
  • 明君 Çince Wang Zhaojun Kişiler Mingjun, the name of the song made about her. The Jiu Tang Shu says that the Jin people wrote it so because the name of their emperor Wen was Zhao.
  • 昭君 Çince Wang Zhaojun Kişiler Zhaojun, the form by which she is known. 'Zhaojun' is her courtesy name in the Han Shu and her name in the Hou Han Shu.
  • 昭武 Çince Šāba Kişiler Zhaowu, the family name of the princes of the small Oxus states in the Chinese records. The equation with the Perso-Arabic name is Abel-Rémusat's, adopted in the translation of Tabari; it would make the name dynastic rather than personal.
  • 是豆渾地萬 Çince Diwan Kişiler Shidouhun Diwan; the Wei Shu gives her as the wife of Fushengmou of the Wuyin clan. Kürşat Yıldırım writes Shidouhundiwan as one name.
  • 晉公護 Çince Yuwen Hu Kişiler Duke Hu of Jin, the form the Göktürk chapter uses.
  • 晉陽 Çince Jinyang Yerler
  • 景桓侯 Çince Huo Qubing Kişiler His posthumous name, made, the Shiji says, from the words for martial and for widening the land.
  • 暾欲谷 Çince Tonyukuk Kişiler Tunyugu, the Tang form of the name.
  • 暾欲谷 Çince Tonyukuk inscription Kaynaklar The name of the man in the Tang history, not of the monument, which the Chinese sources do not mention.
  • 曷剌 Çince Boma Halklar Hela, which the Tongdian says is the Göktürks' name for the Boma, also written as Hela state.
  • 曷薩那可汗 Çince Heshana Khan Kişiler Heshana kehan, the title the Sui conferred in 611; an older romanisation writes Ho-sa-na.
  • 月氏 Çince Yuezhi Halklar Yüeh-chih in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 月氏都督府 Çince Yabgus of Tokharistan Devletler Yuezhi dudufu, the Yuezhi Area Command, the name the Tang gave to the seat of the yabgus after the 650s.
  • 朔州 Çince Shuozhou Yerler Shuozhou; notes in the Tongdian give it as the Mayi commandery of their own day.
  • 木末城 Çince Mumocheng Yerler 'They first built a walled town and named it Mumo city' (Liang Shu 54). Not in the Wei Shu 103, Zhou Shu 50, Sui Shu 84 or Bei Shi 99.
  • 木杆可汗 Çince Mukan Khan Kişiler Mugan kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
  • 木腳 Çince Wooden Horses Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Mujiao, wooden feet; the Tongdian and the Tang Huiyao on the Bayegu hunting deer on the ice.
  • 木賴山 Çince Mount Mulai Yerler Mulai Shan, the form of the Zhou Shu; the Zizhi tongjian writes it the same way.
  • 木馬 Çince Wooden Horses Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Muma, wooden horse; the Tongdian's word for the hunters' skis of the Jiegu and the Basmil.
  • 木馬突厥 Çince Wooden Horses Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Muma Tujue, the Wooden-Horse Tujue; the Xin Tang Shu's name for the Dubo, Mielie and Geezhi east of the Kirghiz.
  • 木骨閭 Çince Mugulü Kişiler Glossed in the Wei Shu as 'bald head'; the clan name Yujiulü is said to be a near-homophone of it.
  • 李廣利 Çince Li Guangli Kişiler Li Guangli, brother of Lady Li, the favoured consort of the emperor Wu.
  • 李德裕 Çince Li Deyu Kişiler Li Deyu, with the title of chief minister (宰相) in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 李思摩 Çince Ashina Simo Kişiler Li Simo; the imperial surname was granted with the khanship in 639.
  • 李拭 Çince Li Shi (Tang envoy) Kişiler Li Shi. The Xin Tang Shu gives him the office 右散騎常侍, attendant-in-ordinary of the right, when it names him envoy, and 兵部郎中, official of the Bureau of Military Affairs, when it sends him to inspect the frontier.
  • 李業 Çince Li Ye (Tang envoy) Kişiler Li Ye. The Xin Tang Shu gives him the title 鴻臚卿, minister of the Court of State Ceremonial.
  • 李蒹 Çince Li Jian Kişiler Li Jian, in Wade-Giles Li Chien. The edict that names him is not among the texts at hand; the characters are those given in the literature cited here.
  • 李陵 Çince Li Ling Kişiler Li Ling, as the Han Shu, the Shiji and the Xin Tang Shu write the name.
  • 東胡 Çince Donghu Halklar Literally 'eastern Hu'; Tung-hu in the Wade-Giles literature. It is a Chinese designation, not a name the people are recorded as using.
  • 東胡 Çince Xianbei Halklar Donghu, the Eastern Hu, of which the Hou Han Shu makes the Xianbei a branch.
  • 東魏 Çince Eastern Wei Devletler Eastern Wei. The Bei Shi speaks of the Eastern and Western Wei competing for the Rouran khan; the court itself called its state Wei.
  • 板瓦 Çince Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Banwa, pan tile. It lies with the concave face up and carries the rain.
  • 染干 Çince Yami Khan Kişiler Rangan, his personal name in the Sui Shu.
  • 柔然 Çince Rouran Halklar The name Cheluhui, son of Mugulü, gave his following; the neutral Chinese form.
  • 柔然 Çince Rouran Khaganate Devletler The usual Chinese form; the Wei Shu also writes 蠕蠕, a graph chosen to demean.
  • 柘羯 Çince Chakar Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Zhijie, the Chinese transcription in the New Tang History for the chakar of An Lushan's army.
  • 梁書 Çince Liang Shu Kaynaklar Liang Shu, the Book of Liang; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 梅錄 Çince Buyruk Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Meilu, in the name of Bilge Khan's minister Meilu Chuo. The equation of the transcription with buyruk is a modern interpretation, not a statement of the Tang chapters.
  • 楊忠 Çince Yang Zhong Kişiler
  • 榆林 Çince Yulin Yerler Yulin; 榆林郡, the Yulin commandery, in the Zizhi tongjian. Notes in the Tongdian give Shengzhou, 勝州, as the Yulin commandery of their own day.
  • 樂府詩集 Çince Yuefu Shiji (Collection of Yuefu Songs) Kaynaklar
  • 樓蘭 Çince Loulan Yerler
  • 樓蘭 Çince Shanshan Devletler Loulan, which the Han Shu gives as the kingdom's original name.
  • 樗蒲 Çince Göktürk Games Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Chupu, the men's game; written 摴蒲 in the account of 599.
  • 橐駝 Çince Camels Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tuotuo, camel; the word of the Shiji for the first of the Xiongnu's unusual livestock.
  • 檀石槐 Çince Tanshihuai Kişiler T'an-shih-huai in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xianbei form of the name is recorded.
  • 欲谷設 Çince Üç Tuğlu Khan Kişiler Yukuk Shad, his name and title before 638. Not the Yukuk Shad of the eastern Göktürks, Ilig's son or brother by different accounts, whom the Nine Surnames drove off in 627; the characters are the same.
  • 欲谷設 Çince Yukuk Shad Kişiler Yugu Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 欽羽設 Çince Qinyu Shad Kişiler Qinyu Shad, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 設 is the title shad. The edition of the Sui Shu used by one translator has 沙 for 設.
  • 步利設 Çince Buli Shad Kişiler Buli Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 步迦可汗 Çince Tardush Kişiler Bujia kehan, the title he took in 599, by the Sui Shu.
  • 步離可汗 Çince Börü Khan Kişiler Buli kehan, the title in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian; none of them gives a personal name.
  • 步離可汗 Çince Taspar's Appointment of the Lesser Khans (572) Muharebeler ve olaylar Buli kehan, the title of the lesser khan in the west.
  • 步鹿真 Çince Buluzhen Khan Kişiler The Wei Shu gives him no khan's title of his own.
  • 武宗 Çince Emperor Wuzong of Tang Kişiler Wuzong, the temple name; the Xin Tang Shu and the Tang Huiyao use it for the emperor of these years.
  • 武帝 Çince Emperor Wu of Han Kişiler Wudi, the short form of the posthumous style. Wu-ti in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 武帝阿史那皇后 Çince Empress Ashina Kişiler Empress Ashina of the emperor Wu, the heading of her biography; her personal name is not recorded.
  • 武義成功可汗 Çince Tun Bagha Tarkan Kişiler Wuyi Chenggong Khan, a title conferred by the Tang; a second, Kutlug Changshou Tianqin Bilge Khan, was conferred later.
  • 歲有三歲祠 Çince Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices Gelenekler ve eğlenceler In the year there are three yearly sacrifices; the line as the text of the chapter gives it.
  • 歲有三龍祠 Çince Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices Gelenekler ve eğlenceler In the year there are three dragon sacrifices; the same line as Sima Zhen quotes it from the Hou Han Shu in his commentary on the Shiji.
  • 歲正月，諸長小會單于庭，祠 Çince The New Year on the Steppe Gelenekler ve eğlenceler In the first month of the year the chiefs hold a small assembly at the chanyu's court and sacrifice; the Shiji on the Xiongnu.
  • 段 Çince Duan Soylar The form of the Chinese records.
  • 比 Çince Bi Chanyu Kişiler Bi, the only name the Hou Han Shu gives him; Pi in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 毗伽可汗 Çince Bilge Khan Kişiler Pijia Kehan, the Chinese rendering of Bilge Kagan.
  • 毗伽頓頡斤 Çince Are Khan Kişiler Bilga Ton Irkin. The title the Uyghurs conferred on the Kirghiz ruler after 758, without the word khan.
  • 氈車 Çince Wagons of the Steppe Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Zhanche, felt cart. The Sui Shu compares the carts of the Shiwei with the felt carts of the Göktürks.
  • 水草 Çince Seasonal Pastures Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Shuicao, water and grass; the Chinese formula for the pasture that a steppe people followed.
  • 沃野 Çince Woye Yerler
  • 沙毗設 Çince Suopi Shad Kişiler Shapi Shad, in the Bei Shi's text of the same edict.
  • 沙缽羅 Çince Ishbara (Title) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Shaboluo, the form in the titles of the western khans Ishbara Tolis and Irbis Ishbara Yabgu.
  • 沙缽羅設 Çince Suni Shi Kişiler Shaboluo Shad, the title Shibi Khan gave him; the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian name him by it alone.
  • 沙鉢略 Çince Ishbara (Title) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Shabolüe, the second form of the same title in the Sui Shu, and the name under which it tells Ishbara Khan's reign.
  • 沙鉢略可汗 Çince Ishbara Khan Kişiler Shabolüe kehan, the title as the Sui Shu gives it
  • 沙鉢羅可汗 Çince Ashina Helu Kişiler Shaboluo Khan, the title he took for himself at the Thousand Springs; the same title the Sui histories give to Ishbara in the east.
  • 沙鉢羅咥利失可汗 Çince Ishbara Tolis Khan Kişiler Shaboluo Dielishi Khan, his title; Ïšbara Tölis in the turkological reading, Ishbara Tolis in plain spelling.
  • 沙陀 Çince Shatuo Halklar The Chinese name.
  • 河北 Çince Hebei Yerler Hebei, 'north of the river', in the Sui Shu and the Tang histories; 河北道, the Hebei army, in the Jiu Tang Shu's account of 698.
  • 河南 Çince Ordos Yerler Henan, 'south of the river', the Chinese name for the land inside the bend in the Shiji and the Tang histories; not the modern province.
  • 河套 Çince Ordos Yerler Hetao, 'the river loop', the later name.
  • 波斯 Çince Sasanian Persia Devletler Bosi, Persia, in the Xin Tang Shu: the power Tong Yabgu brought low in the west, and the western limit of the Tang prefectures after Helu.
  • 泥利可汗 Çince Niri Khan Kişiler Nili kehan, Niri Khan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 泥孰匐 Çince Nishufu Khan Kişiler Nishufu; known only in Chinese transcription. The first element 泥孰 appears elsewhere as a Turkic name, the whole does not resolve to an attested form.
  • 泥孰莫賀設 Çince Nishu Bagha Shad Kişiler Nishu Mohe she, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the Tongdian writes 泥熟莫賀設.
  • 泥步設 Çince Töles Khan Kişiler Nibu Shad, the title under which he commanded the eastern camp as a boy under his father.
  • 洛陽 Çince Luoyang Yerler
  • 活國 Çince Huo Yerler Huo guo, the country of Huo, in the Life of Xuanzang and in the first book of Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions.
  • 海西侯 Çince Li Guangli Kişiler Marquis of Haixi, the fief given to him after the fall of Dayuan.
  • 涇陽 Çince Jingyang Yerler Jingyang, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 涼州 Çince Wuwei Yerler Liangzhou, the province of which it was the seat.
  • 淮南公主 Çince Princess Huainan Kişiler Princess Huainan, 隋淮南公主, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 淳于覃 Çince Chunyu Tan Kişiler Chunyu Tan, a man of Qi; the Zizhi Tongjian writes 淳於覃.
  • 清池 Çince Issyk-Kul Yerler Qingchi, the Clear Lake, in the Life of Xuanzang.
  • 渠犁 Çince Quli Yerler Quli, the form of the Han Shu's account of the Han farms. The chapter on the Western Regions writes the state's name 渠梨.
  • 渠莎 Çince Yarkand Yerler Qusha; the Wei Shu's name for the state, which it places in the old city of Suoju.
  • 渾 Çince Hun (Tiele tribe) Halklar The form of the Tang histories.
  • 渾邪 Çince Tuyuhun Hunye Kişiler Hunye, the short form in the same passages.
  • 渾邪王 Çince Hunye King Kişiler Hunye wang, the form of the Shiji and of Han Shu 55. Hun-yeh in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 滑 Çince Hephthalites Halklar Hua, the name of the people in the Liang Shu, which uses the name 厭帶夷栗陁 for their king alone.
  • 漆 Çince Lacquerware Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Qi, lacquer. The Wei Shu lists red-lacquered and black-lacquered lances, bows, shields, drums and fans among imperial gifts.
  • 漆其頭為飲器 Çince Skull Cup Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Lacquered his head into a drinking vessel; the Wei Shu on the Gaoche king Mi'etu.
  • 漢 Çince Han dynasty Devletler
  • 漢書 Çince Han Shu Kaynaklar
  • 漢趙 Çince Xiongnu Han Devletler Han-Zhao, the usual modern name; the state called itself Han and was renamed Zhao in 319.
  • 漯陰侯 Çince Hunye King Kişiler Marquis of Tayin, the title the Han gave him at Chang'an.
  • 潘垤 Çince Pan Die Kişiler Pan Die, with the title 吐屯 tudun, in the notices on the Khitan in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 潛泉浮酒 Çince Banquet of the Wine Fountain (647) Muharebeler ve olaylar Wine welling up from a hidden spring; the words of the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 瀚海都護府 Çince Anbei Protectorate Yerler Hanhai duhufu, the Hanhai protectorate; the name of the Yanran protectorate after it moved to the Uyghur camp in 663.
  • 烏丸 Çince Wuhuan Halklar The form of the Sanguozhi, whose chapter 30 is headed 烏丸鮮卑東夷傳.
  • 烏介 Çince Ögä Khan Kişiler Wujie. The Xin Tang Shu calls him 烏介特勒, Wujie Tegin, until he is khan, and 烏介可汗 after.
  • 烏壘 Çince Wulei Yerler Wulei; the city that the Han Shu names as the seat of the Protector-General.
  • 烏孫 Çince Wusun Halklar Wusun, the only form in which the name is recorded.
  • 烏師廬 Çince Er Chanyu Kişiler Wushilu, his name in the Shiji. Wu-shih-lu in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 烏桓 Çince Wuhuan Halklar Wu-huan in the Wade-Giles literature. The form of the Han Shu and the Hou Han Shu.
  • 烏沒啜 Çince Ashide Wumo Chur Kişiler Wumochuo without the clan name, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 烏滸 Çince Oxus Yerler Wuhu, the river south of which the Sui Shu puts the Hephthalite capital (Wuxu in the Wei Shu); the equation with the Oxus is an interpretation.
  • 烏維 Çince Wuwei Chanyu Kişiler The name as the Shiji and the Han Shu write it, followed by 單于, chanyu. Wu-wei in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 烏蘇米施可汗 Çince Ozmish Khan Kişiler Wusumishi Kehan; read as Turkic Ozmïš, 'he who has escaped'.
  • 焉耆 Çince Karashahr Yerler Yanqi; the name of the state in the Han Shu, in the Wei, Zhou and Sui histories and in the Tang histories.
  • 無文字，刻木為契 Çince The origin of the Old Turkic script Tartışmalar They have no writing and notch wood to make agreements. The notice that says the opposite.
  • 熱汗 Çince Funi Rehan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Rehan, the officer the Tongdian explains on his own.
  • 熱海 Çince Issyk-Kul Yerler Rehai, the Hot Sea, a second name in the Record. The Life of Xuanzang explains that the lake was so called because it does not freeze, though it faces the Ling mountain, and not because its water is warm.
  • 燕支山 Çince Assembly at Mount Yanzhi (609) Muharebeler ve olaylar Yanzhi shan, Mount Yanzhi.
  • 燕然都護府 Çince Anbei Protectorate Yerler Yanran duhufu, the Yanran protectorate, set up in 647; the Xin Tang Shu places it at the old chanyu terrace.
  • 爭長 Çince Seating at the Feast Gelenekler ve eğlenceler To dispute who is senior; the word of the Tang histories for the quarrels of envoys over precedence in 730 and 758.
  • 爾，我之鍛奴也 Çince The Rouran Marriage Refusal (546) Muharebeler ve olaylar The same words in the Zizhi tongjian, entered under 551.
  • 爾伏可汗 Çince Taspar's Appointment of the Lesser Khans (572) Muharebeler ve olaylar Erfu kehan, the title Taspar gave Ishbara for the east.
  • 爾是我鍛奴 Çince The Rouran Marriage Refusal (546) Muharebeler ve olaylar 'You are my blacksmith slave', Anagui's words in the Zhou Shu.
  • 牟汗紇升蓋可汗 Çince Datan Khan Kişiler Mouhan Heshenggai Khan, his title, glossed 'victorious'.
  • 牟羽可汗 Çince Bögü Khan Kişiler Mouyu Khan; the reading Bögü is the turkological form.
  • 特勒 Çince Tegin Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tele, the spelling of the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu, and of the received text of the Zhou Shu.
  • 特勒熱寒 Çince Rehan Tegin Kişiler The tegin Rehan, title before name, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 特勤 Çince Tegin Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Teqin, the spelling of the Sui Shu and the Tongdian, and of the Zhou Shu as it is now printed.
  • 狐鹿姑單于 Çince Hulugu Chanyu Kişiler Hu-lu-ku in the Wade-Giles literature. No personal name and no Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 狼 Çince Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Dinler Lang, the wolf of the origin legend and of the standard.
  • 獸面瓦 Çince Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Shoumian wa, beast-mask tile. It stands at the end of a roof ridge.
  • 玉門關 Çince Jade Gate Yerler Yumen guan, the pass of the Jade Gate; the Shiji writes 玉門 without the word for pass.
  • 王會圖 Çince Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang (842–848) Muharebeler ve olaylar Wang hui tu, the picture of the foreign envoys that the Tang court ordered after the audience of the second Kirghiz envoy. Neither the picture nor the report written with it has survived.
  • 王牆 Çince Wang Zhaojun Kişiler Wang Qiang, the name the Han Shu gives her, with the courtesy name Zhaojun (字昭君). The Hou Han Shu reverses them: it gives Zhaojun as the name and writes the courtesy name 嫱 (Qiang).
  • 玷厥 Çince Tardush Kişiler Dianjue, his personal name in the Sui Shu.
  • 珂羅便 Çince Keluo Chuo Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Keluobian, the Tongdian's Göktürk word for black.
  • 珂羅啜 Çince Keluo Chuo Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Keluo chuo, the title.
  • 班超 Çince Ban Chao Kişiler Ban Chao, as the Hou Han Shu writes the name; Pan Ch'ao in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 瑟帝米 Çince Istemi Kişiler Sedimi, the variant the same sentence gives: 亦曰瑟帝米.
  • 環坐帳中設宴 Çince Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) Muharebeler ve olaylar Sat in a ring in the tent and set out a feast; the words of the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian.
  • 瓦當 Çince Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Wadang, the disk that closes the eave end of a barrel tile. Most of the decoration of the tiles sits on it.
  • 甘 Çince Shamanism Dinler Gan, the Kirghiz word for their shamans as the Xin Tang Shu writes it; read as kam.
  • 田卒 Çince Han Military Farms in the Western Regions Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tianzu, field soldiers; the men who worked the farms at Luntai and Quli.
  • 畋獵 Çince Hunting among the Göktürks Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Tianlie, hunting; the word of the Jiu Tang Shu for the hunting that Ilig might enjoy in Guozhou.
  • 畜牧 Çince Xiongnu Herds Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Xumu, herding; the word with which the Shiji opens its account of the Xiongnu way of life.
  • 畜產 Çince Livestock Losses in the Annals Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Chuchan, livestock and what it yields; the Han Shu's word for the herds of the Xiongnu.
  • 畢 Çince Paikent Yerler Bi, the small country west of An in the Sui Shu; some identify it with Paikent, from an older form *Pat-kand, 'the princes' town'.
  • 畢賀咄葉護 Çince Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Kişiler Biheduo Yabgu, his name in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 疊羅支 Çince Dieluozhi Kişiler Dieluozhi in the Xin Tang Shu, shortened to Luozhi, 羅支, in the same passage.
  • 疊羅施 Çince Dieluozhi Kişiler Dieluoshi, the son taken in 630 in the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui; whether he is the same man, no text says.
  • 疏勒 Çince Kashgar Yerler Shule; the name of the state in the Han Shu, the Wei Shu, the Sui Shu and the Tang histories.
  • 登利可汗 Çince Tengri Khan Kişiler Dengli Kehan; the Tang history glosses the name as 'recompense', which is a folk-etymology of Turkic tengri, Heaven.
  • 登里可汗 Çince Bögü Khan Kişiler Dengli Khan, from Turkic tengri, Heaven.
  • 發皆入鹿 Çince The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) Muharebeler ve olaylar Every shot went into the deer; the Cefu Yuangui has the same four characters.
  • 白疊 Çince Baidie Cotton Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Baidie, the name of the plant and the cloth in the Tang histories of Gaochang.
  • 白疊子 Çince Baidie Cotton Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Baidie zi, the seed or fruit of the plant; the Liang Shu's name for the thing that looks like a cocoon.
  • 白道 Çince Baidao Plain Yerler Baidao, the short form in Qimin's memorial, in the Jiu Tang Shu and in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 白道 Çince Battle of Baidao (583) Muharebeler ve olaylar Baidao, the place of the battle in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 白道山 Çince Baidao Plain Yerler The Baidao mountain, in whose shape Ashina Simo's grave mound was raised.
  • 白道川 Çince Baidao Plain Yerler Baidao chuan, in the Sui Shu's account of Ishbara's refuge; the Tongdian has the same form for the land given to Ashina Simo.
  • 百戲 Çince Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Muharebeler ve olaylar Baixi, the hundred shows; the name the Sui Shu gives to the whole body of acts.
  • 皆世為之 Çince The Twenty-Eight Ranks Kurumlar ve Unvanlar All of them held from generation to generation.
  • 盜馬絆 Çince Horses in Göktürk Law Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Dao ma ban, to steal a horse's tether or hobble; the offence that the Zhou Shu puts among the capital crimes of the Göktürks.
  • 盟 Çince The Göktürk Oath Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Covenant; the word for the oath sworn with Ilig on the Bian bridge in 626 (刑白馬與頡利同盟於便橋之上).
  • 真珠毗伽可汗 Çince Yinan Khan Kişiler Zhenzhu Bilge Khan, the title Taizong conferred in 628.
  • 真珠統俟斤 Çince Zhenzhu Tong Irkin Kişiler Zhenzhu tong sijin, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 石 Çince Chach Yerler Shi, the Chinese name; the Shi of Guyuan, however, took their surname from Kesh.
  • 石雄 Çince Shi Xiong Kişiler Shi Xiong. The Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu write the name so.
  • 破六韓拔陵 Çince Poliuhan Baling Kişiler The form of the Wei Shu's Rouran chapter, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi Tongjian.
  • 破堅昆五萬人 Çince Uyghur victory over the Kirghiz (758) Muharebeler ve olaylar The words of the Jiu Tang Shu for the Uyghur report: they had broken 50,000 men of Jiankun, the old Chinese name of the Kirghiz.
  • 破洛那 Çince Ferghana Yerler Poluona, the name in the Wei Shu and the Bei Shi, which equate it with the old Dayuan; pronounced Phah lak nah by Pulleyblank's reconstruction.
  • 破落汗拔陵 Çince Poliuhan Baling Kişiler The form of the annals of the Wei Shu; the collation note there records 韓, 六 and 洛 as renderings of one sound.
  • 碎葉 Çince Suyab Yerler Suiye, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürks: the line between the Duolu and the Nushibi, the river of Helu's last defeat, and the Tang garrison.
  • 磧口 Çince Qikou Yerler Qikou, the mouth of the desert, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 磧石 Çince Qikou Yerler Qishi, the form of the Cefu yuangui in its sentence on Ilig's flight of 630.
  • 磨延啜 Çince Bayanchur Khan Kişiler Moyanchuo, the personal name in Chinese transcription; the reading Bayan Čor is the turkological form.
  • 社崘 Çince Shelun Khan Kişiler The Wei Shu's form; also written 社崙, and Shelün in part of the literature. No Rouran form of the name is recorded.
  • 神武 Çince Gao Huan Kişiler Shenwu, the posthumous title under which the Bei Qi Shu and the Bei Shi name him.
  • 祭其先 Çince Ancestor Cult Dinler To sacrifice to their ancestors, the first of the powers named at the fifth-month assembly of the Xiongnu at Longcheng.
  • 祭其先窟 Çince Sacrifice and the year Dinler The sacrifice at the cave of the forebears, led by the khan once a year.
  • 萬騎 Çince Army of the Steppe Empires Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Wanqi, Ten Thousand Horsemen, the title that the Shiji gives to each of the twenty-four great chiefs of the Xiongnu.
  • 禿髮 Çince Tufa Soylar The form of the Chinese records.
  • 科羅 Çince Issik Khan Kişiler Keluo, the personal name; also written Kulo.
  • 秺侯 Çince Jin Midi Kişiler Marquis of Du, his title of enfeoffment; the posthumous name 敬侯, Marquis Jing, was added at his burial.
  • 移地健 Çince Bögü Khan Kişiler Yidijian, the personal name in Chinese transcription.
  • 移涅可汗 Çince Inel Khan Kişiler Yinie Kehan, the name under which Kapgan's son leads the attack on Beiting in 714; taken as the same man and as the Chinese form of Inel.
  • 稷米 Çince Millet Yeme içme Millet grain; demanded from the Han by the Xiongnu chanyu Hulugu.
  • 稼穡 Çince Uyghur Farming Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jiase, sowing and reaping; the word of the Tang edict of 842 on the ox.
  • 稽粥 Çince Laoshang Chanyu Kişiler Jiyu, his personal name in the Shiji: 'Modu died, his son Jiyu was set up, styled Laoshang Chanyu'.
  • 穀稼不孰 Çince Xiongnu Agriculture Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The grain crops did not ripen; the Han Shu's remark on the year after the killing of Li Guangli.
  • 穀麥再熟 Çince Farming and Taxes in Gaochang Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Gu mai zai shu, grain and wheat ripen twice; the formula of the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu and the Jiu Tang Shu for the harvest of Gaochang.
  • 穄 Çince Millet Yeme içme Millet; the crop of the Wuhuan in the Hou Han Shu and of the Kirghiz in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 突利 Çince Tölis and Tardush Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tuli, the title of khans whom the Chinese histories place in the east; its equation with Tölis is a modern proposal.
  • 突利可汗 Çince Töles Khan Kişiler Tuli Khan, the title Ilig gave him in 620. The same characters render the title his grandfather Yami held under Tulan.
  • 突利可汗 Çince Yami Khan Kişiler Tuli Khan, his title as a lesser khan in the north under Tulan; not to be confused with his grandson Töles, Shibi's son.
  • 突厥 Çince First Göktürk Khaganate Devletler Tujue, the Chinese name of the people and, by extension, of the state.
  • 突厥 Çince Göktürks Halklar
  • 突厥 Çince Nadulu Shad Kişiler Tujue, Türk, the name under which the people of the mountain raised him as lord (號為突厥).
  • 突厥 Çince Second Göktürk Khaganate Devletler Tujue; the Tang histories do not distinguish the restored state from the old one by name.
  • 突厥伎 Çince Turkic Songs at the Tang Court Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The Göktürk troupe among the further performers of the Sui court at the beginning of the Kaihuang era (Sui Shu 15).
  • 突厥歌 Çince Turkic Songs at the Tang Court Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Göktürk songs, which Wu Yanxiu sang in the house of the princess Anle (Jiu Tang Shu 183).
  • 突騎施 Çince Türgesh Halklar Tuqishi; Golden writes Tu-ch'i-shih.
  • 突騎施 Çince Türgesh Khaganate Devletler The Chinese transcription of the tribal name, as the Tang histories give it.
  • 窟合真 Çince Kuhanzhen Kişiler Kuhezhen, in the Bei Shi.
  • 窟含真 Çince Kuhanzhen Kişiler Kuhanzhen, in the Sui Shu's chapter on the Göktürks.
  • 窟結谷 Çince Kujie Valley Yerler Kujie gu, the Kujie valley, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 窟舍真 Çince Kuhanzhen Kişiler Kushezhen, in the Tongdian.
  • 竇憲 Çince Dou Xian Kişiler Dou Hsien in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 立石建標 Çince Burial and the balbal Dinler A stone set up and a marker raised at the grave, in the Zhou Shu's account.
  • 筒瓦 Çince Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tongwa, barrel tile. It covers the joint between the pan tiles.
  • 答摩支 Çince Damozhi Kişiler Damozhi, in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, with the title 達官 daguan.
  • 答靡支 Çince Damozhi Kişiler Damizhi, the spelling given in one modern study of the passage.
  • 粟 Çince Millet Yeme içme Millet; the grain the Northern Wei gave the Rouran khan Anagui in 521 and 522.
  • 粟特 Çince Sogdiana Yerler Sute; the Wei Shu places it west of the Pamirs and identifies it with the old Yancai.
  • 粟特 Çince Sogdians Halklar Sute, the Chinese name of the country and its people; the Wei Shu equates it with the old Yancai.
  • 精金良鐵 Çince Chinese Bans on the Export of Iron Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jingjin liangtie, fine metal and good iron, Cai Yong's words for what the Xianbei held in 177.
  • 精鐵 Çince Iron of the Bayegu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jingtie, fine iron, the Xin Tang Shu's word for the iron of the Bayegu.
  • 糱酒 Çince Millet Beer Yeme içme Malt liquor; demanded from the Han by the Xiongnu chanyu Hulugu.
  • 紇支可汗 Çince Hezhi Khan Kişiler Hezhi kehan, in the edict of 583 as the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi quote it.
  • 納聘 Çince Bride-Price in Livestock Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Napin, to deliver the betrothal gift; the Jiu Tang Shu's word for the Uyghur horses of 788.
  • 納都六設 Çince Nadulu Shad Kişiler Nadulu Shad in the Bei Shi, written with 納; the Bei Shi then shortens it to 都六, Dulu.
  • 素葉城 Çince Xuanzang's visit to Tong Yabgu Muharebeler ve olaylar Suye cheng, the town by which the pilgrim met the khan; Suyab.
  • 素葉水城 Çince Suyab Yerler The city of the Suye river, in the Tang description of the western regions that draws on Xuanzang, as Chavannes translates it; the chapter on the western Göktürks writes 碎葉.
  • 索國 Çince Suo Devletler Suo guo, the state of Suo, in the second of the Zhou Shu's origin stories.
  • 索葛吐屯 Çince Suoge Tudun Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Suoge tutun; suoge is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for hair.
  • 索虜 Çince Suo Devletler Suo lu, 'the Suo barbarians', the name by which the Tuoba were called; the commentary that identifies Suo with the old Xianbei homeland rests on it.
  • 索辮 Çince Göktürk Dress and Hair Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Suobian, plaited hair; the word of the emperor Yangdi's poem on his visit to Qimin Khan's camp in 607.
  • 紫河 Çince Zihe Garrison Yerler Zihe, the eastern end of the long wall of 607 in the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 紫河鎮 Çince Zihe Garrison Yerler Zihe zhen, the Zihe garrison, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 結骨 Çince The Khakas name debate Tartışmalar Jiegu. Another form the same chapter gives for the country.
  • 統葉護可汗 Çince Tong Yabgu Kişiler Tong yehu kehan, the title in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi Tongjian; Peter B. Golden writes Tung shê-hu and reconstructs the pronunciation.
  • 緣邊置市 Çince Border Markets Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Yuanbian zhi shi, to set up markets along the frontier; the Göktürk request to the Sui of 588.
  • 縛喝 Çince Balkh Yerler
  • 繒絮 Çince Silk in the Steppe Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Zengxu, silk and floss; what Bumin's people came to buy at the frontier before 545, in the words of the Zhou Shu.
  • 繞帳走馬七匝 Çince Riding Round the Dead Dinler They ride their horses seven times round the tent; the Göktürk funeral in the Zhou Shu.
  • 繩伎 Çince Kirghiz Entertainments Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Sheng ji, the skill on the rope.
  • 罽賓 Çince Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa Devletler Jibin, the name of the country in the Tang histories.
  • 羈縻州 Çince Loose-rein prefectures Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jimi zhou, the standard modern designation. The character pair means the halter and the tether of a draught animal.
  • 羊 Çince Sheep Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Yang, sheep; one of the three main animals of the Xiongnu in the Shiji, with horses and cattle.
  • 義成公主 Çince Princess Yicheng Kişiler
  • 羯 Çince Jie Halklar Jie, the form of the Chinese records; Chieh in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 羯霜那 Çince Kesh Yerler Jieshuangna; Xuanzang's form of the name.
  • 翁叔 Çince Jin Midi Kişiler Weng Shu, his courtesy name (字).
  • 老上單于 Çince Laoshang Chanyu Kişiler His title; Lao-shang in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 耕田之業 Çince Xiongnu Agriculture Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Gengtian zhi ye, the work of tilling fields; the Shiji says that the Xiongnu had no walled towns, no fixed dwelling and none of this.
  • 耶律阿保機 Çince Abaoji Kişiler Yelü Abaoji, as the Cefu Yuangui writes the name under the Later Tang. Yelü is the clan, Abaoji the personal name.
  • 聖女 Çince Diwan Kişiler The Holy Woman, the title Chounu gave her.
  • 聘禮 Çince Bride-Price in Livestock Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Pinli, betrothal gift; the Bei Shi's word for the thousand horses the Rouran khan sent for a princess.
  • 聞喜公 Çince Pei Ju Kişiler Duke of Wenxi, the title the Sui Shu's chapter on the Western Regions gives him; his biography has 聞喜縣公, duke of Wenxi county.
  • 肆葉護可汗 Çince Si Yabgu Khan Kişiler Si yehu kehan, the short title, in all the histories and in Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions.
  • 胡 Çince Hu Halklar
  • 胡 Çince Sogdians Halklar Hu, the Chinese word for western Iranian-speakers, which in the Türk and Tang period mostly means Sogdians; the Zhou Shu calls An Nuopantuo a hu of Jiuquan.
  • 胡 Çince The Sogdian language Diller Hu, the Chinese word for the western foreigner. The Zhou Shu's comparison — the Göktürk writing resembles that of the Hu — is understood as a comparison with Sogdian.
  • 胡、越一家 Çince Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) Muharebeler ve olaylar Hu and Yue are one family; the words of the retired emperor Gaozu at the feast.
  • 胡巫 Çince Shamanism Dinler Hu wu, the ritual specialist of the Xiongnu court in the Han Shu.
  • 自刎以殉 Çince Following in Death Dinler Cut his own throat to follow him in death; of Hunye in 634.
  • 舁之以氈 Çince Raising on the Felt Dinler The Tongdian's wording, with 舁 for 輿.
  • 舊唐書 Çince Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) Kaynaklar Jiu Tangshu; Golden writes Chiu T'ang-shu.
  • 舞蹈 Çince The Uyghur Demand for the Prince's Dance (762) Muharebeler ve olaylar The dance of homage the khan demanded; the Xin Tang Shu writes 蹈舞, the Zizhi tongjian 拜舞, bowing and dancing.
  • 英武威遠毗伽可汗 Çince Bayanchur Khan Kişiler Yingwu Weiyuan Bilge Khan, the title conferred by the Tang in 758, when Princess Ningguo was sent to him.
  • 英武誠明可汗 Çince Tang investiture of the Kirghiz (847) Muharebeler ve olaylar Yingwu Chengming Khan, the title of 847.
  • 英賀弗 Çince Yinghefu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Yinghefu, the second name the Tongdian gives for the brave and strong.
  • 茂師哀 Çince The New Year on the Steppe Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Maoshi'ai, the Kirghiz name for the beginning of the year in the Xin Tang Shu; three ai make one season.
  • 茶 Çince Tea among the Uyghurs Yeme içme Tea. Feng Yan adds that the leaf picked early is called 茶 and the leaf picked late 茗.
  • 茹茹 Çince Rouran Halklar The form of the Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu.
  • 茹茹公主墓 Çince Tomb of Princess Linhe Kaynaklar Tomb of the Ruru princess, the name under which the excavation report was published.
  • 莎車 Çince Yarkand Yerler Suoju; the name of the state in the Han Shu.
  • 莫何 Çince Baga Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Mohe, in the title of Ishbara and in that of the Tiele khan Qibi Geleng.
  • 莫何可汗 Çince Bagha Khan Kişiler Mohe kehan, Baga Khan, the title under which the Zizhi Tongjian has him reign from 587; the Sui Shu calls him 葉護可汗, Yehu Khan.
  • 莫賀 Çince Baga Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Mohe with a different second character, the spelling of the Tang histories, as in Nishu Mohe Shad.
  • 莫賀咄 Çince Baghatur Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Moheduo, in the title Moheduo Shad that Ilig held before his accession, and in the name of the western khan Moheduo Hou Quli Sibi.
  • 莫賀咄 Çince Baghatur Khan Kişiler Moheduo, the name under which the Xin Tang Shu tells the murder; 莫賀咄可汗, Moheduo Khan, in the Jiu Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 莫賀咄侯屈利俟毗可汗 Çince Baghatur Khan Kişiler Moheduo Hou Quli Sibi kehan, his title as khan in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian; the Cefu yuangui writes 莫賀咄侯突屈利俟毘可汗.
  • 莫賀咄設 Çince Ilig Khan Kişiler Moheduo Shad, his title before his accession, with a camp north of Wuyuan.
  • 莫賀設 Çince Bagha Shad Kişiler Mohe she, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the title his son Nishu also bore.
  • 菴羅辰 Çince Anluochen Kişiler The Zhou Shu's form; the Bei Shi and the Bei Qi Shu write 庵羅辰. The lemma follows the Zhou Shu's reading Anluochen; the file name keeps the earlier spelling.
  • 菴邏 Çince Amrak Kişiler Anluo, the personal name in the Chinese histories; Peter B. Golden writes An-lo.
  • 葉護 Çince Yabgu Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Yehu, the first of the great offices in the Zhou Shu's list.
  • 葉護可汗 Çince Tong Yabgu Kişiler Yehu kehan, Yabgu Khan: the name in Huili's biography of Xuanzang and in the lists of embassies of the Cefu yuangui.
  • 葛勒可汗 Çince Bayanchur Khan Kişiler Gele Khan.
  • 葛邏祿 Çince Karluk Halklar Geluolu
  • 葬則歌舞相送 Çince Wuhuan Funeral Songs Gelenekler ve eğlenceler At the burial they see the dead off with song and dance; the earlier Wei history quoted by Pei Songzhi. The Hou Han Shu has 至葬則歌舞相送.
  • 蒙恬 Çince Meng Tian Kişiler Meng T'ien in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 蒲桃酒 Çince Grape Wine in Central Asia Yeme içme The spelling of the Zhou Shu for the wine of Yanqi; the Cefu yuangui writes the vine 蒲桃.
  • 蒲萄酒 Çince Grape Wine in Central Asia Yeme içme The spelling of the Jiu Tang Shu for the wine of Gaochang and Kucha; the Shiji uses 蒲萄 for the vine in the same chapter as 蒲陶.
  • 蒲陶酒 Çince Grape Wine in Central Asia Yeme içme Wine of the vine; the form of the Shiji for the wine of Dayuan and Anxi, and of the Sui Shu for that of Gaochang and Kang.
  • 蔡國公 Çince Pei Ju Kişiler Duke of Cai, the title that Yuwen Huaji gave him in 618.
  • 蔭奈特勒 Çince Yinnai Tegin Kişiler The spelling of the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 蔭柰特勤 Çince Yinnai Tegin Kişiler The spelling of the Tongdian.
  • 薄布特勒 Çince Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Kişiler Bobu Tegin, his name in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 薛延陀 Çince Xueyantuo Khaganate (Syr Tardush) Devletler Xueyantuo, the Chinese form; the usual analysis takes it to be two names, Xue and Yantuo, joined.
  • 薩保 Çince Sabao Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Sabao, the Chinese transcription of the title. The literature writes sabo for the Turfan documents of 549 to 550 and safu for the Northern Qi lists.
  • 藥羅葛 Çince Yaglakar Soylar Yaoluoge, the form of the Tang histories.
  • 藹苦蓋可汗 Çince Hulü Khan Kişiler Aikugai Khan, his title, glossed 'of fine appearance and disposition'; part of the literature uses Aikugai as his name.
  • 蘇定方 Çince Su Dingfang Kişiler
  • 蘇尼失 Çince Suni Shi Kişiler Suni Shi in the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian, the Tang Huiyao and the Cefu yuangui; Ashina Suni Shi, 阿史那蘇尼失, in the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 蘇武 Çince Su Wu Kişiler Su Wu, as the Han Shu writes the name.
  • 蘇祗婆 Çince Music of Empress Ashina (568) Muharebeler ve olaylar Suzhipo, the lute player from Kucha who came with the Göktürk empress (從突厥皇后入國); usually given as Sujiva.
  • 蘇祿 Çince Sulu Khan Kişiler
  • 蘢城 Çince The Three Xiongnu Assemblies Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Longcheng, the place of the great assembly of the fifth month, in the spelling of the Shiji.
  • 處可汗 Çince Tuhezhen Khan Kişiler Chu Khan, his title, glossed 'only' or 'sole'. The gloss may instead mean 'yes', with the first element a Mongolic or Tungusic word of assent.
  • 處折水 Çince Chuzhe River Yerler Chuzhe shui, the Chuzhe water, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 處木昆 Çince Chumukun Halklar
  • 處羅侯 Çince Bagha Khan Kişiler Chuluohou, the personal name in the Chinese histories; the name Bagha comes from his title.
  • 處羅可汗 Çince Chula Khan Kişiler Chuluo Khan, the Chinese form; the lemma follows the Turkic reading Çula.
  • 處羅可汗 Çince Heshana Khan Kişiler Chuluo kehan; Ho-sa-na and Ch'u-lo are given as one ruler. Not to be confused with the eastern Chula Khan of 619 to 620.
  • 虛連題 Çince Luandi Soylar The Hou Han Shu's form, Xuliandi: 單于姓虛連題. Two centuries later, and not the same characters.
  • 虛閭權渠單于 Çince Xulüquanqu Chanyu Kişiler Hsü-lü-ch'üan-ch'ü in the Wade-Giles literature. No personal name and no Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 虞弘 Çince Tomb of Yu Hong Kaynaklar Yu Hong, the name as the Chinese epitaph gives it.
  • 虞慶則 Çince Embassy of Yu Qingze (584) Muharebeler ve olaylar Yu Qingze, the envoy.
  • 蠕蠕 Çince Rouran Halklar 'Wriggling', the graph the emperor Taiwu substituted to demean them; the Wei Shu writes its whole chapter under it.
  • 衛律 Çince Wei Lü Kişiler Wei Lü, as Han Shu 94A writes the name.
  • 衛青 Çince Wei Qing Kişiler Wei Qing; his style was 仲卿, Zhongqing. He took the surname Wei from his mother's family.
  • 衞律 Çince Wei Lü Kişiler The variant form of the surname in Han Shu 54. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 袒乘出闌 Çince The Gaoche Wedding Gelenekler ve eğlenceler They ride out of the pen bareback; the taking of the horses.
  • 被髮左衽 Çince Göktürk Dress and Hair Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Beifa zuoren: the hair hanging down, the robe fastened on the left; the Zhou Shu's first words on Göktürk custom.
  • 裴矩 Çince Pei Ju Kişiler Pei Ju, as the Sui Shu writes the name; P'ei Kü in the older Western literature.
  • 裴行儉 Çince Pei Xingjian Kişiler
  • 褥但可汗 Çince Rudan Khan Kişiler Rudan kehan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 褥但特勤 Çince Rudan Tegin Kişiler Rudan Tegin, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 特勤 is the title tegin.
  • 西伊州 Çince Submission of Yiwu (630) Muharebeler ve olaylar West Yi prefecture, the name of the new Tang prefecture in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 西受降城互市 Çince Horse Market at the Western Shouxiang City (727) Muharebeler ve olaylar Xi shouxiang cheng hushi, mutual market at the Western City of Receiving Surrender; the words of the Tang Huiyao, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 西域 Çince Tarim Basin Yerler Xiyu, the Western Regions: the Chinese term for the basin and the lands beyond it, under which the Tang histories describe it.
  • 西州 Çince Gaochang Yerler Xizhou, the Tang prefecture from 640; the Xin Tang Shu measures Helu's seat from it.
  • 西殺 Çince Right Shad (d. 741) Kişiler Western Shad, the same office as the history names it at his death and in the list of his family.
  • 西海 Çince Xihai Yerler Xihai, the Western Sea, in the Zhou Shu's description of Mukan's realm; the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian use the same name in the origin legend.
  • 西突厥 Çince Western Göktürk Khaganate Devletler Xi Tujue, the Western Türk of the Chinese histories.
  • 西面可汗 Çince The Western and Southern Khans Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Ximian kehan, the Western Khan, of Tardush in the Sui Shu.
  • 西面突厥泥利可汗 Çince Niri Khan Kişiler Niri Khan of the western Göktürks, in the Sui Shu's account of the princess Dayi; the Bei Shi writes 西突厥泥利可汗.
  • 西魏 Çince Western Wei Devletler Western Wei. The Bei Qi Shu uses the name for the court at Chang'an in its annals of 554 and 556, and the Bei Shi speaks of the Eastern and Western Wei competing for the Rouran khan.
  • 角弓 Çince Bone and Horn Working Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jiaogong, horn bow. The Sui Shu lists it first among the arms of the Göktürks.
  • 角弓 Çince Göktürk Weapons Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jiaogong, horn bow; the Sui Shu's word for the Göktürk bow.
  • 角端弓 Çince Bone and Horn Working Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jiaoduan gong, horn-tip bow. The Hou Han Shu names it among the goods of the Xianbei country.
  • 訥都六設 Çince Nadulu Shad Kişiler Nadulu Shad in the Zhou Shu and the Tongdian; the Zhou Shu then calls him 訥都六, Nadulu, and the Tongdian 都六, Dulu.
  • 訥都陸 Çince Nadulu Shad Kişiler Nadulu, written with 陸, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürks, as the grandfather of Tuwu.
  • 設 Çince Shad Kurumlar ve Unvanlar She, second in the Zhou Shu's list of the great offices, after the yabgu.
  • 註吾合素 Çince Zhu-wu Alp Sol Kişiler Zhuwu Hesu in Pinyin, the form the characters have in the Xin Tang Shu. The text glosses the name: Zhuwu is a barbarian family name, he means fierce and su means left.
  • 詔從其俗 Çince Levirate Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The Sui emperor's decree that their custom be followed, when Shibi Khan asked to marry Princess Yicheng.
  • 詹師廬 Çince Er Chanyu Kişiler Zhanshilu, his name in the Han Shu. The commentary of Xu Guang (fourth to fifth century) on the Shiji notes that 烏 is written 詹 in one text. Chan-shih-lu in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 請獵於恒、代之間 Çince Ishbara's Hunt (587) Muharebeler ve olaylar He asked leave to hunt between Heng and Dai; the request of the Sui Shu.
  • 諸長小會單于庭 Çince The Three Xiongnu Assemblies Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The chiefs hold a small assembly at the chanyu's court; the gathering of the first month.
  • 護于 Çince Worthy Kings of the Left and Right Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Huyu, the name Wuzhuliu Chanyu gave to the office of the Left Worthy King.
  • 豆代可汗 Çince Shelun Khan Kişiler The Bei Shi writes the title Doudai Khan; the gloss is the same as for Qiudoufa.
  • 豆崘 Çince Tulun Khan Kişiler Doulun, the Chinese transcription; Golden writes Tou-lun. Tulun is the Turkic form adopted by convention.
  • 豆羅伏跋豆伐可汗 Çince Chounu Khan Kişiler Douluofubadoufa Khan, his title, glossed 'manifesting control'.
  • 豳州 Çince The Standoff at Binzhou (624) Muharebeler ve olaylar Binzhou, the prefecture where Li Shimin's army halted.
  • 貂 Çince Furs and Musk among the Turkic Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Diao, sable or marten; the skins that the Tiele tribes were to pay as a yearly tax in 647.
  • 貪汗可汗 Çince Tanhan Khan Kişiler Tanhan kehan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 貪汗山 Çince Tanhan Mountain Yerler Tanhan shan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian. In the Gaochang notice of the Sui Shu the received text wrote 污 for 汗, which its editors corrected.
  • 貳師將軍 Çince Li Guangli Kişiler Ershi General. The title names Ershi, the city in Dayuan where the fine horses were said to be kept.
  • 貴霜 Çince Kushan Empire Devletler Guishuang, the name of one of the five xihou of the Yuezhi in the Han Shu, and the name of the realm in the Hou Han Shu; the form that modern writing renders Kushan.
  • 賀正表 Çince The New Year on the Steppe Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Memorial of Congratulation on the New Year, the title under which the Quan Tang wen, juan 999, keeps the letter of 741.
  • 賀蘭蘇尼闕 Çince Helan Suni Que Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Helan suni que; helan is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for horse, suni the officer who commanded troops.
  • 賜射于武安殿 Çince The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) Muharebeler ve olaylar The emperor bestowed a shooting contest in the Wu'an Hall; the words of the Sui Shu biography of Zhangsun Sheng.
  • 賤老貴壯 Çince Honour of Death in Battle Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jian lao gui zhuang: they think little of the old and value men in their prime.
  • 賴山 Çince Mount Mulai Yerler Lai Shan, the form of the Bei Shi, without the first character.
  • 赤山 Çince Wuhuan Funeral Songs Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Chishan, the Red Mountain, several thousand li north-west of Liaodong, to which the spirit of the dead returned.
  • 赤漆 Çince Lacquerware Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Chi qi, red lacquer, and 黑漆 hei qi, black lacquer, the two colours of the gift lists.
  • 走馬及駱駝為樂 Çince Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices Gelenekler ve eğlenceler They ran horses and camels for pleasure; the sentence of the Hou Han Shu on the sacrifices.
  • 走馬殺牲 Çince Horse Sacrifice Dinler They raced horses and killed victims; the Wei Shu on the great sacrifice of the Gaoche.
  • 趙信城 Çince Zhao Xin City Yerler Zhao Xin cheng; the town at Mount Tianyan in the Shiji, the Han Shu and the notices of 119 BC.
  • 趙蕃 Çince Zhao Fan Kişiler Zhao Fan. The Xin Tang Shu gives him the title 太仆卿, minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud.
  • 跋斯處折施山 Çince Mount Jiansi Chuzheshi Yerler Basi Chuzheshi shan in the Bei Shi; the editors of the Zhou Shu note the same reading in the Cefu Yuangui, which takes the passage from the Bei Shi.
  • 跋祿迦 Çince Aksu Yerler Baluka; Xuanzang's name for the state, with the remark that the old name was Gumo. The Xin Tang Shu adds the form 亟墨.
  • 踏鞠 Çince Göktürk Games Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Taju, kicking the ball; the women's game.
  • 踐斯處折施山 Çince Mount Jiansi Chuzheshi Yerler Jiansi Chuzheshi shan in the Zhou Shu.
  • 蹛林 Çince The Three Xiongnu Assemblies Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Dailin, the place of the autumn assembly. The commentators on the Shiji read it as a place name or as a rite of going round the trees of a wood.
  • 身衣裘褐 Çince Göktürk Dress and Hair Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Shen yi qiu he: they dress in furs and coarse wool.
  • 車騎將軍 Çince Wei Qing Kişiler General of Chariots and Cavalry, the command he held from 129 BC.
  • 車鼻 Çince Chebi Khan Kişiler Chebi; the personal name is known only in Chinese transcription. No Turkic form is attested.
  • 軍臣 Çince Junchen Chanyu Kişiler Chün-ch'en in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 軻比能 Çince Kebineng Kişiler Kebineng, the form of the Chinese records; K'o-pi-neng in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 輪臺 Çince Luntai Yerler Luntai; the form in the Zhou Shu and in the Xin Tang Shu. The Han Shu writes 輪台.
  • 輿之以氈 Çince Raising on the Felt Dinler They carried him on a felt; the Zhou Shu's words for the first act of the rite.
  • 農器、種子 Çince Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) Muharebeler ve olaylar Nongqi, zhongzi: farm tools and seed, the words of the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian for what Kapgan asked.
  • 迦沙 Çince Kirghiz Iron and Gold Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Qiasha, the name that both Tang texts give for the iron of the Kirghiz. Neither text says in which language the name was spoken.
  • 迦畢試 Çince Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa Devletler Jiapishi, Xuanzang's transcription of Kapisa.
  • 通典 Çince Tongdian Kaynaklar The title as the text gives it.
  • 遏羅支 Çince Boma Halklar Eluozhi, a third name in the Xin Tangshu.
  • 達奚武 Çince Daxi Wu Kişiler
  • 達官 Çince Daguan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Daguan, literally 'high official', in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, the Tongdian and the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 達干 Çince Tarkhan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Dagan, in the compound Apa Tarkan that the Tang history gives to Tonyukuk.
  • 達度闕 Çince Que Dadu Shad Kişiler Dadu Que, in the chapter on the Göktürks in the Sui Shu; the Bei Shi has 達度闕設.
  • 達頭 Çince Tölis and Tardush Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Datou, the title of Tardush, formerly the Western Khan; it may be a spelling of Tarduš.
  • 達頭可汗 Çince Tardush Kişiler Datou kehan, the title in the Chinese histories; Ta-t'ou in Wade-Giles.
  • 遷善可汗, 立功報國可汗 Çince Kapgan Khan Kişiler Titles conferred by Empress Wu in 694 and 696; Chinese honorifics, not Göktürk names.
  • 選善射者十二人，分為兩朋 Çince The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) Muharebeler ve olaylar Twelve good archers were chosen and divided into two sides.
  • 遺可汗 Çince Yi Khan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Yi kehan; yi is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for house.
  • 遼海 Çince Liaohai Yerler Liaohai, the Liao sea, in the Zhou Shu's description of Mukan's realm; the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian have the same form.
  • 那蓋 Çince Nagai Khan Kişiler Golden writes Na-kai.
  • 郁久閭 Çince Yujiulü Soylar Glossed in the Wei Shu as a near-homophone of Mugulü, 'bald head', the name of the eponymous ancestor.
  • 郁射設 Çince Yushe Shad Kişiler Yushe Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad. The second character can also be read ye or yi.
  • 郅支骨都侯單于 Çince Zhizhi Chanyu Kişiler Zhizhi Gudu Marquis Chanyu, the full form at his proclamation; Chih-chih in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 都六 Çince Duliu Kişiler Duliu, in Pei Ju's words in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 都播 Çince Dubo Halklar Dubo, the form of the Xin Tangshu and the Tang annals.
  • 都斤山 Çince Ötüken Yerler Dujin shan, the mountain at which the Zhou Shu places the khan's habitual seat. Identified with Ötüken in the standard literature; the passage has been checked at the text.
  • 都波 Çince Dubo Halklar The form of the Sui Shu and the Tongdian; the Xin Tangshu gives it as a second writing.
  • 都督 Çince Tutuk Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Dudu, the Tang title of the commander of a command (dudufu). The Göktürk word is taken from it.
  • 都督府 Çince Loose-rein prefectures Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Dudufu, the commandery-level unit; its holder is a 都督, commander.
  • 都藍可汗 Çince Tulan Khan Kişiler Dulan kehan, the title in the Chinese histories; one romanisation writes Tu-lan, and the reign is given as 587 to 603 by implication.
  • 都護府 Çince Loose-rein prefectures Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Duhufu, protectorate; the higher tier set up over the Göktürks in 650.
  • 都速六 Çince Dusuliu Kişiler Dusuliu, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 鄔落 Çince Post and Communication Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Wuluo. The biography of Xuanzang writes the post horses of the Göktürk lords with these characters.
  • 鄧叔子 Çince Dengzhu Kişiler Dengshuzi, the form of the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi; the lemma keeps the shorter form.
  • 鄯善 Çince Shanshan Devletler Shanshan, the name the Han Shu gives the kingdom after the renaming.
  • 鄰和公主 Çince Princess Linhe Kişiler Princess Linhe, the title under which Anagui offered her.
  • 酒泉 Çince Jiuquan Yerler Jiuquan, in the Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu; as a Han commandery, 酒泉郡, in the Shiji and the Han Shu.
  • 酒泉 Çince The Siege of Jiuquan (578) Muharebeler ve olaylar Jiuquan, the besieged town.
  • 醜奴 Çince Chounu Khan Kişiler Golden writes Ch'ou-nu.
  • 醢落尸逐鞮單于 Çince Bi Chanyu Kişiler Hailuo Shizhudi Chanyu, the style under which the chapter on the Southern Xiongnu introduces him.
  • 重兵死而耻病終 Çince Honour of Death in Battle Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Zhong bing si er chi bing zhong: they value death by arms and are ashamed to end by illness.
  • 金、鐵、錫 Çince Kirghiz Iron and Gold Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jin, tie, xi: gold, iron and tin, the three metals the Xin Tang Shu lists for the country of the Kirghiz.
  • 金山 Çince Altai Yerler Jinshan, the Golden Mountain. The name the Chinese histories use throughout for the Altai.
  • 金日磾 Çince Jin Midi Kişiler Jin Midi. Jin 金, 'gold', is the surname the Han gave him, the Han Shu says because the Xiutu king made a golden image for the sacrifice to Heaven.
  • 金河 Çince Jin River Yerler Jinhe, the Jin river; also the name of a town built for Qimin in 600 and of a Tang army road in 629.
  • 金狼頭 Çince Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Dinler Jin lang tou, the golden wolf's head set on the standards.
  • 金銀器皿 Çince Gold and Silver Vessels as Tang Gifts to the Uyghurs Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jinyin qimin, gold and silver vessels, the Jiu Tang Shu's words for the gifts of 757 and 758.
  • 金鏃箭 Çince Tally Sticks and the Golden Arrow Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jin zu jian, an arrow with a head of jin; the character is the one the same passage uses for the golden wolf's head on the banners.
  • 銀器 Çince Gold and Silver Vessels as Tang Gifts to the Uyghurs Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Yinqi, silver vessels, the gift of 813.
  • 鍛奴 Çince Göktürk Ironworking Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Duannu, smith slave; Anagui's word for Bumin in 546.
  • 鐵勒 Çince Tiele Halklar Tiele, the usual form in the Sui and Tang histories.
  • 鐵山 Çince Iron Mountain Yerler Tieshan, the Iron Mountain, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 鐵工 Çince Göktürk Ironworking Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tiegong, ironworkers; what the Ashina were for the Rouran on the southern slope of the Golden Mountain.
  • 鐵數萬斤 Çince Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) Muharebeler ve olaylar Tie shu wan jin, iron to the number of ten thousand jin, the Xin Tang Shu's addition to the list of the request.
  • 長安 Çince Chang'an Yerler
  • 長平侯 Çince Wei Qing Kişiler Marquis of Changping, the fief given to him after the campaign of 127 BC.
  • 長樂公主 Çince Princess Changle Kişiler
  • 閭叱地連 Çince Princess Linhe Kişiler Lü Chidilian, her name in the epitaph of her tomb, as the excavation report is cited.
  • 閻洪達 Çince Yanhongda Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Yanhongda, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 閼氏 Çince Women among the Turkic Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Yanzhi, the Xiongnu title of the chanyu's consort.
  • 闐顏山 Çince Zhao Xin City Yerler Mount Tianyan, the form in the Shiji chapter on the Xiongnu. The chapter on Wei Qing and the Han Shu write the first character 窴.
  • 闕可汗 Çince Que Dadu Shad Kişiler Que kehan, the Que Khan, the title he took at the end of the Sui; 闕達可汗 in the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian.
  • 闕特勒 Çince Kül Tegin Kişiler Que Tele, the Tang form; the second element renders tegin. The Chinese face of his monument is said to write 闕特勤.
  • 闕特勤 Çince Kül Tegin inscription Kaynaklar Chinese form on the monument's own Chinese face.
  • 闕達度設 Çince Que Dadu Shad Kişiler Que Dadu she, in the biography of Pei Ju in the Sui Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 闕達設 Çince Que Dadu Shad Kişiler Que Da she, in the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian; the Zizhi tongjian once writes 闕度設.
  • 阿伏至羅 Çince Afuzhiluo Kişiler Golden writes A-fu-chih-lo.
  • 阿勿思力俟斤 Çince Awusili Irkin Kişiler Awusili sijin, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 俟斤 is the title irkin.
  • 阿史德 Çince Ashide Soylar The Chinese form of the clan name; the first two characters are those of Ashina.
  • 阿史德元珍 Çince Ashide Yuanzhen Kişiler Ashide Yuanzhen: the clan name Ashide and a Chinese personal name. No Turkic name is recorded.
  • 阿史德元珍 Çince Tonyukuk Kişiler Ashide Yuanzhen, the Chinese-trained Göktürk who joined Ilterish in 682; the identification with Tonyukuk is that of Friedrich Hirth and is not secure.
  • 阿史德烏沒啜 Çince Ashide Wumo Chur Kişiler Ashide Wumochuo, with the rank 俟斤 irkin, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 阿史那 Çince Ashina Soylar The Chinese form of the name.
  • 阿史那以五百家奔茹茹 Çince The Flight of the Ashina (439) Muharebeler ve olaylar The Sui Shu's sentence: the Ashina fled with five hundred families to the Rouran.
  • 阿史那伏念 Çince Ashina Funian Kişiler Ashina Funian; known only in Chinese transcription. No Turkic form is attested.
  • 阿史那思摩 Çince Ashina Simo Kişiler Ashina Simo; the personal name is known only in Chinese transcription. No Turkic form is attested.
  • 阿史那摸末 Çince Yushe Shad Kişiler Ashina Momo, the name of a Yushe Shad in the biography of Liu Lan in the Jiu Tang Shu; whether he is Chula's son, the biography does not say.
  • 阿史那賀魯 Çince Ashina Helu Kişiler Ashina Helu; Chavannes writes Ho-lou, Golden A-shih-na Ho-lu. No Turkic form of the name is attested.
  • 阿布思 Çince Abusi Halklar The form of the Tang Huiyao and of the Jiu Tangshu.
  • 阿播 Çince Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) Kişiler Abo, in the Xin Tang Shu; the Jiu Tang Shu writes the same two characters.
  • 阿播 Çince Kirghiz campaign against the Shiwei (848) Muharebeler ve olaylar Abo, the Tang writing of the name of the Kirghiz minister, read Apa.
  • 阿波可汗 Çince Töremen Apa Kişiler Apo kehan, Apa Khan, the title he was given in 581.
  • 阿波達干 Çince Apa Tarkan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar
  • 阿波達干 Çince Ashide Yuanzhen Kişiler Apa Tarkan, the title Ilterish gave him.
  • 阿濫謐 Çince Bukhara Yerler Alanmi, the city where the king of An sat in the Xin Tang Shu. It may be Arjāmēthan or Rāmēthan, a place of the oasis.
  • 阿熱 Çince Aco Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Are. The Xin Tang Shu gives it as the word the Kirghiz use for their lord, and as the clan name taken from it. No Turkic form is attested for it.
  • 阿熱 Çince Are Khan Kişiler Are. The Xin Tang Shu gives it as the word the Kirghiz use for their lord, and as the clan name taken from it. No personal name is given, and no Turkic form is attested.
  • 阿熱氏 Çince Are Soylar Are, the surname the Xin Tang Shu says the house took from the word for its lord.
  • 阿耆尼 Çince Karashahr Yerler Aqini, the form Xuanzang uses, with the remark that the old name was Yanqi.
  • 阿謗卻 Çince Abangbu Kişiler Abangque, the form of the Bei Shi in the sentence on the brothers' folly, where the Zhou Shu has 謗步.
  • 阿謗步 Çince Abangbu Kişiler Abangbu, chief of the tribe (部落大人), in the Zhou Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; the next sentence of the Zhou Shu shortens the name to 謗步, Bangbu.
  • 阿賢設 Çince Axian Shad Kişiler Axian Shad in the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 阿輔水 Çince Afu River Yerler Afu shui, the Afu water, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 阿那瓌 Çince Anagui Kişiler The Chinese form of the name
  • 附鄰可汗 Çince Fulin Khan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Fulin kehan; fulin is the Tongdian's Göktürk name of the wolf.
  • 附離 Çince Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Dinler Fuli, the name of the khan's guard, which the Zhou Shu says also means wolf in Chinese.
  • 附離 Çince Böri (Guard) Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Fuli, the name of the guard in the Zhou Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 陘嶺 Çince Xing Ridge Yerler Xingling, the Xing ridge, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi; the biography of Yang Zhong speaks of the narrows of the Xing ridge, 陘嶺之隘.
  • 陜州事 Çince The Uyghur Demand for the Prince's Dance (762) Muharebeler ve olaylar The affair of Shanzhou, as the minister Li Pi called it before the emperor Dezong in 787.
  • 陰山 Çince Yinshan Yerler Yinshan, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 隋 Çince Sui Devletler
  • 隨日轉九回 Çince Raising on the Felt Dinler They turned him nine times, following the sun.
  • 雁門 Çince Yanmen Yerler Yanmen, the Wild Goose Gate: the commandery, its seat and the pass through the Gouzhu range.
  • 雕陶莫皋 Çince Fuzhulei Chanyu Kişiler Diaotaomogao, the name under which the Han Shu introduces him as the eldest son of the Great Yanzhi.
  • 雲中 Çince Yunzhong Yerler Yunzhong, the commandery of Zhao and of the Han in the Shiji and the Han Shu; in the Tang histories also the name of a command and a protectorate.
  • 雲中都督府 Çince Yunzhong Yerler The Yunzhong area command, set up in 630 as the right of the two commands over Ilig Khan's former land.
  • 雲中都護府 Çince Shanyu Protectorate Yerler Yunzhong duhufu, the Yunzhong protectorate; the name of the protectorate in the old town of Yunzhong before the renaming.
  • 雲中都護府 Çince Yunzhong Yerler The Yunzhong protectorate of 664 in the old town of Yunzhong, renamed 單于大都護府, the Shanyu Grand Protectorate.
  • 雲內 Çince Yunzhong Yerler Yunnei, in the Sui Shu's account of the emperor Yangdi's journey of 607, where the Bei Shi and the Tongdian write 雲中.
  • 霍去病 Çince Huo Qubing Kişiler Huo Qubing, nephew of Wei Qing.
  • 靈州 Çince Lingzhou Yerler Lingzhou, in the Sui Shu, both Tang histories and the Zizhi tongjian; the Lingzhou road, 靈州道, was one of the Sui routes against the Göktürks.
  • 靈武 Çince Lingzhou Yerler Lingwu; the Zizhi tongjian sends the prince of Jin out by the Lingwu road in 600, where the Sui Shu has him march out from Lingzhou, and the Jiu Tang Shu names the Lingwu army of the Tang.
  • 青門 Çince The Qingmen Executions (555) Muharebeler ve olaylar Qingmen, the gate outside which the Rouran were killed.
  • 鞅素特勒 Çince Yangsu Tegin Kişiler Yangsu tele, in the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui, with the Tang spelling of the title.
  • 鞅素特勤 Çince Yangsu Tegin Kişiler Yangsu teqin, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian.
  • 韋節 Çince Wei Jie Kişiler Wei Jie, as the Sui Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian write the name.
  • 音写 Japonca Chinese transcriptions of Turkic Diller Onsha, the Japanese term for writing a foreign word with characters chosen for sound.
  • 順天樓 Çince Capture of Ilig Khan (630) Muharebeler ve olaylar Shuntian tower, where Taizong received the captive khan, in the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 頓莫賀達干 Çince Tun Bagha Tarkan Kişiler Dun Mohe Dagan; the reading Tun Bagha Tarkan is the turkological form, and tarkan is a title, not part of the name.
  • 頡利可汗 Çince Ilig Khan Kişiler Xieli Khan, the Chinese form of the title; Ilig, 'the one who has a realm', is the Turkic form, the same title the Chinese give Bumin as Yili Khan.
  • 頡利發 Çince Ilteber Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Xielifa, the title Tong Yabgu gave to all the kings of the western states; Chavannes writes hie-li-fa. The equation with the Turkic word is itself disputed.
  • 頡跌 Çince Ediz Halklar The form of the Tang histories.
  • 頭曼 Çince Duman (Touman) Kişiler The form of the Shiji and the Han Shu; T'ou-man in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 食畜肉，飲其汁 Çince Steppe Diet Yeme içme 'They eat the meat of their herds and drink their juice'; the custom of the Xiongnu as Zhonghang Yue states it in the Shiji.
  • 食肉飲酪 Çince Steppe Diet Yeme içme 'They eat meat and drink soured milk'; the phrase of the Chinese histories for the Wuhuan, the Xianbei and the Göktürks.
  • 飲馬酪取醉，歌呼相對 Çince The Göktürk Feast Gelenekler ve eğlenceler They drink fermented mare's milk until they are drunk, and sing and shout to one another; the Sui Shu on Göktürk custom.
  • 餅餌 Çince Bread Yeme içme Cakes; among the Kirghiz served by the ruler alone, according to the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 饒樂水 Çince The Xianbei Spring Assembly Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The Raole river. The Tongdian gives Ruluohuan 如洛環 as another name and takes it for a corruption of Raole.
  • 香火之情 Çince The Göktürk Oath Kurumlar ve Unvanlar The bond of incense and fire, which Li Shimin recalled to Töles in 624.
  • 馬乳蒲桃 Çince Grape Wine in Central Asia Yeme içme The mare-nipple grape of Gaochang, from which the Tang court learned to make wine.
  • 馬伎 Çince Kirghiz Entertainments Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Ma ji, the skill on horseback.
  • 馬價絹 Çince Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Majia juan, silk for the price of horses; the term of the Jiu Tang Shu for the payments of 790 and of the 820s.
  • 馬射 Çince Mounted Archery Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Mashe, horse shooting; the Wei Shu names the terrace of 426 and the review of 439 with this word.
  • 馬邑 Çince Mayi Yerler Mayi, the town and the commandery around it, in the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Tang histories and, much earlier, the Shiji.
  • 馬邑川 Çince Mayi Yerler Mayi chuan, the Mayi river, on which the Northern Qi settled the Rouran ruler Anluochen in 553.
  • 馬酪 Çince Kumys Yeme içme Fermented mare's milk; the word of the Sui Shu for the drink of the Göktürks, of the Wei Shu for that of the Gaoche and of the Xin Tang Shu for that of the Kirghiz.
  • 馬鬣山 Çince Revolt of the Tiele (627) Muharebeler ve olaylar Mount Malie, where the Uyghur chief Pusa broke the Yukuk Shad, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 馳射 Çince Mounted Archery Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Chishe, shooting at the gallop; the Jiu Tang Shu says that Xuanzong had Göktürks do it in his guard.
  • 馺特勒 Çince Hesa Khan Kişiler Sa Tegin, the form of the title with tegin that the two Tang histories use before he is called khan.
  • 駁馬 Çince Boma Halklar Boma, 'piebald horses'. The Tongdian and the Cefu Yuangui write 駮馬.
  • 駝褐 Çince Camels Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Tuohe, camel-hair cloth; a gift of the Uyghur court in 821.
  • 騎射 Çince Mounted Archery Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Qishe, riding and shooting; the Sui Shu says of the Göktürks that they were good at it.
  • 騎木 Çince Wooden Horses Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Qimu, to ride wood; the Sui Shu on the northern Shiwei in the deep snow.
  • 驃騎將軍 Çince Huo Qubing Kişiler General of Swift Cavalry, his command from 121 BC. The Han Shu writes the title 票騎將軍.
  • 骨利幹 Çince Kurykan Halklar Gulikan. The Zizhi Tongjian writes 骨利干.
  • 骨力裴羅 Çince Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan Kişiler Guli Peiluo, the personal name in Chinese transcription.
  • 骨咄祿 Çince Ilterish Khan Kişiler Gudulu, the Tang form of his personal name, read as Turkic Kutluk, 'possessed of Kut'.
  • 骨咄祿毗伽闕懷仁可汗 Çince Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan Kişiler Kutlug Bilge Kül Huairen Khan, the title conferred by the Tang in 744; Huairen, cherishing benevolence, is the Chinese element.
  • 骨咄祿特勒 Çince Kutluk Tegin Kişiler Guduolu tegin in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 骨咄祿特勤 Çince Kutluk Tegin Kişiler The Tongdian's spelling of the title.
  • 骨崙屋骨 Çince Gulun Wugu Halklar The transcript writes 骨崙屋骨恐; whether the last character belongs to the name is not clear from the text.
  • 高侃 Çince Gao Kan Kişiler
  • 高句麗 Çince Goguryeo Devletler Gaogouli, in the Sui Shu; the shorter 高麗, Gaoli, is used in the same chapters.
  • 高帝 Çince Emperor Gaozu of Han Kişiler Gaodi: the form the Shiji uses in the account of Baideng.
  • 高手工 Çince Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Gaoshou gong, craftsmen of high skill. The Xin Tang Shu says that six of them were sent to paint.
  • 高昌 Çince Gaochang Yerler Gaochang, in the Sui Shu's origin legend and its account of Heshana's flight, and in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 高昌 Çince Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho Devletler The Chinese name of the Turfan region and its city.
  • 高歡 Çince Gao Huan Kişiler His personal name; the Bei Qi Shu names him Shenwu throughout.
  • 高皇帝 Çince Emperor Gaozu of Han Kişiler Gao Huangdi: the form of the Han Shu, and of Wudi's edict of 101 BC.
  • 高祖 Çince Emperor Gaozu of Han Kişiler Gaozu, 'High Ancestor': the temple name by which the Shiji calls him when it speaks of his reign.
  • 高車 Çince Gaoche Devletler "High carts", the name in the Wei Shu.
  • 高車 Çince Tiele Halklar Gaoche, 'high carts', the form of the Wei Shu; named from their wagons.
  • 高車 Çince Uyghurs Halklar Gaoche, the high carts; the name under which the ancestors of the Uyghurs appear as subjects of the Rouran. The equation is the standard one and is not a statement of the sources.
  • 高車 Çince Wagons of the Steppe Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Gaoche, high carts. The Chinese name of the Gaoche, who are the Tiele of the later histories.
  • 鬼神 Çince Animism Dinler Guishen, ghosts and spirits: the Chinese pair of categories under which the Sui Shu and the Shiji report the reverence of the Göktürks and the Xiongnu.
  • 鬼神 Çince Soul Words Dinler Guishen, spirits and demons; the Chinese original of the Old Uyghur phrase üzüt yäklär in the Sūtra of the Eight Brilliances.
  • 魏 Çince Western Wei Devletler Wei, as the Zhou Shu calls the state whose princess Bumin married and whose emperor died in 551.
  • 魏書 Çince Wei Shu Kaynaklar
  • 鮮卑 Çince Xianbei Halklar Xianbei. The Hou Han Shu derives the name from the Xianbei mountain, by which they settled.
  • 鳴鏑 Çince Göktürk Weapons Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Mingdi, the whistling arrow.
  • 鳴鏑 Çince Warfare of the Steppe Empires Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Mingdi, the whistling arrow; the Shiji names it in Modu's training of his riders and in the list of Göktürk weapons.
  • 鷹娑 Çince Yingsuo Yerler Yingsuo, written with 鷹 'hawk', the name of a valley and of a Tang area command in the Xin Tang Shu's account of the war against Ashina Helu. The equation with 應娑 is an interpretation.
  • 鹹海 Çince Issyk-Kul Yerler Xianhai, the Salt Sea, a third name in the Record.
  • 鹽泊 Çince Salt among the Turkic Peoples Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Yanbo, salt lake; the name of a Tang prefecture set up for a western Göktürk tribe.
  • 黃金胥紕 Çince Gold of the Xiongnu Court Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Huangjin xupi, the gold belt ornament of the Han emperor's gift in the Shiji. The Han Shu writes 犀毗, xibi.
  • 黃金飾具帶 Çince Gold of the Xiongnu Court Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Huangjin shi ju dai, a belt adorned with gold, in the same list.
  • 黃龍變 Çince Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Muharebeler ve olaylar Huanglong bian, the Transformation of the Yellow Dragon; the act in which a whale turned into a dragon.
  • 黑車子 Çince Heichezi Halklar Heichezi, literally 'black carts'. The Chinese text does not say why the people were so called.
  • 默啜 Çince Kapgan Khan Kişiler Mochuo, the Tang form; taken to render a Turkic title Bögü Čor.
  • 默棘連 Çince Bilge Khan Kişiler Mojilian, his personal name in the Tang history; the Turkic behind it is unknown.
  • 黠戛斯 Çince The Khakas name debate Tartışmalar Xiajiasi. The form of the Tang histories for the people of the upper Yenisei; the Xin Tang Shu says it arose from an earlier name and from the speech of the northern peoples.
  • 黠戛斯 Çince Yenisei Kirghiz Halklar Xiajiasi, the name in the Tang histories. The Xin Tang Shu also lists Jüwu, Jiegu, Hegu and Hegesi as other forms.
  • 黠戛斯 Çince Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Devletler Xiajiasi, the name of the Kirghiz in the Tang histories; the Xin Tangshu gives it as the Uyghur name of the people.
  • 鼓吹 Çince Drums and Banners for the Khans Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Drums and pipes, the band of drums and wind instruments; the word of the Sui Shu for the grants of 585, 587 and 607.
  • 鼓纛 Çince Drums and Banners for the Khans Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Drum and standard; the Tang histories for the investiture of khans.
  • 鼓角 Çince Drums and Banners for the Khans Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Drums and horns; the Wei Shu for the gift to Anagui in 521 and for the request of the Gaoche king Yifu.
  • 齊武成帝 Çince Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Kişiler
  • 齎尾舌以獻 Çince Ishbara's Hunt (587) Muharebeler ve olaylar He brought the tails and tongues and presented them.
  • 龍城 Çince The Three Xiongnu Assemblies Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Longcheng, Dragon City, in the spelling of the Han Shu.
  • 龍祠 Çince Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Longci, the dragon sacrifice; the chapter uses it for the sacrifices of the fifth month of AD 47 and of the ninth month of AD 88.
  • 龍祠 Çince The Three Xiongnu Assemblies Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The dragon sacrifice; the Hou Han Shu names the dragon sacrifice of the fifth month in its account of AD 47.
  • 龜茲 Çince Kucha Yerler Qiuci, the standard Chinese name of the kingdom.

Yunanca 119

Bizanslı tarihçiler ve elçiler

  • čaγri Türkçe Falconry Gelenekler ve eğlenceler The sacer falcon; the dictionary gives it also as a man's name, čaγri beg.
  • oγlāq ay Türkçe The New Year on the Steppe Gelenekler ve eğlenceler 'Month of the kid', the beginning of spring after Nayrūz, in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077.
  • Oγuz and Qifčāq İngilizce Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari Diller The spelling of the English translation of the Compendium.
  • saγïr Türkçe The Battue Gelenekler ve eğlenceler Battue-shooting, a hunt of kings with their subjects; printed sayir in the transliteration of the English translation.
  • soγdič Türkçe Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary Gelenekler ve eğlenceler A feast that circulates among the people in winter, in succession (Dankoff/Kelly I, 341).
  • tariγ Türkçe Millet Yeme içme In Kashgari the generic word for cereal crops; wheat for most of the Turks, millet for the Oguz.
  • Ἄβαροι Yunanca Avars Halklar The Greek form in the Byzantine historians.
  • Ἀέτιος Yunanca Aetius Kişiler Aetios in Priscus.
  • Ἀκάτιροι Yunanca Akatziri Halklar Akatiroi, held to be the form Priscus wrote; Akatziroi in some manuscripts.
  • Ἀλανοί Yunanca Alans Halklar
  • αλχονο Baktriyaca Alchon Huns Halklar The legend on the coins, read alxono. Other proposed forms are alxonno, alxanno and alchanno.
  • Ἀμίλζουροι Yunanca Amilzuri Halklar Amilzouroi in Priscus; some scholars emend the form.
  • Ἀναγαῖος Yunanca Anagai Kişiler Menander fr. 43 (Dindorf pp. 85, 89).
  • Ἀναγκάστης Yunanca Anankhast Kişiler Menander fr. 19.1 in Blockley's numbering, fr. 43 in Dindorf's (p. 84).
  • Ἄορσοι Yunanca Sarmatians Halklar Aorsi, explained as Iranian auruša, 'white'.
  • Ἀρσίλας Yunanca Arsilas Kişiler Menander fr. 19.1 in Blockley's numbering, fr. 43 in Dindorf's (p. 85): Ἀρσίλας δὲ ὄνομα τῷ παλαιτέρῳ μονάρχῳ Τούρκων.
  • Ἀσκήλ Yunanca Askel Kişiler
  • Ἄτελ Yunanca Volga Yerler
  • Ἀττήλας Yunanca Attila Kişiler Attelas, the form of Priscus.
  • Ἀττίλας Yunanca Volga Yerler Menander fr. 10.4, ἐς τὸν Ἀττίλαν (Dindorf p. 54); 'the Attila' in Blockley's translation (p. 125). The identification with the Volga is modern.
  • Βαράμ Yunanca Bahram Chobin Kişiler Baram in Theophylact; Baram son of Bargusnas in a letter of Khosrow II that Theophylact quotes.
  • Βασίχ Yunanca Basich Kişiler Basich in the Greek of Priscus; Basichum, in the accusative, in the Latin of the edition.
  • Βιττόρες Yunanca Bittugures Halklar Bittores, a Hunnic people in the history of Agathias.
  • Βλήδας Yunanca Bleda Kişiler Bledas, the form of Priscus.
  • Βοΐσκοι Yunanca Boisci Halklar Boiskoi in Priscus.
  • Βόσπορος Yunanca Bosporos Yerler ἡ πόλις ὁ Βόσπορος, 'the city of Bosporos', in fr. 19.2; τὸν Βόσπορον in fr. 19.1 (Dindorf pp. 89–90; Blockley p. 179).
  • Βόσπορος Yunanca Siege of Bosporos, 576 Muharebeler ve olaylar Menander fr. 43 and 45 (Dindorf pp. 89–90).
  • Βούλγαροι Yunanca Bulgars Halklar
  • Βώχανος Yunanca Bochan Kişiler Menander fr. 43 (Dindorf p. 89).
  • Δεγγιζίχ Yunanca Dengizich Kişiler Dengizich, the form Priscus heard at Attila's court; held to be the authentic form.
  • δόχια Yunanca Dochia Dinler Menander: δόχια δὲ τῇ οἰκείᾳ γλώττῃ προσαγορεύουσι τὰ ἐπὶ τοῖς τεθνεῶσι νόμιμα, dochia they call in their own tongue the customs for the dead.
  • Ἐδέκων Yunanca Edeco Kişiler Edekon in the Greek of Priscus; Edecon in the Latin of the edition.
  • Εἰρήνη Yunanca Tzitzak Kişiler Irene, the name she took in baptism according to Theophanes; the commentary on Nikephoros calls her the Chazar Eirene.
  • Ἐκτάγ Yunanca Ektag Yerler Menander's form: a mountain called Ektag, 'as a Greek would say, the golden mountain' (ὡς ἂν εἴποι χρυσοῦν ὄρος Ἕλλην ἀνήρ).
  • Ἐκτέλ Yunanca Ektag Yerler Ektel, the mountain where Tardush held court in 576; Menander adds that Ektel means golden.
  • Ζαβενδέρ Yunanca Zabender Halklar The form of Theophylact Simocatta.
  • Ζήμαρχος Yunanca Zemarchos Kişiler Menander's form, fr. 10.2–10.5 in Blockley's numbering.
  • Ζιέβηλ Yunanca Meeting of Heraclius and Ziebel (627) Muharebeler ve olaylar The Greek form in Theophanes as Dowsett cites it; Ziebel in the translation. It renders the title yabgu.
  • Ἡράκλειος Yunanca Heraclius Kişiler The Greek form of the name.
  • Ἠρέκαν Yunanca Kreka Kişiler Erekan, the form of a later passage, which some scholars hold to be the original.
  • Ἠρνάχ Yunanca Ernak Kişiler Ernach; Müller's Latin renders the name Ernas at the banquet and Irnach in the embassy fragment.
  • Θεοδόσιος Yunanca Theodosius II Kişiler The Greek form of the name.
  • Θεοδώρα Yunanca Theodora of Khazaria Kişiler The form in the Short History of Nikephoros, chapter 42.
  • Θεοφάνης Βυζάντιος Yunanca Theophanes of Byzantium Kaynaklar The name as Photios gives it.
  • Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάττης Yunanca Theophylact Simocatta Kaynaklar Also written Theophylaktos Simokattes. Simocatta is a byname that appears to mean 'snub-nosed cat'.
  • Ἰκάρ Yunanca Ikar Yerler Ikar, in vii.8.10–11; the khagans' array assembled εἰς τὸ Ἰκάρ, 'at the Ikar', which the text calls a place enfolded in great plains.
  • Ἰουστῖνος Yunanca Justin II Kişiler Menander, who dates the Göktürk embassies by the years of his reign.
  • Ἱστορία σύντομος Yunanca Nikephoros Kaynaklar Short History, the title of the work in the manuscripts.
  • Ἰτίμαροι Yunanca Itimari Halklar Itimaroi in Priscus.
  • κάμος Yunanca Kamos Yeme içme The Greek form; Priscus has the accusative κάμον.
  • καταχαράττειν τὰ πρόσωπα ταῖς μαχαίραις Yunanca Göktürk Face-Cutting Dinler to score the faces with knives; Turxanthos' demand to the Roman envoys in 576.
  • Κάτουλφος Yunanca Katulph Kişiler Menander's form, with the Greek ending -os; fr. 4.3 and 10.1 in Blockley's numbering.
  • Κιμμέριοι Yunanca Cimmerians Halklar Kimmerioi, the Greek form.
  • Κοτζαγηροί Yunanca Kotzager Halklar The form of Theophylact Simocatta.
  • Κοτζαγηροί Yunanca Kutrigurs Halklar The Kotzageroi of the khagan's letter of 598, who fled from the Göktürks to the Avars; their equation with the Kutrigurs is an inference.
  • Κοτρίγουροι Yunanca Kutrigurs Halklar Menander fr. 3 and 6 (Dindorf pp. 3, 6).
  • Κουναξολά Yunanca Kunaxolan Kişiler The form of Bekker's edition (p. 285), recorded in de Boor's apparatus; Kounaxola in Chavannes.
  • Κουναξολάν Yunanca Kunaxolan Kişiler Theophylact vii.8.9, de Boor's text (p. 259), where the apparatus gives it as the reading of V. Kunaxolan in Whitby's translation.
  • Κουρσίχ Yunanca Kursich Kişiler Kursich in the Greek of Priscus; Cursichum, in the accusative, in the Latin of the edition.
  • Κουτρίγουροι Yunanca Kutrigurs Halklar Menander fr. 27 and 28 (Dindorf pp. 62–64).
  • Κρέκα Yunanca Kreka Kişiler Kreka in the excerpts; Müller's Latin writes Cerca and Creca.
  • λογάδες Yunanca Logades Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Logades, the picked or prominent men; the Latin of the edition renders it primores, the leading men.
  • Μανιάχ Yunanca Maniakh Kişiler Menander's form, fr. 10.1–10.3 in Blockley's numbering. The name has been interpreted as Buddhist and as Turkic.
  • Μαρκιανός Yunanca Marcian Kişiler The Greek form of the name.
  • Μένανδρος Προτήκτωρ Yunanca Menander Protector Kaynaklar Menander the Guardsman; the byname is the court rank protector.
  • Μουνδίουχος Yunanca Mundzuc Kişiler Mundiouchos, as Priscus heard the name at Attila's court.
  • Ὀγώρ Yunanca Ogurs Halklar The Ogor whom the Göktürk khagan claims to have subdued in his letter of 598; whether the Ogurs or the Uyghurs are meant is disputed.
  • Ὀνηγήσιος Yunanca Onegesius Kişiler Onegesios in the Greek of Priscus; Onegesius in the Latin of the edition.
  • Ὀνόγουροι Yunanca Onogurs Halklar Priscus' form; Müller's Latin translation has Onoguri.
  • Ὁνωρία Yunanca Honoria Kişiler The Greek form of the name.
  • Ὀρέστης Yunanca Orestes Kişiler The Greek form of the name.
  • Οὐαλεντῖνος Yunanca Valentinos Kişiler Menander fr. 5.2 (to the Avars) and fr. 19.1–19.2 (to the Göktürks, 576), in Blockley's numbering.
  • Οὐγοῦροι Yunanca Ogurs Halklar Menander's form in the account of Zemarchos' return journey (Dindorf p. 55); Niebuhr emended it to Οὐτιγούρους, Utigurs.
  • Οὔλδης Yunanca Uldin Kişiler Zosimus and Sozomen write Ouldes or Ouldis.
  • Οὐλτίζουροι Yunanca Ultzinzures Halklar Ultizuri in the history of Agathias.
  • Οὖννοι Yunanca Huns Halklar The Greek form used by Priscus and the Byzantine historians, who also call the Huns Scythians.
  • Οὐννουγοῦροι Yunanca Onogurs Halklar Theophylact's form, beside the Barsilt and the Sabirs.
  • Οὔπταρος Yunanca Octar Kişiler Uptaros, king of the Huns in Socrates; the form follows from Octar through Balkan Latin.
  • Οὔρωγοι Yunanca Ogurs Halklar The form of the Priscus fragment, read as *Ὄγουροι; Müller's Latin translation has Urogi.
  • Οὐτίγουροι Yunanca Utigurs Halklar Menander's form in fr. 3, 28 and 43 (Dindorf pp. 3, 63–64, 85, 87).
  • Οὐτρίγουροι Yunanca Utigurs Halklar Variant forms in Procopius and Agathias, among them Οὐτούργουροι, as given in the literature.
  • Παλαιὰ Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία Yunanca Old Great Bulgaria Devletler The name of the polity in Greek sources.
  • Πέρσαι Yunanca Sasanian Persia Devletler The Persians, in Menander.
  • Πρίσκος Πανίτης Yunanca Priscus Kaynaklar Priscus of Panium, the town on the Propontis from which he came.
  • Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς Yunanca Procopius Kaynaklar Prokopios of Caesarea; the English form is Procopius.
  • Ῥούγας Yunanca Rua Kişiler Rougas in Socrates; Rhoilas in Theodoret.
  • Ῥωμαῖοι Yunanca Byzantium Devletler Romaioi, the Romans, the empire's own name for its people; Menander writes of the Romans and the Göktürks, never of Byzantines.
  • Ῥωξολανοί Yunanca Sarmatians Halklar Roxolani, one of the eastern groups that joined them; understood as Iranian rauxšna, 'light', with Alan.
  • Σαβεῖροι Yunanca Sabirs Halklar Menander fr. 5, 41, 42 and 50 (Dindorf pp. 5, 80, 83–84, 102).
  • Σάβιροι Yunanca Sabirs Halklar The usual form in Priscus, Procopius, Agathias and Theophylact, as given in the literature.
  • Σαράγουροι Yunanca Saragurs Halklar Saraguri in the Latin of the edition.
  • Σαυρομάται Yunanca Sarmatians Halklar Sauromatai, the people Herodotus knew beyond the Don; the connection with the later Sarmatians is held to be in all likelihood right.
  • Σιζάβουλος Yunanca Istemi Kişiler
  • Σιλζίβουλος Yunanca Istemi Kişiler Silziboulos, the leader of the Göktürks in the sentence fragments and in the account of the mourning of 576; the embassy fragments write Σιζάβουλος, Sizaboulos, in the critical text. The equation with Istemi and the reading as Sir Yabgu are modern.
  • Σκόλοτοι Yunanca Scythians Halklar Skolotoi, the name of one Scythian grouping, possibly from the same root with l for δ.
  • Σκύθαι Yunanca Scythians Halklar Skythai, the form of Herodotus and of the Greek tradition after him.
  • Σπαρζευγοῦν Yunanca Sparzeugun Kişiler Theophylact vii.8.9, de Boor's text (p. 259) and Bekker's (p. 285). Sparzeugun in Whitby's translation; Sparzeugoun in Chavannes.
  • Στεμβισχάδαν Yunanca Istemi Kişiler Stembischadas, in the accusative, the ally of the khagan in the Göktürk letter to Maurice (Theophylact VII.7.9) as the older printed text gives it; the Vatican manuscript reads Stembischagan. The equation with Istemi is modern.
  • Ταγμά Yunanca Tagma Tarkhan Kişiler Menander fr. 10.3 in Blockley's numbering (Dindorf p. 53): ἦν δὲ ἐπίκλησις τῷ μετ᾽ ἐκεῖνον πρεσβευτῇ Ταγμὰ αὐτῷ, ἀξίωμα δὲ Ταρχάν, 'his name was Tagma, his rank Tarkhan'.
  • Ταϊσάν Yunanca Taisan Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Taisan, in Theophylact's History vii.9.2, explained as 'son of god' in Greek.
  • Τάρδου Yunanca Tardush Kişiler Tardu, Menander's form, fr. 19.1 in Blockley's numbering.
  • Ταρνιάχ Yunanca Tarniach Halklar The form of Theophylact Simocatta.
  • Τίλ Yunanca Volga Yerler Theophylact vii.7.13, ὁ Τὶλ ... ποταμός (Bekker p. 283), which the Turks call the Black; one of three identifications is the Volga.
  • τιμῶσι … οἱ Τοῦρκοι λίαν ἐκτόπως τὸ πῦρ Yunanca Fire Worship Dinler The Turks honour fire to a quite extraordinary degree; Theophylact, vii.8.14.
  • τὸ γράμμα τὸ Σκυθικόν Yunanca The Sogdian language Diller The Scythian letter that Maniakh brought to Constantinople in 568; which language it was written in is argued.
  • Τουλδίχ Yunanca Tuldich Kişiler Theophylact vii.8.9, de Boor's text (p. 259) and Bekker's (p. 285). Tuldich in Whitby's translation; Touldikh in Chavannes.
  • Τούνσουρες Yunanca Tounsoures Halklar Tounsoures in Priscus.
  • Τουρξάθου Yunanca Türk-shad Kişiler
  • Τούρξανθος Yunanca Türk-shad Kişiler Turxanthos, Menander's form; read in the literature as Türk-šad, 'the shad of the Türk'.
  • Τουροῦμ Yunanca Revolt of Turum Muharebeler ve olaylar Theophylact vii.8.8, the Greek form as Chavannes and Golden cite it; Turum in Whitby's translation.
  • Τουρούμ Yunanca Turum Kişiler Theophylact vii.8.8, de Boor's text (p. 259); Τουροὺμ in Bekker's edition (p. 285). Turum in Whitby's translation.
  • Ὑπὲρ τῶν πολέμων Yunanca Procopius Kaynaklar The Wars, in eight books: the Persian, Vandal and Gothic wars.
  • Χαγάνος Yunanca Busir Glavan Kişiler Theophanes and Nikephoros give only the title, Chagan, and no personal name.
  • Χαράτων Yunanca Charaton Kişiler Olympiodorus, in the summary of Photius: ὁ τῶν ῥηγῶν πρῶτος, the first of the kings.
  • Χερσών Yunanca Cherson Yerler The nominative of Menander's forms: Χερσῶνος in fr. 19.1 and Χερσῶνα in fr. 25.2 (Dindorf pp. 85 and 125).
  • Χοσρόης Yunanca Khosrow I Kişiler Chosroes, in Menander and the other Greek historians.
  • Χρονογραφία Yunanca Theophanes the Confessor Kaynaklar Chronographia, the name under which the chronicle is edited.
  • Χρυσάφιος Yunanca Chrysaphius Kişiler The Greek form of the name.
  • Ὦξος Yunanca Oxus Yerler

Arap ve Fars yazısı 19

Müslüman coğrafyacılar ve tarihçiler

  • أحمد بن فضلان Arapça Ibn Fadlan Kaynaklar Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān, secretary of the embassy.
  • ابروی Farsça Abrui and Shir-i Kishvar Muharebeler ve olaylar Abrui, as the Tehran edition prints it; the manuscripts also read Abarva and Abravi or Abravay.
  • الإصطخري Arapça al-Iṣṭakhrī Kaynaklar al-Iṣṭakhrī.
  • التنبيه والإشراف Arapça al-Masʿūdī Kaynaklar al-Tanbīh wa-l-Ishrāf, of 956.
  • المسالك والممالك Arapça al-Iṣṭakhrī Kaynaklar Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik, the title of his geography.
  • المسعودي Arapça al-Masʿūdī Kaynaklar Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī.
  • باب صول Arapça Gate of Sul Yerler Bāb Ṣūl, the gate of Sul, which al-Thaʿalibi says Khosrow I built of marble, five parasangs long.
  • تاریخ بخارا Farsça Narshakhī, History of Bukhara Kaynaklar
  • جاورس Arapça Farming among the Volga Bulgars Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Jāwars, the word Ibn Fadlan uses for the grain of the Bulgars and for the millet he took on his journey; the French edition renders it millet and notes that it may be sorghum.
  • حدود العالم Farsça Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam Kaynaklar Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam min al-Mashriq ilā l-Maghrib, the Regions of the World from East to West.
  • ديوان لغات الترك Arapça Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Kaynaklar
  • رسالة Arapça Ibn Fadlan Kaynaklar Risāla, the report.
  • زين الأخبار Farsça Gardīzī (Zayn al-akhbār) Kaynaklar Zayn al-akhbār, the title of the history. Its geographical chapters on the Turks are cited in the literature as Gardīzī's Zayn al-akhbār.
  • طبائع الحيوان Arapça Marvazī (Ṭabāʾiʿ al-ḥayawān) Kaynaklar Ṭabāʾiʿ al-ḥayawān, the title of the compendium, a work on the nature of animals.
  • فتوح البلدان Arapça al-Balādhurī Kaynaklar Futūḥ al-buldān, the title of his history of the conquests.
  • قتيبة بن مسلم Arapça Qutayba ibn Muslim Kişiler
  • كتاب الأعلاق النفيسة Arapça Ibn Rusta Kaynaklar Kitāb al-Aʿlāq an-nafīsa, the title of the work in de Goeje's edition.
  • کشت و برز Farsça Towns and Villages of the Turks in the Hudud al-ʿĀlam Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Kisht-u-barz, tillage; the words the Persian geographer uses of the farmed land of the Karluk at Kulan and of the village of Tüzün-Bulagh.
  • مروج الذهب Arapça al-Masʿūdī Kaynaklar Murūj al-Dhahab, the Meadows of Gold.

Diğer yazılar 13

  • ажо Rusça Aco Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Ajo, the Russian rendering of the same Chinese word.
  • Әләрә Tatarca Alara Dinler The Cyrillic form that popular reference pages give for the name.
  • Берел Rusça Berel Yerler The Cyrillic name used in Russian and Kazakh publications; French and English articles write Berel' with the Russian soft sign.
  • Гол-Мод Rusça Gol Mod Yerler The Cyrillic form used in Russian publications.
  • Ирникъ Eski Kilise Slavcası Ernak Kişiler Irnik, the first name in the Bulgarian princes' list, which survives in Old Church Slavonic copies; it has been equated with Ernak.
  • Ноин-Ула Rusça Noin Ula Yerler The Cyrillic name used in the Russian publications of the excavation.
  • Плиска Bulgarca Pliska Yerler The Bulgarian spelling of the name.
  • Повесть временных лет Eski Rusça Russian Primary Chronicle Kaynaklar Povest' vremennykh let, the Russian title of the chronicle.
  • Таштыкская культура Rusça Tashtyk Culture Halklar The Russian name of the culture, after which the others are formed.
  • Хягас, хагас Rusça The Khakas name debate Tartışmalar Hjagas, Hagas. Bichurin's rendering of Xiajiasi, from which the word Khakas was taken.
  • Шивет Улан Rusça Shiveet Ulaan Yerler The Russian spelling of a caption in a book on the runic monuments of Central Asia. Other Russian works write Шивээт-Улан.
  • ათაბაგი Gürcüce Atabeg Kurumlar ve Unvanlar Atabagi, the Georgian form, carried into the kingdom's own order of rank in the thirteenth century.
  • शक Sanskritçe Saka Halklar Śaka, the Indian form.

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