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あらゆる名の、記録されたあらゆる表記を、背後の項目とともに並べます。史料で出会った名を、そこに書かれたままの形で引けます。木杆可汗は『周書』における木汗のことで、ブグト碑ではMuγanと記されます。

このページとメニューは日本語です。項目の一部は日本語でもお読みいただけます。残りは英語で、その旨を表示します。

1126 項目に対し 3244 の表記、6 種の文字です。学術的な翻字、史料の表記、各項目が用いる表記が並びます。ある表記が何に基づくかを項目が述べている場合は、その注も添えます。転送用のアドレスは名ではないため、ここには載せません。

ラテン文字 2021

見出し語、翻字、西方史料の形

A

  • *alp il čur 古テュルク語 Amilzuri 民族 The Turkic form that some scholars reconstruct: hero, people, commander.
  • *Anagasts ゴート語 Anagastes 人物 The Gothic form that some scholars set behind the name.
  • *Angisgiri 古テュルク語 Angisciri 民族 A proposed form, from the word for field.
  • *arïɣ qan 古テュルク語 Kreka 人物 The Turkic form that some scholars reconstruct, the pure princess.
  • *Aršila 古テュルク語 Arsilas 人物 A reconstruction on which Arsilas is the name of the Ashina house.
  • A-pao-chi, Apaoki 英語 Abaoji 人物 The older romanisations of the Chinese form. No Khitan form of the name is given by the Chinese texts.
  • AA and MM. III ドイツ語 Altın Köl Inscriptions 史料 The letters under which Radloff prints the first and the second stone; his spelling of the place is Altyn-Köl.
  • aaruul モンゴル語 Qurut 飲食 The Mongolian name of dried curd, made today from yak and cow milk.
  • Abangbu Abangbu 人物
  • Abaoji Abaoji 人物
  • Abaoji's campaign to the Orkhon (924) Abaoji's campaign to the Orkhon (924) 戦闘と出来事
  • Abrui and Shir-i Kishvar Abrui and Shir-i Kishvar 戦闘と出来事
  • Abū Manṣūr ʿAbd al-Malik aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī アラビア語 aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī 史料 The author to whom the edition assigns the work; one manuscript names an al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad al-Marġanī.
  • Abū Muzāhim アラビア語 Sulu Khan 人物 The by-name the Arabic sources give him: the butting one.
  • Abusi Abusi 民族
  • Acatziri ラテン語 Akatziri 民族 Jordanes: Acatziri, gens fortissima.
  • Aco Aco 制度と称号
  • aco トルコ語 Aco 制度と称号 The reading of Turkish scholarship, also written ace. It is a modern rendering of the Chinese characters and is not taken from a Kirghiz text.
  • Ädiz 古テュルク語 Ediz 民族 The turkological form of the name in the runiform texts of the Uyghur age, where it is read with a query on the Tariat stele and in a rock text at Zamyn Buuts.
  • Aetius Aetius 人物
  • Afrasiab Afrasiab 人物
  • Afrasiab 英語 Afrasiab paintings 史料 The mound on which old Samarkand lay, named after the legendary king Afrasiab; the paintings are named after the mound.
  • Afrasiab 英語 Samarkand 地名 The name of the ancient site.
  • Afrasiab paintings Afrasiab paintings 史料
  • Afrāsiyāb ペルシア語 Afrasiab 人物 The New Persian form of the Shahnameh.
  • Afu River Afu River 地名
  • Afuzhiluo Afuzhiluo 人物
  • ağač-eri 古テュルク語 Akatziri 民族 Forest people; one of several proposed etymologies, all conjectures.
  • Agni サンスクリット Karashahr 地名 The name of the kingdom in the Sanskrit leaves of the northern rim, equated with the Yanqi of the Chinese.
  • ak adgır 古テュルク語 Kül Tegin's Horses 制度と称号 White stallion; the stallion of the Bayırku that Kül Tegin rode against the Kırgız.
  • Ak-Beshim 英語 Suyab 地名 The name of the archaeological site.
  • Akatziri Akatziri 民族
  • Aksu Aksu 地名
  • Aksu テュルク語 Aksu 地名 The modern name of the oasis with which Gumo is identified.
  • al-Balādhurī al-Balādhurī 史料
  • al-Iṣṭakhrī al-Iṣṭakhrī 史料
  • al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah 人物
  • al-Jarrāḥ ibn ʿAbdallāh アラビア語 al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah 人物 The scholarly transliteration of the name.
  • al-Masʿūdī al-Masʿūdī 史料
  • Alans Alans 民族
  • Alara Alara 宗教
  • Alara トルコ語 Alara 宗教 A given name in Turkey today and the name of a river, a castle and a caravanserai near Alanya.
  • Alchon Huns Alchon Huns 民族
  • Alp Är Toŋa 古テュルク語 Afrasiab 人物 Karakhanid Turkic of the eleventh century, in Kashgari's Dīwān, which renders the name in Arabic as King Afrāsiyāb (Dankoff/Kelly I, 92).
  • Alp Ilitʿuer アルメニア語 Ilteber 制度と称号 The prince of the Caucasian Huns in 681–682. The manuscripts give a dozen spellings and no two agree.
  • Alp Inanč 古テュルク語 Alp Inanch 人物 The Turkic form of the name as Drompp writes it; he gives no derivation.
  • Alp Inanch Alp Inanch 人物
  • Alp Šalčı 古テュルク語 Kül Tegin's Horses 制度と称号 Read as the name of a white horse; Tekin's glossary lists Šalčı as a personal name.
  • Alpidzuri, Alcildzuri ラテン語 Amilzuri 民族 Jordanes names two peoples where Priscus has one.
  • Altai Altai 地名
  • Altai runiform inscriptions Altai runiform inscriptions 史料
  • Altaian Creation Story Altaian Creation Story 宗教
  • Altay yazıtları トルコ語 Altai runiform inscriptions 史料 The Turkish name; the studies write of the inscriptions of the Altai Republic and of the mountain Altai (Dağlık Altay).
  • Altın Köl Inscriptions Altın Köl Inscriptions 史料
  • Altın-Köl I (E 28) トルコ語 Altın Köl Inscriptions 史料 The form of the Turkish literature. E 28 is the number of the stone in the numbering of the Yenisei inscriptions.
  • Altın-Köl II (E 29) トルコ語 Altın Köl Inscriptions 史料 The second stone, E 29.
  • Altuigurisch ドイツ語 Old Uyghur 言語 The German name.
  • altun 古テュルク語 Metals and Metalworking in Kashgari's Dictionary 制度と称号 Altun, gold. Kashgari glosses it with the Arabic dahab.
  • Altun yış 古テュルク語 Altai 地名 The Golden Forest of the Tonyukuk inscription; the Turkic name behind the Chinese calque.
  • altun yıs 古テュルク語 Ektag 地名 Golden Forest, the name the Orkhon inscriptions give the Altai. The equation with Ektag is an interpretation, not a statement of either text.
  • Altziagiri ラテン語 Kutrigurs 民族 Jordanes' Hunnic people by Cherson; they have been equated with the Kutrigurs.
  • Alxon アルメニア語 Alchon Huns 民族 Named with Walxon in the Armenian Geography among the peoples of Scythia. Some scholars take the two names for one people.
  • Amga Korgan Amga Korgan 地名
  • amga korgan 古テュルク語 Amga Korgan 地名 The form in the Kül Tegin inscription, on the north face.
  • Amgı korgan 古テュルク語 Amga Korgan 地名 The form in the Bilge Khan inscription.
  • Amilzuri Amilzuri 民族
  • Ammianus Marcellinus Ammianus Marcellinus 史料
  • Amrak Amrak 人物
  • Amrak 古テュルク語 Amrak 人物 The reconstructed form; the modern name Emre is said to derive from it.
  • Amu Darya 英語 Oxus 地名
  • An Lushan An Lushan 人物
  • An Nuopantuo An Nuopantuo 人物
  • Ana Bulgarca トルコ語 Oghur Turkic 言語 Proto-Bulgar, the ancestor of the branch in Turkish scholarship.
  • Anagai Anagai 人物
  • Anagaios ギリシア語 Anagai 人物 Latin-letter transcription of Menander's form.
  • Anagast 英語 Anagastes 人物 A shortened form used in modern accounts.
  • Anagastes Anagastes 人物
  • Anagastes ラテン語 Anagastes 人物 The form of the Latin edition of Priscus, which calls him the son of Ornigisclus.
  • Anagui Anagui 人物
  • Anagui Khagan 英語 Anagui 人物 Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Anāhitā-banda ソグド語 An Nuopantuo 人物 Servant of Anāhitā, a name attested in Sogdian onomastics.
  • Anancastes ラテン語 Anankhast 人物 The form of the Latin translation in Müller's edition.
  • Anankhast Anankhast 人物
  • Anbei Protectorate Anbei Protectorate 地名
  • Ancestor Cult Ancestor Cult 宗教
  • Anchan Juni Anchan Juni 制度と称号
  • Ancient DNA studies of the steppe 英語 Archaeogenetics of the Steppe Empires 論争 The common name of the field in the studies themselves, which speak of ancient DNA, paleogenomics and archaeogenetics.
  • Ancient Letters 英語 Sogdian Ancient Letters 史料 The name the letters have carried in the literature since their edition; they are the oldest Sogdian letters known.
  • Angisciri Angisciri 民族
  • Angisciri ラテン語 Angisciri 民族 Jordanes: Angisciros, Angiscires.
  • Animism Animism 宗教
  • animism 英語 Animism 宗教 The term of E. B. Tylor, 1871, first for the doctrine of souls and then for the doctrine of spirits in general. It is not a word of any steppe people.
  • Anluochen Anluochen 人物
  • Anxi Protectorate Anxi Protectorate 地名
  • Aoshe Shad Aoshe Shad 人物
  • Apa 古テュルク語 Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) 人物 The Turkic name or title that the Chinese form is understood as; this identification is that of the Turkological dictionaries and of the study of the Begre stele.
  • Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) 人物
  • Apa Tarkan Apa Tarkan 制度と称号
  • Apar 古テュルク語 Rouran 民族 The Apar of the Orkhon inscriptions are commonly identified with the Rouran or the Avars; the identification is argued.
  • Apar 古テュルク語 Rouran Khaganate 国家 The Avars named among the mourners in the Kül Tegin inscription; whether the word means the Rouran, the European Avars, or both is argued.
  • äpmäk テュルク語 Bread 飲食 The form of the Yaghma, the Tukhsi and part of the Oghuz and the Kipchak, according to Kashgari.
  • Aquileia Aquileia 地名
  • Aquileiensis civitas ラテン語 Aquileia 地名 The city of Aquileia, the metropolis of Venetia, in Jordanes's account of the siege.
  • Ar-sori チュヴァシ語 Arçura 宗教 The form in which the Finno-Ugric and Siberian handbook of 1927 gives the name, glossed 'Half-human'.
  • Arab–Khazar Wars (642–737) Arab–Khazar Wars (642–737) 戦争
  • Archaeogenetics of the Steppe Empires Archaeogenetics of the Steppe Empires 論争
  • Arçura Arçura 宗教
  • Arçuray トルコ語 Arçura 宗教 Variant spelling in modern Turkish handbooks, with Arçurı and Arsurı.
  • Arçuri チュヴァシ語 Arçura 宗教 The Chuvash form of the name.
  • Ardaric Ardaric 人物
  • Ardaricus ラテン語 Ardaric 人物 Jordanes: Gepidarum rex ... Ardaricus; also Ardarichus.
  • Are Are 氏族
  • Are Khan Are Khan 人物
  • Argu Argu 地名
  • ärklig 古テュルク語 Erklig 宗教 The adjective: possessed of power, having authority. The form the older language uses.
  • Ärklig Qan 古テュルク語 Erklig 宗教 The lord of the dead of the Old Uyghur Buddhist texts, where the figure renders the Indian Yama.
  • Army of the Steppe Empires Army of the Steppe Empires 制度と称号
  • Arsilas Arsilas 人物
  • Arslan 古テュルク語 Arsilas 人物 The Turkic word arslan, 'lion', read into the Greek form in the literature; the Greek gives only Arsilas.
  • Arslan 古テュルク語 Heshana Khan 人物 A possible Turkic name behind the Chinese forms; the lemma stays Heshana.
  • Arzyuri チュヴァシ語 Arçura 宗教 The spelling in the Russian transcription; the Chuvash poet Mikhail Fedorov gave a poem this title.
  • Asceltus ラテン語 Askel 人物 The Latin version of Anastasius has Ascelti regis, as recorded in de Boor's apparatus.
  • Asena 古テュルク語 Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) 宗教 The name of the she-wolf of the origin legend, the mother of the ten sons.
  • Asena 古テュルク語 Ashina 氏族 A modern name for the she-wolf of the origin legend; the Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu leave her unnamed.
  • Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) 宗教
  • Ashide Ashide 氏族
  • Ashide Wumo Chur Ashide Wumo Chur 人物
  • Ashide Yuanzhen Ashide Yuanzhen 人物
  • Ashina Ashina 氏族
  • Ashina Funian Ashina Funian 人物
  • Ashina Helu Ashina Helu 人物
  • Ashina Simo Ashina Simo 人物
  • Asian Huns 英語 Xiongnu 国家 A usage that identifies the Xiongnu with the Huns; the identification is argued and not adopted as a finding.
  • Askel Askel 人物
  • Aškuzai アッカド語 Scythians 民族 Iškuzai, Aškuzai in the Semitic records; the biblical Ashkenaz belongs to the same set.
  • aspron ospition ギリシア語 Sarkel 地名 The Greek words with which De administrando imperio 42 explains Sarkel, 'white house'. The text says that Sarkel means 'white house' among the Khazars.
  • Assembly at Mount Yanzhi (609) Assembly at Mount Yanzhi (609) 戦闘と出来事
  • aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī 史料
  • ata kültü トルコ語 Ancestor Cult 宗教 The Turkish scholarly term for the cult of the ancestors; it is not a word of any source of the khaganates.
  • Atabeg Atabeg 制度と称号
  • atabeg トルコ語 Atabeg 制度と称号 The compound as the Seljuk chanceries wrote it: ata, father, and beg, lord.
  • atabey トルコ語 Atabeg 制度と称号 The modern Turkish spelling, general in the Turkish literature.
  • Atïl 古テュルク語 Attila 人物 The Turkic name of the Volga, Atïl or Itil, with which the name has been connected; others reject the connection and derive the name from Gothic atta, father.
  • Atil アラビア語 Itil 地名 The form Canard writes for the river and the city in Ibn Fadlan's report. The dictionary of Yaqut heads its article Itil, with Atil in brackets.
  • Atïl テュルク語 Volga 地名 The Turkic name of the river, also Itil, which the Greek forms may render.
  • Atli 古ノルド語 Attila 人物 The Attila of the Old Norse poems; Ætla in Old English.
  • ätmäk テュルク語 Bread 飲食 'Bread', the common form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077.
  • Attila Attila 人物
  • Attila ラテン語 Attila 人物
  • Attila's Balkan wars Attila's Balkan wars 戦争
  • Attila's invasion of Gaul 英語 Hunnic invasion of Gaul, 451 戦争
  • Attila's invasion of Italy 英語 Hunnic invasion of Italy, 452 戦争
  • Avar Craftsmen Avar Craftsmen 制度と称号
  • Avars Avars 民族
  • Awusili Irkin Awusili Irkin 人物
  • Axian Shad Axian Shad 人物
  • Ay Ata Ay Ata 宗教
  • Ay Ata トルコ語 Ay Ata 宗教 Moon Father.
  • Ay Atam トルコ語 Ay Ata 宗教 My Moon Father; the name of the first man in the origin legend copied by al-Dawādārī.
  • ay tängridä 古テュルク語 Ay Ata 宗教 By the god of the moon; the Turkic phrase behind the Chinese transcription in the titles of the Uyghur khagans.
  • Ayran Ayran 飲食
  • ayrān テュルク語 Ayran 飲食 The form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077, glossed with the Arabic maḫīḍ, 'churned milk'. The oldest record of the word.
  • äyrän タタール語 Ayran 飲食 Tatar.
  • Az Az 民族
  • Az 古テュルク語 Az 民族 The ethnonym as the transcriptions give it. The word also means 'few', so each passage has to be read for its sense.
  • Ažo, Ajo, aco 英語 Are Khan 人物 The forms of the name in Russian and Turkish scholarship. None of them is a Turkic word that can be shown to lie behind the Chinese characters.

B

  • Bāb al-Abwāb アラビア語 Derbent 地名 The gate of gates, the Arabic name Golden gives beside Darband.
  • Bactra ギリシア語 Balkh 地名
  • Bactria Bactria 地名
  • Badghis Badghis 地名
  • Bādhghēs アラビア語 Badghis 地名 Bâdhgês in the German translation of Tabari, named together with Herat.
  • bäg 古テュルク語 Beg 制度と称号 The Turkological normal form; the quality of the first vowel is written differently in different handbooks.
  • Baga Baga 制度と称号
  • Bagatur 古テュルク語 Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) 人物 The reconstruction that reads the Han-period values of the two graphs and the rule by which Chinese renders a foreign -r with -n, giving *baġtur beside baġatur, 'hero'. The word is attested from the Danube Bulgars to the Mongols; the equation with 冒頓 is a reconstruction and carries a question mark in the literature. It is nevertheless the only one of the three current forms that reaches for the second-century-BC sound.
  • Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) 人物
  • Bagha Khan Bagha Khan 人物
  • Bagha Shad Bagha Shad 人物
  • Baghatur Baghatur 制度と称号
  • Baghatur Khan Baghatur Khan 人物
  • bägni テュルク語 Millet Beer 飲食 Beer of wheat, millet or barley in Kashgari.
  • Bahram Chobin Bahram Chobin 人物
  • Bahrām Čōbīn ペルシア語 Bahram Chobin 人物 DMG. The byname Čōbīn, 'the wooden', is of unknown origin.
  • Bai Ülgen アルタイ語 Ülgen and Kayra Khan 宗教 Rich Ülgen, in Radloff's account the god of the sixteenth heaven.
  • Baidao Plain Baidao Plain 地名
  • Baidie Cotton Baidie Cotton 制度と称号
  • Baikand アラビア語 Paikent 地名 The form in Narshakhi and the Arabic geographers, as de la Vaissière quotes them.
  • Bain Tsokto inscriptions 英語 Tonyukuk inscription 史料 After the find-spot; the literature also writes Bayn Tsokto and Bain Chokto.
  • Bajanāk アラビア語 Pechenegs 民族
  • Balamber Balamber 人物
  • Balamber ラテン語 Balamber 人物 Jordanes: Balamber rex Hunnorum.
  • Balamerus ラテン語 Valamir 人物 Balamer the Scythian, to whom the eastern Romans paid 300 pounds of gold a year, in the Latin of Priscus; a prince of the Goths in the summary of the edition, and sometimes identified with Valamir.
  • Balane ラテン語 Bulan 人物 The Latin rendering in the first printed translation of the reply, by Buxtorf in 1660.
  • Balangar アラビア語 Balanjar 地名 The form in Tabari's account of Sinjibu, in Noeldeke's translation: the Abkhaz, the Bangar and the Balangar.
  • Balanjar Balanjar 地名
  • Balanjar アラビア語 Balanjar 地名 The usual scholarly form for the city and for the group.
  • Balasaghun Balasaghun 地名
  • Balasagun 英語 Balasaghun 地名
  • balbal 古テュルク語 Burial and the balbal 宗教 The rough stones set in a line east of a grave; the word is untranslated and kept.
  • balbal 古テュルク語 Stone Figures 宗教 In the inscriptions the word names the stones set up for a dead man, among them an enemy ruler; the archaeological literature has also used it for the carved figures.
  • Balimber ラテン語 Balamber 人物 The form that one proposal restores, assuming that the name was assimilated to the Gothic Valamer.
  • Balkh Balkh 地名
  • Ban Chao Ban Chao 人物
  • Banquet of the Wine Fountain (647) Banquet of the Wine Fountain (647) 戦闘と出来事
  • baqır 古テュルク語 Metals and Metalworking in Kashgari's Dictionary 制度と称号 Baqır, copper.
  • baqsy その他 Shamanism 宗教 Kazakh: the ritual specialist who plays the qyl-qobyz, written baksa in the older literature.
  • Baranjar アラビア語 Balanjar 地名 The form for the family of about 5,000 people, women and men, that Ibn Fadlan met in the Volga Bulgar country. It is connected with the Balanjar of Khazaria.
  • Barda 英語 Partaw 地名 The town in Azerbaijan with which Partaw is identified.
  • Bardores Bardores 民族
  • Bardores ラテン語 Bardores 民族 Variant reading Bardares.
  • Barjik Barjik 人物
  • Barjik ペルシア語 Barjik 人物 The form of the name in Bal'amī's Persian version of al-Ṭabarī. The manuscripts give many garbled forms, and al-Ṭabarī himself does not name the leader.
  • bark 古テュルク語 Burial and the balbal 宗教 The grave building, raised beside the stone and decorated with carving.
  • bark 古テュルク語 Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments 制度と称号 Building, tomb. The thing that the carvers were brought to make, together with the inscribed stone, *bitig taş*.
  • Barmūdha アラビア語 Parmudha 人物 aṯ-Ṯaʿālibī, in Zotenberg's translation Barmoûdha (pp. 648–658).
  • Bars Beg Bars Beg 人物
  • bars beg 古テュルク語 Bars Beg 人物 As the working translation of the Kül Tegin inscription transcribes the name in the passage on the reign of Bilge Khan's uncle: kırkız kaganı bars beg erti, 'the khan of the Kırgız was Bars Beg'.
  • Bars-bek 英語 Bars Beg 人物 The spelling of the name in Russian and Kyrgyz scholarship. No Chinese form of the name is known.
  • Basich Basich 人物
  • Basmïl Basmïl 民族
  • Basmïl 古テュルク語 Basmïl 民族 The Turkic form, from the inscriptions of the Uyghur period and from later Turkic sources.
  • Battle of Ardabil (730) Battle of Ardabil (730) 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Baidao (583) Battle of Baidao (583) 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Balanjar (652) Battle of Balanjar (652) 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Bolchu Battle of Bolchu 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Bukhara Battle of Bukhara 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Dzungaria, 552 Battle of Dzungaria, 552 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Huaihuang, 552 Battle of Huaihuang, 552 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Jingyang (626) Battle of Jingyang (626) 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Lake Sevan (629–630) Battle of Lake Sevan (629–630) 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Mount Dajin (600) Battle of Mount Dajin (600) 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Mount Mulai (553) Battle of Mount Mulai (553) 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of the Catalaunian Plains Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of the Iron Mountain (630) Battle of the Iron Mountain (630) 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of the Nedao Battle of the Nedao 戦闘と出来事
  • Battle of Zhoupan (582) Battle of Zhoupan (582) 戦闘と出来事
  • Bay Balïq Bay Balïq 地名
  • Bay Balïq 古テュルク語 Bay Balïq 地名 The name as the Šine-Usu inscription gives it, west side, line 5; balïq means town.
  • bay terek トルコ語 Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) 宗教 The rich poplar of the later Turkic epic tradition, commonly identified with the world tree.
  • Bay-Balık トルコ語 Bay Balïq 地名 The spelling of the Turkish literature. The element bay means rich.
  • Bayan-Ölgii inscriptions 英語 Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 史料 The seven finds of the Mongolian Altai, in the province of Bayan-Ölgii.
  • Bayanchur Khan Bayanchur Khan 人物
  • Bayirku Bayirku 民族
  • bayrak トルコ語 Tuğ 制度と称号 The flag proper, distinguished from the tailed standard in the later vocabulary.
  • bayram テュルク語 Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary 風習と娯楽 'Festival day' among the Oghuz; Kashgari derives it from baḏram, 'joy and laughter among the people' (Dankoff/Kelly I, 359).
  • Be-ca-nag チベット語 Pechenegs 民族 The form in a Tibetan translation of an eighth-century Uyghur account of the northern peoples.
  • bediz 古テュルク語 Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments 制度と称号 Carving, decoration. Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines N11 to N13, and south face, lines S9 to S11.
  • bedizçi 古テュルク語 Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments 制度と称号 Carver. The inscriptions name the Chinese carvers with this word, *bedizçi* and *bedizçig*.
  • Befreiungskrieg ドイツ語 The Turkic War of Independence 戦争 The German term.
  • Beg Beg 制度と称号
  • Begre inscription (E 11) Begre inscription (E 11) 史料
  • Begre stele 英語 Begre inscription (E 11) 史料
  • Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) 史料
  • Bei Shi (History of the Northern Dynasties) Bei Shi (History of the Northern Dynasties) 史料
  • Beihai Beihai 地名
  • Beilou Pass Beilou Pass 地名
  • Beiting Beiting 地名
  • bek 古テュルク語 Beg 制度と称号 The devoiced form, general where the word stands at the end of a word group.
  • Belaya Vezha ロシア語 Sarkel 地名 The name in the Rus chronicle, 'white tower'. The town the chronicle says Sviatoslav took in 965 is equated with Sarkel; the equation is disputed.
  • Berel Berel 地名
  • beş balık 古テュルク語 Beshbalik 地名 Five Towns, the Turkic name, from the later Uyghur material; the Tang chapters write Beiting.
  • Besenyő ハンガリー語 Pechenegs 民族
  • Beshbalik Beshbalik 地名
  • bey トルコ語 Beg 制度と称号 The modern Turkish outcome, by way of beg > beğ > bey.
  • bi キプチャク語 Beg 制度と称号 The Kipchak form; Kazakh bi, the judge of customary law, belongs to it.
  • Bi Chanyu Bi Chanyu 人物
  • biçin yıl 古テュルク語 The twelve-year animal cycle 制度と称号 The Year of the Monkey, in which his monument was completed; 732 by back-reckoning.
  • Big Berel Kurgan 英語 Berel 地名 Kurgan 1, the largest mound of the cemetery, opened in 1865; the older literature calls it the Great Berel kurgan.
  • Bigilas Bigilas 人物
  • Bilge Kagan 英語 Bilge Khan inscription 史料
  • Bilge Kağan Hazinesi トルコ語 Bilge Khan's Golden Crown 史料 "The Bilge Kağan treasure", the name the excavators gave to the whole hoard; whether it was Bilge Khan's is disputed.
  • Bilge Kağan Tacı トルコ語 Bilge Khan's Golden Crown 史料 The Turkish name of the diadem; the literature also writes "the crown attributed to Bilge Kağan".
  • Bilge Khagan 英語 Bilge Khan 人物 Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Bilge Khagan inscription 英語 Bilge Khan inscription 史料 Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Bilge Khan Bilge Khan 人物
  • Bilge Khan inscription Bilge Khan inscription 史料
  • Bilge Khan's Golden Crown Bilge Khan's Golden Crown 史料
  • Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) 戦闘と出来事
  • Bilge Tonyukuk Boyla Baga Tarkan 古テュルク語 Tonyukuk 人物 His full style, line 6 of his inscription.
  • Bin-gheul 英語 Thousand Springs 地名 A Turkic name of the same meaning, 'thousand springs', which some scholars set beside the Chinese; the notes to the English translation of the Life give Myn-bulak and Bingheul.
  • Bittugures Bittugures 民族
  • Bittugures ラテン語 Bittugures 民族
  • Black Carts 英語 Heichezi 民族 The English rendering of the reference literature.
  • Bleda Bleda 人物
  • Bleda ラテン語 Bleda 人物
  • Bloomery Furnaces of the South Altai Bloomery Furnaces of the South Altai 制度と称号
  • Bochan Bochan 人物
  • Bochanos ギリシア語 Bochan 人物 Latin-letter transcription of Menander's form.
  • Bod chen po 英語 The Tibetan Empire 国家 Great Tibet, the empire's name for itself in its own records.
  • Bodeng Ningli Bodeng Ningli 地名
  • Bögü Khan Bögü Khan 人物
  • Bögü Khan 古テュルク語 Kapgan Khan 人物 Line 34 of the Tonyukuk inscription and the fragmentary line 50; the same man.
  • Boisci Boisci 民族
  • Boisci ラテン語 Boisci 民族
  • bökli 古テュルク語 Goguryeo 国家 In the list of peoples who came to mourn the founders, from the direction of the sunrise. The equation with Goguryeo is the most common identification and is not stated by the text.
  • Bolān アラビア語 Bulan 人物 A modern transcription of the name, used in the discussion of his date.
  • Boma Boma 民族
  • Bone and Horn Working Bone and Horn Working 制度と称号
  • Book of Han 英語 Han Shu 史料
  • Book of the Later Han 英語 Hou Han Shu 史料
  • Book of Wei 英語 Wei Shu 史料
  • Boqan 古テュルク語 Bochan 人物 A Turkic interpretation of the Greek form proposed in the literature, with a query.
  • Border Markets Border Markets 制度と称号
  • böri 古テュルク語 Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) 宗教 The Old Turkic word, in the simile böri teg, like wolves.
  • böri 古テュルク語 Böri (Guard) 制度と称号 The Old Turkic word for wolf, in the simile böri teg, 'like wolves'; the inscriptions do not use it of the guard.
  • Böri 古テュルク語 Börü Khan 人物 The Turkic word for wolf, read behind the Chinese 步離.
  • Böri (Guard) Böri (Guard) 制度と称号
  • Börü 古テュルク語 Börü Khan 人物 The Turkic form of the name in one modern account.
  • Börü Khan Börü Khan 人物
  • Börü Shad Börü Shad 人物
  • Bosporos Bosporos 地名
  • Bouzēros Gliabaros ギリシア語 Busir Glavan 人物 A second garbled form in the same chronicle. Dunlop gives Bousērou Gliabarou.
  • Boyla Kutlug Yargan Boyla Kutlug Yargan 人物
  • Boyla qutluğ yarğan 古テュルク語 Boyla Kutlug Yargan 人物 The self-name in the first sentence of the Suji inscription, in the transcription as printed: Boyla qutluğ yarğanmen, 'I am Boyla Kutlug Yargan'.
  • böz 古ウイグル語 Baidie Cotton 制度と称号 The word for cloth, above all cotton cloth, in Uyghur; one translation of the account of 981 says that baidie is böz.
  • boz at 古テュルク語 Kül Tegin's Horses 制度と称号 Grey horse; the colour of the horses of Tadık Çor and Išbara Yamtar and of the mount at Bolču.
  • Bread Bread 飲食
  • Breviarium ラテン語 Nikephoros 史料 The Latin name under which the work is often cited.
  • Bride-Price in Livestock Bride-Price in Livestock 制度と称号
  • Bronze Mirrors of the Steppe Bronze Mirrors of the Steppe 制度と称号
  • bu kök kirsün qizil čiqsün 古テュルク語 The Iron Oath 制度と称号 The oath formula in Kashgari's entry tämür. Kashgari's translation: 'May this (iron) go in blue and come out red'.
  • Buchārā アラビア語 Bukhara 地名 The Arabic form in Tabari and Dinawari, as Nöldeke gives it; the Sogdian name is not read in a primary source here.
  • Buda ハンガリー語 Bleda 人物 The Hungarian form in the medieval Hungarian chronicle tradition, which names the town of Buda after him.
  • Buddhism among the Göktürks Buddhism among the Göktürks 宗教
  • bugan chuluu モンゴル語 Deer stones 制度と称号 The Mongolian name; the English is a translation of it.
  • Bugu Bugu 民族
  • Bugut inscription Bugut inscription 史料
  • Bugut stele 英語 Bugut inscription 史料
  • Bukadur トルコ語 Baghatur Khan 人物 The form of one modern account, which reads the first element of the title.
  • Bukhar Khuda Bukhar Khuda 制度と称号
  • Bukhār Khudā ペルシア語 Bukhar Khuda 制度と称号
  • Bukhara Bukhara 地名
  • Bulan Bulan 人物
  • Bulgar Turkic 英語 Oghur Turkic 言語 The name that ties the branch to the Bulgars, its best known speakers.
  • Bulgars Bulgars 民族
  • Buli Shad Buli Shad 人物
  • Bulkhan ジョージア語 Bulan 人物 The name of a Khazar commander that the Georgian chronicle is said to give for the raid of 730. The same chronicle names a general Bluč'an about 800. Whether either man is the same as Bulan is argued.
  • Buluzhen Khan Buluzhen Khan 人物
  • Bumin Khan Bumin Khan 人物
  • Bumın 古テュルク語 Bumin Khan 人物 Turkological normal form of the name as the Kül Tegin and Bilge Khan inscriptions write it in runes; the equation with 土門 rests on phonetic reconstruction.
  • Buqaraq 古テュルク語 Bukhara 地名 The city-folk of Bukhara among the mourners of 732, in the working translation of the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • Bürgerkrieg ドイツ語 The Göktürk Civil War 戦争 The German term, under which the war is dated from 584.
  • Burial and the balbal Burial and the balbal 宗教
  • Busir 英語 Busir Glavan 人物 Dunlop's reading of the first part of the name. Zajączkowski reads the whole as Bäzir Yilbars. Glavan is taken from the second part, Gliabanos.
  • Busir Glavan Busir Glavan 人物
  • buxsum テュルク語 Millet Beer 飲食 Millet beer in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, glossed with the Arabic mizr.
  • Buyeo Buyeo 国家
  • Buyruk Buyruk 制度と称号
  • buyruk 古テュルク語 Buyruk 制度と称号 In the founders' passage: buyrukı yeme bilge ermis erinç, alp ermis erinç.
  • Byang phyogs na rgyal po du bzhugs pa’i rabs gyi yi ge チベット語 Old Tibetan report on the northern kings 史料 The heading of the second Tibetan text on the reverse of the manuscript, the report itself.
  • Byzantium Byzantium 国家

C

  • Čāč ソグド語 Chach 地名 De la Vaissière's form; Ilaq is the Angren valley beside it.
  • čäčgä 古テュルク語 Felt, Cloth, Leather and Wood in Kashgari's Dictionary 制度と称号 Weaver's reed, the comb of a loom.
  • čākar ソグド語 Chakar 制度と称号
  • čališ テュルク語 Wrestling 風習と娯楽 'Wrestling', glossed with the Arabic musāraʿa (Dankoff/Kelly I, 284).
  • Cambridge Document 英語 The Schechter letter 史料 The name under which the letter is also cited. The manuscript is held at Cambridge University Library.
  • Camels Camels 制度と称号
  • Campaign of Marwan (737) Campaign of Marwan (737) 戦闘と出来事
  • campi Catalaunici ラテン語 Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 戦闘と出来事 Jordanes: the Catalaunian plains, which are also called the Mauriacian.
  • Captives and the Unfree Captives and the Unfree 制度と称号
  • Capture of Apa (587) Capture of Apa (587) 戦闘と出来事
  • Capture of Ilig Khan (630) Capture of Ilig Khan (630) 戦闘と出来事
  • carpenta ラテン語 Wagons of the Steppe Peoples 制度と称号 Wagons in which the Huns live, in Ammianus Marcellinus 31.2.10.
  • Catulfus ラテン語 Katulph 人物 The form of the Latin translation in Müller's edition.
  • Cave of the ancestors Cave of the ancestors 地名
  • Cefu yuangui Cefu yuangui 史料
  • Chach Chach 地名
  • Chadir テュルク語 Wulei 地名 One identification of the site: Chadir, some fifty kilometres east of Bugur.
  • Chakar Chakar 制度と称号
  • Chan 中国語 Emperor Wuzong of Tang 人物 His given name. On 11 April 846 he decreed that it be changed to Yan, in the hope of halting his decline.
  • Chang'an Chang'an 地名
  • Chanyu Chanyu 制度と称号
  • Charaton Charaton 人物
  • Chebi Khan Chebi Khan 人物
  • Chelchal Chelchal 人物
  • Chelchal ラテン語 Chelchal 人物 The form of the Latin edition of Priscus, which calls him a Hun by race.
  • Chembukh アルメニア語 Chepetukh 制度と称号 The form in Sebeos, chapter 28, of the commander on the Oxus.
  • Chepetukh Chepetukh 制度と称号
  • Chepetukh アルメニア語 Chepetukh 制度と称号 The form in Sebeos, chapter 29, in the notice on the Pass of Chor; English transliteration.
  • Chepetukh アルメニア語 Tong Yabgu 人物 The commander under the great Khak'an, king of the regions of the north, in Sebeos; taken for a garbled form of the same title yabgu.
  • Cherson Cherson 地名
  • Chersona ラテン語 Cherson 地名 Getica § 32, among the Greek towns on the Pontic coast, and § 37, iuxta Chersonam.
  • Chersonesus 英語 Cherson 地名 The ancient town on the south-western coast of the Crimea, with which the translator of Menander identifies Cherson.
  • Chichak ギリシア語 Tzitzak 人物 A spelling used in the English literature on the Khazars.
  • Chiji Shad Chiji Shad 人物
  • Chik Chik 民族
  • Chinese Bans on the Export of Iron Chinese Bans on the Export of Iron 制度と称号
  • Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments 制度と称号
  • Chinese transcriptions of Turkic Chinese transcriptions of Turkic 言語
  • Chinese Weaponsmiths among the Xianbei Chinese Weaponsmiths among the Xianbei 制度と称号
  • Chionitae ラテン語 Huns 民族 The Latin writers' name for the group on the Persian frontier; whether it belongs to the same people is a separate question.
  • Choito-Tamir 英語 Hoyto Tamir inscriptions 史料 The spelling of the place in Radloff's edition of 1895, which printed the ten texts that Klementz copied in 1893.
  • Chorpan Tarkhan Chorpan Tarkhan 人物
  • Choscho-Zaidam ドイツ語 Khöshöö Tsaidam 地名 The spelling of the report on the excavation of 1958.
  • Chounu Khan Chounu Khan 人物
  • Chrysaphius Chrysaphius 人物
  • Chula Khan Chula Khan 人物
  • Chumukun Chumukun 民族
  • Chunyu Tan Chunyu Tan 人物
  • Chur Chur 制度と称号
  • Church of the East Church of the East 宗教
  • Chuzhe River Chuzhe River 地名
  • Čiček 古テュルク語 Tzitzak 人物 A conjectured Turkic form of the name; it means 'flower'.
  • Cicek 古テュルク語 Tzitzak 人物 A spelling of Čiček used in the English literature on the marriage of 732.
  • Çigşi Çigşi 制度と称号
  • çigşi 古テュルク語 Çigşi 制度と称号 The form in the Yenisei epitaphs.
  • Čik 古テュルク語 Chik 民族 The ethnonym as the translations of the Bilge Khan inscription give it: Chik in one rendering, Cik in the reference literature.
  • čik テュルク語 Knucklebones 風習と娯楽 'A particle used in playing knuckles'; when the bone falls on its underside one says čik turdï (Dankoff/Kelly I, 265).
  • çikşi 古テュルク語 Çigşi 制度と称号 A second interpretation of the same spelling.
  • Cimmerians Cimmerians 民族
  • Çince yazım トルコ語 Chinese transcriptions of Turkic 言語 The usual Turkish phrase for the Chinese spelling of a Turkic word.
  • Climate and the steppe empires Climate and the steppe empires 論争
  • čögän テュルク語 Polo 風習と娯楽 'Polo stick', glossed with the Arabic ṣawlajān (Dankoff/Kelly I, 306).
  • Coinage of the Huna Peoples Coinage of the Huna Peoples 制度と称号
  • Commandant of Slaves 英語 Tongpu Duwei 制度と称号 The usual English rendering of 僮僕都尉. The word 僮僕 means youths or servants; the rendering is a translator's choice.
  • Compendium of the Turkic Dialects 英語 Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk 史料
  • Composite bow Composite bow 制度と称号
  • Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism 戦闘と出来事
  • čor 古テュルク語 Chur 制度と称号 The turkological reading of the Chinese transcription.
  • Čorpan Tʿarxan アルメニア語 Chorpan Tarkhan 人物 Movses Dasxuranci II.16, in Dowsett's transliteration (p. 104): 'a prince of theirs called Čorpan Tʿarxan'.
  • Craftsmen in the Steppe Empires Craftsmen in the Steppe Empires 制度と称号
  • Culture of the Turkic Peoples Culture of the Turkic Peoples 風習と娯楽
  • Cwcn ソグド語 Jiuquan 地名 Cwcn, in line 5 of Ancient Letter II, identified with Jiuquan in the translation.

D

  • Da Ci'ensi Sanzang fashi zhuan 中国語 Life of Xuanzang 史料 Pinyin of the short title.
  • Da Tang Xiyu ji 中国語 Record of the Western Regions 史料 Pinyin.
  • dağ kültü トルコ語 Sacred Mountains 宗教 The Turkish scholarly term for the reverence of mountains; it is not a word of any source of the khaganates.
  • Daguan Daguan 制度と称号
  • Dali City Dali City 地名
  • Daluobian Daluobian 制度と称号
  • Damozhi Damozhi 人物
  • Danube Bulgaria Danube Bulgaria 国家
  • Darband ペルシア語 Derbent 地名 The Persian name, 'closed gate'; Nöldeke writes Derbend for Tabari's form.
  • Darband ペルシア語 Iron Gate 地名 Not the Caspian Derbent; the pass in the Baysun range.
  • Datan Khan Datan Khan 人物
  • Daxi Wu Daxi Wu 人物
  • De administrando imperio De administrando imperio 史料
  • De origine actibusque Getarum ラテン語 Jordanes 史料 The title of the work, commonly called the Getica.
  • Death of Attila Death of Attila 戦闘と出来事
  • Death of Princess Dayi Death of Princess Dayi 戦闘と出来事
  • Death of Tulan Khan Death of Tulan Khan 戦闘と出来事
  • Deer stones Deer stones 制度と称号
  • Defeat of the Tiele, 546 Defeat of the Tiele, 546 戦闘と出来事
  • Defection of Töles (628) Defection of Töles (628) 戦闘と出来事
  • Del Uul inscriptions 英語 Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 史料 The four texts on the rock group of Del Uul in the province of Dund Govi.
  • Dengizich Dengizich 人物
  • Dengzhu Dengzhu 人物
  • Derbent Derbent 地名
  • Dewashtich 英語 Dēwāštīč 人物 The form without diacritics.
  • Dēwāštīč Dēwāštīč 人物
  • Di-de Yi-si-nan-shu 中国語 Tatik Iznanchu 人物 The Pinyin of the Chinese form; the characters are not given in any work used here.
  • Dieluozhi Dieluozhi 人物
  • Dihqan Dihqan 制度と称号
  • dihqān ペルシア語 Dihqan 制度と称号
  • Dingan Dachang Gongzhu 中国語 Princess Taihe 人物 Dingan Grand Senior Princess, written 定安大長公主 in the Tang Huiyao and 定安公主 in the Xin Tang Shu; the title she received on her return in 843.
  • Dingling Dingling 民族
  • Dingxiang Dingxiang 地名
  • Dintzic ラテン語 Dengizich 人物 Jordanes: rex Hunnorum Dintzic filius Attilae.
  • Dinzirichus ラテン語 Dengizich 人物 The Easter Chronicle; Marcellinus Comes writes Denzic.
  • Diplomacy of the Steppe Empires Diplomacy of the Steppe Empires 制度と称号
  • Diqincha Diqincha 人物
  • Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk 史料
  • Dîvânu Lugâti't-Türk トルコ語 Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk 史料
  • Diwan Diwan 人物
  • Djordjân フランス語 Gurgan 地名 Le Djordjân, the French rendering of the Arabic name in Zotenberg's translation of al-Thaʿalibi.
  • Dochia Dochia 宗教
  • Doğu Balık トルコ語 Togu Balık 地名 The spelling of a Turkish study that reads togu as doğu, east.
  • Donghu Donghu 民族
  • Dou Xian Dou Xian 人物
  • Dövön stele 英語 Rock inscriptions found in Mongolia, 2018 to 2021 史料 The standing stone with a tamga, a text in Uyghur script and a two-letter runiform text.
  • Drums and Banners for the Khans Drums and Banners for the Khans 制度と称号
  • drw’’n ソグド語 Dunhuang 地名
  • Dsungarei ドイツ語 Dzungaria 地名 The German form; the name is that of the Dzungar Mongols of the seventeenth century and is applied to the region by convention.
  • Du-lü-shi Alp Du-lü-shi Alp 人物
  • Du-lü-shi Alp 中国語 Du-lü-shi Alp 人物 The Pinyin and Turkic reading in the translation of the Kirghiz petition; the characters are not given. The Tang pronunciation of the first three syllables suggests something like Tölish.
  • Duan Duan 氏族
  • Dubo Dubo 民族
  • Dujin Garrison Dujin Garrison 地名
  • Duke of Wei 英語 Li Deyu 人物 The title Wuzong gave him in 844.
  • Dukhyn Buuts inscription 英語 Rock inscriptions found in Mongolia, 2018 to 2021 史料 The rock text with two published readings that differ completely.
  • Duliu Duliu 人物
  • Duman トルコ語 Duman (Touman) 人物 The form of the Turkish tradition, used as the name in every language. Neither Touman nor Douman is used.
  • Duman (Touman) Duman (Touman) 人物
  • Dunhuang Dunhuang 地名
  • Duoxifu Duoxifu 人物
  • Dusuliu Dusuliu 人物
  • džaurun その他 Scapulimancy 宗教 Kirghiz name of the shoulder blade, in the form Potanin recorded in north-western Mongolia; the Mongolian name he gives is tal.
  • Dzungaria Dzungaria 地名
  • ıdok 古テュルク語 Yer-Su Spirits 宗教 The reading with o in the second syllable, which takes o and ö as phonemes of non-first syllables and for which this word is a standard example; the Orkhon inscriptions spell it with the sign for back d.
  • ıduk baş 古テュルク語 Sacred Mountains 宗教 A second sacred head, the place of the battle of 701; it may or may not be the same as Tamag.
  • ıduk ötüken yış 古テュルク語 Sacred Mountains 宗教 The sacred Ötüken forest, the one forested upland that the inscriptions call sacred.
  • ıduk yer sub 古テュルク語 Water Cult 宗教 The sacred Earth-and-Water; the pair in which water stands in the inscriptions.
  • ıduq ötüken yış 古テュルク語 Ötüken 地名 The sacred Ötüken forest, E23. The epithet has been glossed as kutlu, blessed; the transcription reads ıduq.
  • ıduq yer sub 古テュルク語 Animism 宗教 Related term, not a name for animism: the sacred Earth-and-Water of the inscriptions, treated in its own article.

E

  • E 11 英語 Begre inscription (E 11) 史料 The number of the stele in the catalogue of the Yenisei inscriptions.
  • Early Nomads 英語 The steppe before the Xiongnu 論争 The archaeologists' name for the equestrian pastoral cultures of the first millennium BC, Pazyryk among them.
  • Eastern Türk Khaganate; Later Türk Khaganate 英語 Second Göktürk Khaganate 国家 Names the literature uses; 'Second' is the usual one.
  • Eastern Wei Eastern Wei 国家
  • Ebodalo バクトリア語 Hephthalites 民族 Understood as a self-designation in Bactrian documents from the kingdom of Rob; this interpretation is recent and not settled.
  • Ectag ラテン語 Ektag 地名 The form of the Latin translation in Müller's edition: in monte qui vocatur apud ipsos Ectag, montem aureum diceres.
  • eçüm apam 古テュルク語 Ancestor Cult 宗教 My forefathers, in the Kül Tegin inscription; Bumin and Istemi are the forefathers named.
  • Edeco Edeco 人物
  • Edica ラテン語 Edeco 人物 The father of Odoacer in the Latin sources, identified with Edeco by some scholars and rejected by others.
  • Edict of Emperor Wen against the Göktürks (583) Edict of Emperor Wen against the Göktürks (583) 戦闘と出来事
  • Ediz Ediz 民族
  • edzen モンゴル語 Iye 宗教 The Buryat word for owner, Mongolic and not Turkic; the Tungus word is amaka. They stand beside the Turkic forms in the ethnographic record.
  • ee, eezi アルタイ語 Iye 宗教 The Altaian forms, in the compounds su eezi, tu eezi, ot eezi and the like; plural eeler. The collectors also record ie, iye and izi.
  • eer 古テュルク語 Horse harness 制度と称号 The Old Turkic word for saddle.
  • Egiin Gol Egiin Gol 地名
  • ekin ara kişi oglı 古テュルク語 The three worlds 宗教 Between the two, the sons of men; mankind's place given as a position rather than a world.
  • Ektag Ektag 地名
  • elig yıl 古テュルク語 The Göktürk interregnum, 630–682 国家 Fifty years; the inscription's own reckoning of the period, counted from the fall of the eastern khaganate.
  • Ellac Ellac 人物
  • Ellac ラテン語 Ellac 人物 Jordanes: filius Attilae maior natu nomine Ellac. Priscus does not name him.
  • eltäbär 古テュルク語 Ilteber 制度と称号 The form used where the first vowel is read as open; the handbooks divide.
  • Elterish Khan 英語 Ilterish Khan 人物 Thomsen's and Ross's spelling; the literature also writes Elteriš and İlteriş.
  • Embassy of Cui Junsu (608) Embassy of Cui Junsu (608) 戦闘と出来事
  • Embassy of Maximinus to Attila Embassy of Maximinus to Attila 戦闘と出来事
  • Embassy of Priscus 英語 Embassy of Maximinus to Attila 戦闘と出来事 Named after the historian who described it.
  • Embassy of Valentinos (576) Embassy of Valentinos (576) 戦闘と出来事
  • Embassy of Yu Qingze (584) Embassy of Yu Qingze (584) 戦闘と出来事
  • Emperor Gaozu of Han Emperor Gaozu of Han 人物
  • Emperor Wu of Han Emperor Wu of Han 人物
  • Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou 人物
  • Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi 人物
  • Emperor Wuzong of Tang Emperor Wuzong of Tang 人物
  • Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (846–859) Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (846–859) 人物
  • Emperor Yizong of Tang Emperor Yizong of Tang 人物
  • Empire of Attila 英語 Hunnic Empire 国家 The usual name for the realm at its height.
  • Empress Ashina Empress Ashina 人物
  • Empress Yujiulü Empress Yujiulü 人物
  • Envoys and Embassies Envoys and Embassies 制度と称号
  • Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) 史料
  • Er At Er At 風習と娯楽
  • er at 古テュルク語 Er At 風習と娯楽 The two words of line E31 of the Kül Tegin inscription, er, 'man', and at, 'name'. The meaning of the pair is disputed.
  • er atım 古テュルク語 Er At 風習と娯楽 The formula of the Yenisei epitaphs, 'my name as a man', which stands before the dead man's name on many stones.
  • Er Chanyu Er Chanyu 人物
  • Ērānšahr ペルシア語 Sasanian Persia 国家 The empire's own name, the realm of the Iranians; the Sasanian house is named after Sasan, the ancestor of Ardashir I.
  • erkin 古テュルク語 Irkin 制度と称号 The turkological view; the Kül Tegin inscription has the compound name Ulug Irkin for the chief of the Bayirku.
  • Erklig Erklig 宗教
  • Erlik アルタイ語 Altaian Creation Story 宗教 The name given to the first man in Radloff's version and to the clay figure in Verbitskii's; glossed by Verbitskii as manly.
  • Erlik トルコ語 Erklig 宗教 The form under which the figure is known from the ethnography of the Altai, and the form of most popular accounts.
  • erlik adı トルコ語 Er At 風習と娯楽 The Turkish gloss, 'name of manhood', with which the editors usually render er at.
  • Ermenrichus ラテン語 Hermanaric 人物 Ammianus: Ermenrichus, bellicosissimus rex.
  • Ernak Ernak 人物
  • Esik kurgan inscription 英語 Issyk inscription 史料 The spelling of one of the Turkish studies.
  • Eski Türkçe トルコ語 Old Turkic 言語 The name of the language in Turkish scholarship.
  • Eski Uygurca トルコ語 Old Uyghur 言語 The name of the language in Turkish scholarship.
  • Etil テュルク語 Itil 地名 Golden gives Atil, Etil and Itil side by side for the city and for the river.
  • Eurasian Nomads Eurasian Nomads 民族
  • Eyang Ridge Eyang Ridge 地名

F

G

H

I

  • Ibn Fadlan Ibn Fadlan 史料
  • Ibn Rusta Ibn Rusta 史料
  • Ibouzēros Gliabanos ギリシア語 Busir Glavan 人物 A garbled form in the anonymous Byzantine chronicle of the eighth century. Golden calls the forms in this chronicle obviously defective.
  • iççi ヤクート語 Iye 宗教 The Yakut owner-spirit, of rivers, lakes, stones, the forest, vessels and tools; it belongs neither to the good spirits of the sky nor to the evil spirits of the underworld.
  • Ichā アラビア語 Khazar Dual Kingship 制度と称号 Ibn Rusta's name for the king who holds the command. The editors find the word enigmatic.
  • ičränki 古テュルク語 Yizhi-lianji 人物 The Turkic form from which the Chinese may be derived, itself taken as a distortion of the rank ičräki. The study notes that the transcription poses some problems.
  • idi 古テュルク語 Animism 宗教 Master, owner. The inscription has idisiz, 'without a master', of land and water; Kashgari glosses idi as master and as a name of God.
  • Idi Idi 制度と称号
  • idi 古テュルク語 Idi 制度と称号 In the compound idisiz, 'without a master', in the east face of the Kül Tegin inscription, where the formula is said first when the Az are set in order and then of the Kögmen, when the Az and the Kirghiz are set in order.
  • idi 古テュルク語 Iye 宗教 Master, owner, lord. The inscription has idisiz, 'without a master', of land and water; Kashgari glosses idi as master and as a name of God. A second idi, before a negative, means 'not at all'.
  • iik アルタイ語 Horse Sacrifice 宗教 The light-coloured horse that every married man owes to Ülgen, in Verbitskii's spelling.
  • Ikar Ikar 地名
  • Ikh Bichigt inscription 英語 Runiform finds in Mongolia, 1990 to 1999 史料 The rock with a runiform line, two words in Uyghur script and three tamgas, in Govi-Ugtaal.
  • Ikhe Khushotu inscription 英語 Küli Čor inscription 史料 After the find-spot. The literature also writes Ihe-Hüşötü, Ihe-Huşotu and Ikhe-Khushotu.
  • Ildico Ildico 人物
  • Ildico ラテン語 Ildico 人物 Jordanes, after Priscus: puellam Ildico nomine decoram valde.
  • Ilig Khan Ilig Khan 人物
  • Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) 戦闘と出来事
  • ilig külüg šad baga ïšbara qaġan 古テュルク語 Ishbara Khan 人物 The full string of titles the Chinese preserve in transcription, as Peter B. Golden reconstructs it.
  • ilik 古テュルク語 Ellac 人物 The Turkic word for ruler or prince with which the name is equated; some scholars take Ellac as a title rather than a name.
  • Illig Illig 制度と称号
  • illig 古テュルク語 Illig 制度と称号 'Having a realm', as some interpret 伊利; the word occurs in the inscriptions, but not as part of a title.
  • Ilteber Ilteber 制度と称号
  • Ilteber 古テュルク語 Ilteber 制度と称号 The Turkological normal form, as in the Sogdian contract of 639 from Gaochang, which de la Vaissière renders 'Ilteber-king'.
  • Ilterish Khan Ilterish Khan 人物
  • in modum circensium cursibus ambientes ラテン語 Riding Round the Dead 宗教 Riding round in courses after the manner of the circus games; the horsemen at Attila's funeral, Getica 256.
  • Inal Inal 制度と称号
  • inal トルコ語 Inal 制度と称号 The form in Turkish and Russian scholarship. Gardīzī's Kimek chief is Yinal yabgu and Ibn Faḍlān's Oghuz deputy the Lesser Yinal, in the renderings of the literature.
  • Inel Khan Inel Khan 人物
  • Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan 人物
  • Irbis Shegui Khan Irbis Shegui Khan 人物
  • Irk Bitig Irk Bitig 史料
  • Irkin Irkin 制度と称号
  • Iron Gate Iron Gate 地名
  • Iron Mountain Iron Mountain 地名
  • Iron of the Bayegu Iron of the Bayegu 制度と称号
  • ïšbara 古テュルク語 Ishbara (Title) 制度と称号 The transcription of the same word on the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • Išbara Jabğu 古テュルク語 Sparzeugun 人物 A Turkic equivalent offered with a question mark by some scholars.
  • Ïšbara Tölis 古テュルク語 Ishbara Tolis Khan 人物 The reading of the title: ïšbara is the word in Ishbara Khan's title in the east, tölis the name of the eastern half of a Göktürk people.
  • Ishbara (Title) Ishbara (Title) 制度と称号
  • Ishbara Khan Ishbara Khan 人物
  • Ishbara Tolis Khan Ishbara Tolis Khan 人物
  • Ishbara's Hunt (587) Ishbara's Hunt (587) 戦闘と出来事
  • Islam Islam 宗教
  • Issik Khagan 英語 Issik Khan 人物 Form with the title as the literature writes it.
  • Issik Khan Issik Khan 人物
  • Issyk cup 英語 Issyk inscription 史料 After the object. The kurgan is also written Issık and Esik, and the town near it Alma-Ata in the older studies.
  • Issyk inscription Issyk inscription 史料
  • Issyk-Kul Issyk-Kul 地名
  • Istemi Istemi 人物
  • Istemi Khagan 英語 Istemi 人物 Form with the khaganal title, as the inscriptions, the Tang histories and much of the literature give it.
  • Istemi's campaign against Persia, 569 Istemi's campaign against Persia, 569 戦闘と出来事
  • Itil Itil 地名
  • Itimari Itimari 民族
  • Itimari ラテン語 Itimari 民族
  • Iusta Grata Honoria ラテン語 Honoria 人物 Justa Grata Honoria, her full name on her coins and in an inscription.
  • Ivolga Ivolga 地名
  • Ivolga fortress 英語 Ivolga 地名 The English literature calls the site the Ivolga fortress or the Ivolga settlement.
  • iyä, igä 古ウイグル語 Iye 宗教 The late spellings of idi in Old Uyghur texts, derived from idi through a late change of the intervocalic d to y. The Old Uyghur Golden Light Sutra has umay iyäsi, 'owner of the placenta'.
  • iye テュルク語 Animism 宗教 The owner-spirit of the Altaians, who also say ie and izi; the Yakut form is iççi. The forms are those of the ethnographic record, not of the Göktürk sources.
  • Iye Iye 宗教
  • iye トルコ語 Iye 宗教 The form of the Turkish literature, where the word has also taken the sense of protector, hami ruh.

J

  • Jabogan inscription Jabogan inscription 史料
  • Jade Gate Jade Gate 地名
  • Jangar 英語 Yami Khan 人物 A modern form of his personal name 染干 Rangan, used on the maps of the civil war.
  • Jaxartes ギリシア語 Syr Darya 地名
  • Jayḥūn アラビア語 Oxus 地名
  • Jebu Xak'an アルメニア語 Meeting of Heraclius and Ziebel (627) 戦闘と出来事 The Armenian history of the Albanians, which joins the titles yabgu and khagan.
  • J̌ebu Xakʿan アルメニア語 Tong Yabgu 人物 The name of Heraclius's ally in the Armenian history of the Caucasian Albanians, read by Peter B. Golden as Yabgu Khagan and equated with the Sir Yabgu of the Greek sources; Édouard Chavannes took him for a Khazar chief.
  • Jian River Jian River 地名
  • Jiaohe Jiaohe 地名
  • Jie Jie 民族
  • Jie couplet 英語 The language of the Xiongnu 論争 The four words in the Jin Shu that are the only connected text ever assigned to the language.
  • Jin Midi Jin Midi 人物
  • Jin River Jin River 地名
  • Jingyang Jingyang 地名
  • Jinyang Jinyang 地名
  • Jinyang campaign, 563–564 Jinyang campaign, 563–564 戦闘と出来事
  • Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) 史料
  • Jiuquan Jiuquan 地名
  • John of Asia 英語 John of Ephesus 史料 The other name under which he is known, from his mission in the province of Asia.
  • John of Ephesus John of Ephesus 史料
  • Jordanes Jordanes 史料
  • Jornandes ラテン語 Jordanes 史料 The author's name in the lesser manuscripts and the early editions; the primary manuscripts write Jordanes.
  • Joseph of Khazaria Joseph of Khazaria 人物
  • Joseph, son of Aaron ヘブライ語 Joseph of Khazaria 人物 The heading of the reply in Marcus's translation: Joseph the king, son of Aaron the king.
  • Juan-juan 英語 Rouran 民族 Older transcription, still met in the literature; Golden writes Jou-jan.
  • Juan-juan 英語 Rouran Khaganate 国家 Older Western transcription of the Chinese name.
  • Jujian Tegin Jujian Tegin 人物
  • Junchen Chanyu Junchen Chanyu 人物
  • Justin II Justin II 人物

K

  • K.M.JKATH ペルシア語 Kemijkat 地名 The consonants of the name in the Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam as Minorsky transliterates them. The last syllable is the Iranian word for town.
  • K.SAYM ペルシア語 Kyshtym 民族 The consonant skeleton as Minorsky renders the Ḥudūd; the vowels are not given.
  • K'art'lis Cxovreba ジョージア語 Kartlis Tskhovreba 史料 The scholarly transcription of the Georgian title.
  • Kabar Revolt Kabar Revolt 戦闘と出来事
  • Kabaroi ギリシア語 Kabar Revolt 戦闘と出来事 The Greek form in the text of Constantine VII, in the transliteration of the English translation; the same people are the Kabars, Qabars or Kavars of the modern literature.
  • Kabaroi ギリシア語 Kabars 民族 The name in De administrando imperio 39: 'the so-called Kabaroi'.
  • Kabars Kabars 民族
  • Kābul-šāh アラビア語 Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa 国家 The name of the king of Kabul in the Arabic accounts of the eighth and ninth centuries.
  • Kaira Kan アルタイ語 Ülgen and Kayra Khan 宗教 The gracious khan, in Radloff's account Tengere Kaira Kan, the god of the seventeenth heaven.
  • kam 古テュルク語 Shamanism 宗教 The Turkic word for the ritual specialist. Turkic texts that use it date from the eleventh century on; the Göktürk inscriptions do not.
  • Kam (Turkic Shaman) Kam (Turkic Shaman) 宗教
  • kamlik キプチャク語 Shamanism 宗教 In the Codex Cumanicus of 1303, kamlik etermen, 'I make a conjuration'; kamlik is also the Altaian word for a kam's conjuration.
  • Kamos Kamos 飲食
  • Kang Shaoli Kang Shaoli 人物
  • Kang Sumi Kang Sumi 人物
  • Kangju Kangju 民族
  • Kapgan Khan Kapgan Khan 人物
  • Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) 戦闘と出来事
  • Kapgan's wars with the Tang, 698–716 Kapgan's wars with the Tang, 698–716 戦争
  • Kapgan's western war, 709–713 Kapgan's western war, 709–713 戦争
  • Kara 古テュルク語 Issik Khan 人物 Reconstruction of the personal name from the Chinese transcription; not attested in a Turkic-language source.
  • Kara-Khanid Khanate Kara-Khanid Khanate 国家
  • Karabalgasun 英語 Karabalghasun inscription 史料 Also written Kara Balgasun and Qara Balghasun; the name is the later Mongol one for the ruined site, meaning the black city.
  • Karabalgasun 英語 Ordu-Balık 地名 The black town, the Mongolian name of the ruin field, and the name under which the trilingual stele is cited.
  • Karabalghasun inscription Karabalghasun inscription 史料
  • Karashahr Karashahr 地名
  • Karashahr テュルク語 Karashahr 地名 The modern name of the oasis with which Yanqi is identified.
  • Karı Çor Tegin epitaph トルコ語 Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) 史料 The spelling of the Turkish editors, Aydın and Alyılmaz.
  • Karluk Karluk 民族
  • Karluk Yabgu State Karluk Yabgu State 国家
  • Kartlis Tskhovreba Kartlis Tskhovreba 史料
  • Kashgar Kashgar 地名
  • Kashgar テュルク語 Kashgar 地名 The modern name of the oasis with which Shule is identified.
  • kästäm テュルク語 Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary 風習と娯楽 A feast prepared for drinkers who come without formal arrangements (Dankoff/Kelly I, 360).
  • Katin フランス語 Kayen 人物 The name in Patkanian's French version of Sebeos, as Chavannes cites it.
  • Katulph Katulph 人物
  • Katun Katun 制度と称号
  • katun 古テュルク語 Katun 制度と称号 In the line where Heaven takes İlteriš Khan and İlbilge Katun by the crown of the head.
  • Kayen Kayen 人物
  • Kayēn アルメニア語 Kayen 人物 Sebeos, chapter 10 (Abgaryan p. 73), in Thomson's transliteration: 'His mother, called Kayēn, was the daughter of the great Khakʿan, king of the Tʿetals'.
  • Kayrakan アルタイ語 Ülgen and Kayra Khan 宗教 The form of the Telengit and Soyot record; a great khan in Katanov's gloss.
  • Kc’n ソグド語 Wuwei 地名
  • Kebineng Kebineng 人物
  • Keluo Chuo Keluo Chuo 制度と称号
  • Kemijkat Kemijkat 地名
  • kergeksiz 古テュルク語 Gold and Silver in the Orkhon Inscriptions 制度と称号 The word that follows altun kümüş at the funerals. Translations give it as 'past all counting' and as 'beyond need'.
  • Kesh Kesh 地名
  • khadang ペルシア語 Wood and Woodworking 制度と称号 A wood used for bows and arrows in the Hudud al-ʿĀlam and exported from the Kirghiz country. The Hudud does not say what tree it came from.
  • khagan 英語 Khan (Khagan) 制度と称号 The form most of the literature uses for the supreme ruler.
  • Khalaj Khalaj 民族
  • khalanj ペルシア語 Wood and Woodworking 制度と称号 A second wood that the Hudud lists with khadang, for Chach and for the Kirghiz country.
  • Khan (Khagan) Khan (Khagan) 制度と称号
  • Khāqān Bih アラビア語 Khazar Dual Kingship 制度と称号 Ibn Fadlan's name for the king under the Great Khagan, in Canard's rendering Khaqan Beg. Bih stands for beg.
  • Khar-us inscription 英語 Ulaangom inscription 史料 After the place of the find, Khar-us, also written Kara-su.
  • Khazar Customs and Tribute Khazar Customs and Tribute 制度と称号
  • Khazar Dual Kingship Khazar Dual Kingship 制度と称号
  • Khazar Khaganate Khazar Khaganate 国家
  • Khazar Mail and the Armourers of the Caucasus Khazar Mail and the Armourers of the Caucasus 制度と称号
  • Khazar script 英語 Runiform inscriptions of the Khazar lands 史料 The name some surveys use for the signs of the Don and Kuban groups. It assumes that the Khazars wrote them.
  • Khe-rged チベット語 Yenisei Kirghiz 民族 One of several forms of the name in a Tibetan text of the eighth century, with Gir-tis and Hir-kis; taken to be the Kirghiz.
  • Kherkhir ギリシア語 Yenisei Kirghiz 民族 The name of the people whose captive Istemi gave to the Byzantine envoy Zemarchos in 569; scholars take it for the Kirghiz.
  • Khirkhiz ペルシア語 Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate 国家 The form of the Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam in Minorsky's transliteration; its ruler is the Khirkhiz-khāqān.
  • Khitan Khitan 民族
  • Khorasan Khorasan 地名
  • Khorâsân フランス語 Khorasan 地名 Le Khorâsân in Zotenberg's French translation of al-Thaʿalibi.
  • Khorezm Khorezm 地名
  • Khöshöö Tsaidam Khöshöö Tsaidam 地名
  • Khöshöö-Tsaidam モンゴル語 Khöshöö Tsaidam 地名 The spelling with a hyphen, used for the lake and for the site.
  • Khosrow I Khosrow I 人物
  • Khosrow's gift of maidens (573) Khosrow's gift of maidens (573) 戦闘と出来事
  • Khotan Khotan 地名
  • Khumdān ソグド語 Chang'an 地名 The Sogdian name, written ’xwmt’n in Ancient Letter II; it renders Xianyang, the Qin capital, as it was pronounced then.
  • Khurasan 英語 Khorasan 地名 The form of the English commentary on Sebeos, which renders the name as 'the regions of the east'.
  • Khwarazm 英語 Khorezm 地名
  • Kidarites Kidarites 民族
  • kidiz 古テュルク語 Felt 制度と称号 The Old Turkic word for felt.
  • kidiz 古テュルク語 Felt, Cloth, Leather and Wood in Kashgari's Dictionary 制度と称号 Felt. The common Turkic word, still *kiyiz* and *kigiz* in the modern languages.
  • Kiev letter 英語 The Kievian letter 史料 The name under which the letter is also cited. Whether it was written at Kiev is itself disputed.
  • Kievan letter 英語 The Kievian letter 史料 The spelling used in the edition of Golb and Pritsak.
  • Killing of Heshana Khan (619) Killing of Heshana Khan (619) 戦闘と出来事
  • Kimek Kimek 民族
  • Kimek Khaganate Kimek Khaganate 国家
  • Kipchak Kipchak 民族
  • Kirghiz and Tibetan troops at Hedong (890) Kirghiz and Tibetan troops at Hedong (890) 戦闘と出来事
  • Kirghiz campaign against the Shiwei (848) Kirghiz campaign against the Shiwei (848) 戦闘と出来事
  • Kirghiz embassies of the Xiantong era (860–873) Kirghiz embassies of the Xiantong era (860–873) 戦闘と出来事
  • Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang (842–848) Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang (842–848) 戦闘と出来事
  • Kirghiz embassy of 648 Kirghiz embassy of 648 戦闘と出来事
  • Kirghiz Entertainments Kirghiz Entertainments 風習と娯楽
  • Kirghiz Iron and Gold Kirghiz Iron and Gold 制度と称号
  • kishachilo モンゴル語 Stone Figures 宗教 The Mongol name for upright stones, with or without a carved face, recorded in north-western Mongolia in 1876–77; the Uriankhai said kishatat and the Kirghiz syn-tas.
  • Kishi アルタイ語 Altaian Creation Story 宗教 The word for man; in Radloff's version the first being that the creator makes, and the one who dives.
  • Kishtim テュルク語 Kyshtym 民族 Minorsky's restitution of K.SAYM, written *Kishtim. Also Kištim or Kıştım; Kyshtym is the Russian form.
  • Kisrā アラビア語 Khosrow I 人物 The Arabic form of the name in Tabari, which became the generic word for a Persian king.
  • kiyik 古テュルク語 Hunting among the Göktürks 風習と娯楽 Wild game; the word of line 8 of the inscription for what the Göktürks ate, beside tabıšgan, the hare.
  • kiyik yiyü tabıšgan yiyü 古テュルク語 Steppe Diet 飲食 'Eating deer, eating hare'; the Tonyukuk inscription on the first years of the restored khaganate.
  • kizhi kozhee トゥバ語 Stone Figures 宗教 The Tuvan name for the figures; it is explained as "braided person" in one account and as "person-stone" in another.
  • Kıpçak トルコ語 Kipchak 民族
  • Kırkız 古テュルク語 Yenisei Kirghiz 民族 The name in the Orkhon inscriptions, written in runes and transcribed kırkız.
  • Kızıl Kum (Ulaan Gom) Yazıtı トルコ語 Ulaangom inscription 史料 The title of one study of the stone.
  • Knucklebones Knucklebones 風習と娯楽
  • köčürmä oyun テュルク語 Fourteen (Köčürmä Oyun) 風習と娯楽 'The game called Fourteen' (Dankoff/Kelly I, 364).
  • Kögmen Kögmen 地名
  • kögmen 古テュルク語 Kögmen 地名 kögmen aša, beyond the Kögmen, and kögmen yer sub, the land and water of the Kögmen, east face lines 17 and 20 of the Kül Tegin inscription and lines 15 and 17 of the Bilge Khan inscription, in Thomsen's count; also line 23 of the Tonyukuk inscription and line 5 of the west face of the Tariat inscription.
  • kögmen yış 古テュルク語 Kögmen 地名 The Kögmen forest, or wooded range: kögmen yışıg toga yorıp, marching up over the Kögmen forest, east face line 35 of the Kül Tegin inscription and line 27 of the Bilge Khan inscription; line 28 of the Tonyukuk inscription.
  • kök tämür kerü turmās 古テュルク語 The Iron Oath 制度と称号 A proverb in the same entry: 'The blue iron does not come to rest ineffectually'.
  • kök teŋri 古テュルク語 Tengri 宗教 The blue sky of the opening formula, in the phrase üze kök teŋri.
  • Kök Teŋri 古テュルク語 Tengrism 宗教 The blue sky of the opening formula; the modern Turkish Gök Tengri follows it.
  • kök türk 古テュルク語 First Göktürk Khaganate 国家 The Blue or Sky Türk of E2, a single attestation, from which the modern name Göktürks derives.
  • Köl Tigin 古テュルク語 Kül Tegin 人物 Turkological normal form; Kül or Köl is itself argued over.
  • Köl Tigin 古テュルク語 Kül Tegin inscription 史料 Turkological normal form of the name; Kül or Köl is itself argued over.
  • koñ yıl 古テュルク語 The twelve-year animal cycle 制度と称号 The Year of the Sheep, in which Kül Tegin died; 731 by back-reckoning.
  • Kotzager Kotzager 民族
  • Kreka Kreka 人物
  • Kucha Kucha 地名
  • Kuči 古テュルク語 Kucha 地名 The Turkic form, from the later Uyghur material of the Tarim.
  • Kuci サンスクリット Kucha 地名 Kuci, in the Sanskrit leaves from Qizil of about 600, in the title Kuciśvara Kucimahārāja; taken there from the local language.
  • Kudai アルタイ語 Ülgen and Kayra Khan 宗教 God; the name by which the southern Altaian shamanists call Ülgen.
  • küdän テュルク語 Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary 風習と娯楽 'Wedding feast', glossed with the Arabic walīma (Dankoff/Kelly I, 308).
  • Kuhanzhen Kuhanzhen 人物
  • Kujie Valley Kujie Valley 地名
  • kul 古テュルク語 Captives and the Unfree 制度と称号 Slave, male; in the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, in the line on how the state was lost. Kashgari glosses the word as slave.
  • Kül İç Čor inscription 英語 Küli Čor inscription 史料 The name as the catalogue of 1983 and a study of 2023 read it. Orkun and Tekin read Küli Čor.
  • Kül Tegin Kül Tegin 人物
  • Kül Tegin inscription Kül Tegin inscription 史料
  • Kül Tegin's Horses Kül Tegin's Horses 制度と称号
  • Küli Čor inscription Küli Čor inscription 史料
  • Külüg Bagha Külüg Bagha 人物
  • Külüg Bagha 古テュルク語 Külüg Bagha 人物 The reading of the Chinese name in the English-language literature. No Turkic form is attested; the reading rests on the sound of the Chinese characters.
  • Külüg Chur Külüg Chur 制度と称号
  • Külüg Chur 英語 Külüg Chur 制度と称号 English rendering, with the first element taken for Turkic külüg, 'famous'.
  • kümüş 古テュルク語 Metals and Metalworking in Kashgari's Dictionary 制度と称号 Kümüş, silver. The same word means a dirham, 'since it contains silver'.
  • Kumys Kumys 飲食
  • kün ana その他 Kün Tengri 宗教 Mother Sun; the Altaian shamanists swore by it, and the Altaians called the moon father.
  • kün ay täŋrikä 古テュルク語 Kün Tengri 宗教 To the gods of the sun and of the moon; the phrase of a Manichaean confession of sins in which the two lights are gods who dwell in two bright palaces.
  • kün täŋri 古テュルク語 Kün Tengri 宗教 God of the sun; the Old Uyghur texts use it for the sun. In the titles of the Uyghur khagans it stands as kün täŋridä, usually rendered 'by the god of the sun'.
  • Kün Tengri Kün Tengri 宗教
  • kün togsık 古テュルク語 Kün Tengri 宗教 The sun's rising; the east in the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • Kün Toyon その他 Kün Tengri 宗教 The Yakut name of the Sun Lord, whose symbol is the iron or silver ring on the shaman's robe and cap.
  • Kunaksolan 古テュルク語 Kunaxolan 人物 A Turkic form offered with a question mark by some scholars.
  • Kunaxolan Kunaxolan 人物
  • Kunçuy Kunçuy 制度と称号
  • kunçuy 古テュルク語 Kunçuy 制度と称号 The form in the Orkhon and Yenisei inscriptions.
  • Kunduz 英語 Huo 地名 The town with which some identify Huo.
  • küŋ 古テュルク語 Captives and the Unfree 制度と称号 Serving-woman or female slave, paired with kul in the Orkhon inscriptions.
  • Kürabir Kürabir 人物
  • Kürabir 古テュルク語 Kürabir 人物 The reading of the Chinese name in the English-language literature. No Turkic form is attested; the reading rests on the sound of the Chinese characters.
  • Kurbustan アルタイ語 Altaian Creation Story 宗教 A name of the creator in Verbitskii's version, where it is the Oirot name of Ülgen.
  • Kurbustan アルタイ語 Ülgen and Kayra Khan 宗教 In Verbitskii the Oirot name of Ülgen.
  • Kurgan Kurgan 制度と称号
  • kurgan テュルク語 Kurgan 制度と称号 The word is Turkic and reached the archaeological literature through Russian; the practice is far older than the word.
  • Kurıkan 古テュルク語 Kurykan 民族 In the lists of mourners and of enemies, once as the Three Kurıkan (Üč Kurıkan). The equation with 骨利幹 is the literature's interpretation, not a statement of either source.
  • Kursich Kursich 人物
  • kurultay トルコ語 Toy 制度と称号 Modern Turkish, from the Mongol quriltai; the usual name in the Turkish-language literature, and today the word for a party congress.
  • Kurykan Kurykan 民族
  • Kushan Empire Kushan Empire 国家
  • Kut Kut 制度と称号
  • Kut トルコ語 Kut 制度と称号 Modern Turkish form; kutlu survives as the ordinary word for 'blessed'.
  • Kutadgu Bilig Kutadgu Bilig 史料
  • Ḳutadġu Bilig 古テュルク語 Kutadgu Bilig 史料
  • Kutadgu Bilig トルコ語 Kutadgu Bilig 史料
  • Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan 人物
  • Kutluk 古テュルク語 Ilterish Khan 人物 His personal name, behind the Chinese transcription. Written with a final k: a final -g of that kind did not exist among the Göktürks, and the -γ of the Turkological spelling Qutluγ is a convention of the transcription, not a sound of the language.
  • Kutluk 古テュルク語 Kutluk Tegin 人物 The Turkic reading of 骨咄祿, the characters the Tang histories also use for the personal name of Ilterish Khan. No text gives the envoy's name in Turkic.
  • Kutluk Tegin Kutluk Tegin 人物
  • Kutrigurs Kutrigurs 民族
  • kwrtrgr シリア語 Kutrigurs 民族 The Kutrigurs in the Syriac list of peoples.
  • Kyrgyz runiform inscriptions 英語 Talas and Tian Shan runiform inscriptions 史料 The runiform texts of Kyrgyzstan as a whole, which the studies treat together.
  • Kyshtym Kyshtym 民族
  • каменные бабы (kamennye baby) ロシア語 Stone Figures 宗教 "Stone women", the traditional Russian collective name for stone statues of the steppe from several ages, applied also to the figures that Turkic Atlas treats.

L

M

N

  • Na-sai 中国語 Nezak Shahs 民族 The king of Ko-p'i-shih (Kapisa) who sent an envoy to the Chinese court, in the Cefu Yuangui. Some scholars take it for the Bactrian form of Nizük.
  • Nad Sent Mikloş トルコ語 Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós 史料 The spelling of the Turkish literature.
  • Nadulu Shad Nadulu Shad 人物
  • Nagai Khan Nagai Khan 人物
  • Naissus Naissus 地名
  • Naissus ラテン語 Naissus 地名 The city that Attila had taken and destroyed and wanted as the market and boundary, in the edition of Priscus.
  • Naissus ラテン語 Siege of Naissus 戦闘と出来事 The city in the Latin of the edition of Priscus; the modern Niš.
  • Nakbanda 中国語 An Nuopantuo 人物 The pronunciation of the time, by Pulleyblank's reconstruction, as Étienne de la Vaissière gives it.
  • Nalaikh Inscription Nalaikh Inscription 史料
  • Nalayh Yazıtı トルコ語 Nalaikh Inscription 史料 The Turkish form of the name, with Nalayh for the place.
  • Nalayha, Ulan-Bator kiremit yazıtı トルコ語 Nalaikh Inscription 史料 The catalogue entry of 1983: the tile inscription of Nalaikh, Ulaanbaatar.
  • Nan Qi Shu Nan Qi Shu 史料
  • Nan Shi Nan Shi 史料
  • Nanai-vandak Nanai-vandak 人物
  • Nanai-vandak ソグド語 Nanai-vandak 人物 Servant of Nanai, a Sogdian name formed on the goddess Nanai; a common name, borne also by a traveller on the upper Indus and by the fathers of several men there.
  • Narshakhī, History of Bukhara Narshakhī, History of Bukhara 史料
  • Naṣr b. Sayyār アラビア語 Nasr ibn Sayyar 人物
  • Nasr ibn Sayyar Nasr ibn Sayyar 人物
  • Natra Natra 人物
  • Natrā アラビア語 Natra 人物 Tabari, in Nöldeke's translation Natrâ (p. 289), with a query to the reading.
  • Nedao ラテン語 Battle of the Nedao 戦闘と出来事 Jordanes: in Pannonia iuxta flumen, cui nomen est Nedao.
  • Nestorian Christianity 英語 Church of the East 宗教
  • Nezak Shahs Nezak Shahs 民族
  • Nicephorus ラテン語 Nikephoros 史料 The Latin form of the author's name.
  • Night Attack on Dingxiang (630) Night Attack on Dingxiang (630) 戦闘と出来事
  • Nikephoros Nikephoros 史料
  • Niri Khan Niri Khan 人物
  • Nishu Bagha Shad Nishu Bagha Shad 人物
  • Nishufu Khan Nishufu Khan 人物
  • Nivar 古テュルク語 Ishbara Khan 人物 His own name. The Bugut inscription names the khan after Taspar as Nivar; Kljaštornyj and Livšic read it so, and Pritsak reads the Chinese personal name Shetu as Nabar. Shabolüe and Shetu are Chinese transcriptions.
  • Nizük バクトリア語 Nezak Shahs 民族 The form of the name in the view of the series that makes the Nezak kings a Western Turkic dynasty of Kapisa and Gandhara. It goes back to a Saka word meaning 'fighter'.
  • Noin Ula Noin Ula 地名
  • Northern Qi Northern Qi 国家
  • Northern Wei Northern Wei 国家
  • Northern Xiongnu Market at Wuwei (AD 84) Northern Xiongnu Market at Wuwei (AD 84) 戦闘と出来事
  • Northern Zhou Northern Zhou 国家
  • Noyon Uul モンゴル語 Noin Ula 地名 The form of recent English-language work, after the Mongolian name of the mountains.
  • Noyun-Ula トルコ語 Noin Ula 地名 The spelling of a Turkish work of 1984. Other Turkish and older works write Noin-Ula or Noin Ula.
  • Numijkat アラビア語 Bukhara 地名 One of the many names of Bukhara that the History of Bukhara lists; the same text gives the copper city and the city of merchants in Arabic.
  • Nushibi Nushibi 民族
  • nyčky MLK’ 中世ペルシア語 Nezak Shahs 民族 The Pahlavi legend on the coins, read Nezak Malka, 'King Nezak'. Earlier readings were Napki (npky) and Nspk. The reading nyčky is the one now accepted.

O

  • Obadiah of Khazaria Obadiah of Khazaria 人物
  • öčäš テュルク語 Stakes and Wagers 風習と娯楽 'Wager', glossed with the Arabic muxāṭara (Dankoff/Kelly I, 104).
  • Octar Octar 人物
  • Octar ラテン語 Octar 人物 Jordanes, among the brothers of Mundzuc who ruled before Attila.
  • Ögä 古テュルク語 Ögä Khan 人物 The reading of the Chinese name in the English-language literature (Ögä Qaghan). No Turkic form is attested; the reading rests on the sound of the Chinese characters.
  • Ögä Khan Ögä Khan 人物
  • Oghur Turkic Oghur Turkic 言語
  • Oghuric 英語 Oghur Turkic 言語 The spelling of the handbooks on the Turkic family; Oguric in other works.
  • Oghuz Oghuz 民族
  • Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari 言語
  • Oghuz Herds in Ibn Fadlan's Account Oghuz Herds in Ibn Fadlan's Account 制度と称号
  • Oghuz Yabgu State Oghuz Yabgu State 国家
  • oğlan atım 古テュルク語 Er At 風習と娯楽 The counterpart on the epitaphs, 'my name as a child'.
  • ögsüz ak 古テュルク語 Kül Tegin's Horses 制度と称号 The white horse Ögsüz, which Kül Tegin rode in the defence of the royal camp at Amga.
  • Ogurs Ogurs 民族
  • Oğuz ve Kıpçak lehçeleri トルコ語 Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari 言語 The usual Turkish phrase.
  • öjä, iyä タタール語 Iye 宗教 The Volga Tatar forms, in Su iyäse, Urman iyäse, Öy iyäse and Cir iyäse.
  • Öktem 古テュルク語 Octar 人物 The Turkic form that has been proposed as the original of the name, meaning strong or proud.
  • Old Great Bulgaria Old Great Bulgaria 国家
  • Old Tibetan report on the northern kings Old Tibetan report on the northern kings 史料
  • Old Turkic Old Turkic 言語
  • Old Uyghur Old Uyghur 言語
  • Old Uygur 英語 Old Uyghur 言語 The spelling of the grammar of Old Turkic, which keeps the term for the language of the manuscripts.
  • Omens and Divination Omens and Divination 宗教
  • on eki hayvanlı Türk takvimi トルコ語 The twelve-year animal cycle 制度と称号 The name of the reckoning in modern Turkish scholarship.
  • on ok 古テュルク語 On Oq 民族 on ok bodun, the On Ok people, in the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines 18–19.
  • On Oq On Oq 民族
  • on oq 古テュルク語 Western Göktürk Khaganate 国家 The Ten Arrows, the confederation into which the western Göktürks dissolved after 630; the Kül Tegin inscription calls the Türgeš khan the khan of the Ten Arrows.
  • On-Ok トルコ語 On Oq 民族
  • Onegesius Onegesius 人物
  • Ongi inscription Ongi inscription 史料
  • Ongin (Işbara Tarkan) yazıtı トルコ語 Ongi inscription 史料 The heading Tekin gives it in 1998, after the man who speaks in it.
  • Ongin inscription 英語 Ongi inscription 史料 The form of the Turkish editions, after the river name Ongin. Ōsawa writes Ongi, which he takes from the Mongolian name of the river.
  • Onogurs Onogurs 民族
  • Or. 8212/161 英語 Irk Bitig 史料 The shelfmark of the manuscript; Tekin gives it as British Museum, Or. 8212.
  • Ordos Ordos 地名
  • Ordos bronzes Ordos bronzes 制度と称号
  • Ordos bronzes 英語 Ordos bronzes 制度と称号 A modern collective name, after the region where many were found; the objects are not confined to the Ordos.
  • Ordu Ordu 制度と称号
  • ordu 古テュルク語 Ordu 制度と称号 The Old Turkic word; it gives Ordu-Balık, the Uyghur capital, and by way of the Mongols the European word horde.
  • Ordu Balık 古テュルク語 Karabalghasun inscription 史料 The turkological name for the Uyghur capital itself; the equation with the ruins at Karabalghasun is the standard modern one.
  • ordu balık 古テュルク語 Ordu-Balık 地名 Camp-town: ordu is the khan's camp, balık a walled town. The name the turkological literature uses; the Šine-Usu stone records the building of a walled seat without giving this name in the lines consulted.
  • Ordu-Balık Ordu-Balık 地名
  • Ordu-Balıq 英語 Ordu-Balık 地名 The same name with final q, as part of the literature writes it.
  • Ordukent 古テュルク語 Western Göktürk Khaganate 国家 The Göktürk name of the seat at Suyab, 'the city of the army', as the literature reports it.
  • Orestes Orestes 人物
  • Orestes Pannonius ラテン語 Orestes 人物 Orestes the Pannonian, in the Anonymus Valesianus.
  • Organum ラテン語 Argu 地名 The country William of Rubruck heard of in 1253, with its own language and script used by the Nestorians; identified with Argu.
  • Orkhon Turkic 英語 Old Turkic 言語 The narrower term: the language of the Orkhon inscriptions alone, as against the whole Old Turkic period.
  • Orkhon valley Orkhon valley 地名
  • Ostrogothae ラテン語 Goths 民族 The eastern Goths in Jordanes.
  • Ostrom ドイツ語 Byzantium 国家 East Rome, the term one view prefers to Byzantium.
  • Ötüken Ötüken 地名
  • ötüken yış 古テュルク語 Ötüken 地名 The Ötüken forest, or forested mountain; yış is the wooded upland, not a city.
  • Otuz Tatar 古テュルク語 Tatars 民族 The Thirty Tatars, in the lists of mourners and of enemies and in Bilge Khan's address.
  • Oxus Oxus 地名
  • öz qonuqı 古テュルク語 Soul Words 宗教 Kashgari's entry: the soul's guest, the name of a part of the body that palpitates, said to be the spirit. The Old Uyghur öz konok renders a Sanskrit word for the vital point and is glossed as the place of the soul.
  • Ozmish Khan Ozmish Khan 人物

P

  • Paikent Paikent 地名
  • pairikā アヴェスター語 Peri 宗教 The Avestan word behind Persian perī: a sorceress, a creature hostile to fire, water, cattle, plants and earth.
  • Pan Die Pan Die 人物
  • Panjikent Panjikent 地名
  • Panticapaeum 英語 Bosporos 地名 The ancient name of the city, with which Menander's Bosporos is identified.
  • parīg パフラヴィー語 Peri 宗教 The Middle Persian form between the Avestan word and New Persian perī.
  • Parmudha Parmudha 人物
  • Parmūdha アラビア語 Parmudha 人物 Tabari, in Nöldeke's translation Parmûdha (p. 272). The name stands fairly firm in the tradition and is also in Firdausi.
  • Partaw Partaw 地名
  • Partaw アルメニア語 Partaw 地名 The capital of Albania in the History of the Caucasian Albanians.
  • Paykent 英語 Paikent 地名 De la Vaissière's spelling.
  • Peace of Anatolius Peace of Anatolius 戦闘と出来事
  • Peace of Margus 英語 Treaty of Margus 戦闘と出来事
  • Pecheneg Confederation Pecheneg Confederation 国家
  • Pechenegs Pechenegs 民族
  • Pei Ju Pei Ju 人物
  • Pei Xingjian Pei Xingjian 人物
  • Pelliot tibétain 1283 フランス語 Old Tibetan report on the northern kings 史料 The shelfmark of the manuscript in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, usually abbreviated P.T. 1283.
  • Penjikent 英語 Panjikent 地名
  • Peri Peri 宗教
  • perî ペルシア語 Peri 宗教 The New Persian word, borrowed into Turkic as peri.
  • peri 古テュルク語 Peri 宗教 The Persian loanword as it stands in the Karakhanid verse of 1069–1070 (couplet 4716).
  • peri han トルコ語 Peri 宗教 The peri-reader: the name for the Muslim kam in parts of East Turkestan.
  • perihon ペルシア語 Peri 宗教 The Persian compound behind peri han, and possibly behind purhan as a name for the shaman.
  • Perozapat アルメニア語 Partaw 地名 The name under which, according to the same history, the town was built at the order of the Persian king Peroz.
  • Pingliang Pingliang 地名
  • Pizenaci ラテン語 Pechenegs 民族
  • Placidia ラテン語 Galla Placidia 人物 Placidia, and Placidia Augusta, in Jordanes.
  • plaustra ラテン語 Wagons of the Steppe Peoples 制度と称号 Wagons with which Attila fortified his camp, in Jordanes, Getica 210.
  • Pliska Pliska 地名
  • Plunder of Luoyang and the Silk Payment (757) Plunder of Luoyang and the Silk Payment (757) 戦闘と出来事
  • Pofu Katun Pofu Katun 人物
  • Poliuhan Baling Poliuhan Baling 人物
  • Polo Polo 風習と娯楽
  • Poluomen Khan Poluomen Khan 人物
  • Poshi Tegin Poshi Tegin 人物
  • Post and Communication Post and Communication 制度と称号
  • primores ラテン語 Logades 制度と称号 The leading men of the Scythians, in the Latin of the edition.
  • Princess Anyi Princess Anyi 人物
  • Princess Changle Princess Changle 人物
  • Princess Huainan Princess Huainan 人物
  • Princess Linhe Princess Linhe 人物
  • Princess Qianjin Princess Qianjin 人物
  • Princess Taihe Princess Taihe 人物
  • Princess Xinyi Princess Xinyi 人物
  • Princess Yicheng Princess Yicheng 人物
  • Priscus Priscus 史料
  • Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) 戦闘と出来事
  • Procopius Procopius 史料
  • Protobulgarian sign corpus Protobulgarian sign corpus 史料
  • Pseudo-Avars 英語 The origin of the Avars 論争 The name for the Avars of Europe in Theophylact's account, which sets them apart from the Avars whom the Göktürks defeated. The question of their origin is often called the pseudo-Avar question.
  • Pseudo-Sebeos 英語 Sebeos 史料 Used where the attribution is doubted.
  • Purification by Fire Purification by Fire 宗教

Q

  • *Qazar 古テュルク語 Khazar Khaganate 国家 The reconstructed Turkic form behind them all; what it means is not settled.
  • Qabar テュルク語 Kabars 民族 The scholarly spelling in Golden. The literature also writes Kabar, Kavar and Qavar.
  • qagan-beg 英語 Khazar Dual Kingship 制度と称号 The scholarly name for the executive ruler. The sources also call him beg, sad (shad) or yilig.
  • qaghan, qaġan, kağan 英語 Khan (Khagan) 制度と称号 Scholarly transcriptions.
  • qam 古テュルク語 Kam (Turkic Shaman) 宗教 The Old Turkic word for the ritual specialist, caught in a Manichaean text from Turfan and in the eleventh-century dictionary.
  • qam 古テュルク語 Shamanism 宗教 The turkological spelling of the same word.
  • Qapaghan Khan 英語 Kapgan Khan 人物 The spelling of much of the literature.
  • Qāqin アラビア語 Kayen 人物 The form chosen by the translator of Tabari among the greatly varying forms of the name in Masʿudi, because the Armenian writer seems to call her Kaiēn.
  • Qara Čurin ペルシア語 Tardush 人物 The name of the Türk ruler in the Bukharan tradition whom Lev Gumilev identifies with Tardush; the identification cannot be established.
  • Qarakhanids 英語 Kara-Khanid Khanate 国家
  • Qarï Čor Tegin 英語 Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) 史料
  • Qarluq 古テュルク語 Karluk 民族 karluk in the transcription of the inscription; Golden writes Qarluq; the English form is Karluk.
  • Qazar tili トルコ語 The Khazar language 言語 The language of the Khazars, as the Turkological literature calls it; the name of the people is spelled Qazar, Xazar or Hazar.
  • Qibi Qibi 民族
  • Qiedihou Chanyu Qiedihou Chanyu 人物
  • Qifchaq アラビア語 Kipchak 民族
  • Qifu Qifu 氏族
  • Qikou Qikou 地名
  • qimiz テュルク語 Kumys 飲食 The form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077, glossed with the Arabic al-āmiṣ: mare's milk poured into skins, fermented and drunk. The oldest record of the Turkic word.
  • Qinyu Shad Qinyu Shad 人物
  • Qocho 古テュルク語 Gaochang 地名 The Uyghur name of the city, Qara Xoja, Chinese Gaochang; Golden's form for the later Uyghur kingdom.
  • qonaq テュルク語 Millet 飲食 Coarse millet in Kashgari, glossed with the Arabic jāwars.
  • qopuz テュルク語 Turkic Songs at the Tang Court 風習と娯楽 'Lute', in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077.
  • Que Dadu Shad Que Dadu Shad 人物
  • Quli Quli 地名
  • Qūrī ペルシア語 Furi 民族 Minorsky's restitution; also written Quri. Rashīd ad-Dīn has Quri beside Quriqan.
  • quriltai モンゴル語 Toy 制度と称号 The Mongol assembly of the thirteenth century, the institution's best-known descendant.
  • Quriqan ペルシア語 Kurykan 民族 The form of the reference literature, with Quri (Qori) as its short form in Rashīd ad-Dīn. Whether Quri is the same name as the Furi of the Ḥudūd is argued.
  • Qurut Qurut 飲食
  • qurut テュルク語 Qurut 飲食 The form in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077, glossed with the Arabic aqiṭ, 'dried curds'.
  • qut 古テュルク語 Kut 制度と称号 The turkological transcription of the word as it stands in the inscription, in the khan's statement that he ruled because his Kut was there.
  • Qutayba ibn Muslim Qutayba ibn Muslim 人物
  • qutluġ 古テュルク語 Kut 制度と称号 The derived adjective, 'possessed of Kut', in turkological transcription; the name under which the restorer of the khaganate is known, Kutluk, is this word. Not applied to Ötüken in the inscription, which calls the forest ıduq, sacred.

R

S

  • *sak- イラン語 Saka 民族 One etymology derives the name from Iranian sak-, 'to go, flow, run', giving 'running, swift, vagrant', that is 'nomad'. It is one proposal among several and has been rejected.
  • *skuda イラン語 Scythians 民族 Iranian skuda, skuδa, 'archer', from Indo-European *skeuta; the Germanic words for shooter belong to the same root. The form is a reconstruction.
  • *Sumit ソグド語 Kang Sumi 人物 The Sogdian name read in the Chinese form, from the Indian name Sumitta.
  • s'rtp'w ソグド語 Sabao 制度と称号 Sartapao, chief merchant, caravan master; the address of Ancient Letter V, to the chief merchant Aspandhat. The word comes from Indian sarthavaha through Bactrian.
  • Šāba Šāba 人物
  • Sāba アラビア語 Šāba 人物 The Arabic reading of a name written with varying diacritical points.
  • Šāba アラビア語 Šāba 人物 The form in the translation of Tabari.
  • Šāba, Sāwa ペルシア語 Bagha Khan 人物 The Türk king of the Persian tradition, 'the greatest king of the Turks', identified with Bagha by some scholars and by Peter B. Golden with a son of Tardush.
  • Sabao Sabao 制度と称号
  • Sabirs Sabirs 民族
  • Sabriel ヘブライ語 Bulan 人物 The name the Schechter Letter gives to the great prince who turns to Judaism and becomes king. Some scholars identify him with Obadiah, and another identifies him with Bulan.
  • Sacred Mountains Sacred Mountains 宗教
  • Sacrifice and the year Sacrifice and the year 宗教
  • sagu 古テュルク語 The Battue 風習と娯楽 A game battue; the word of the sixty-third omen of the Irk Bitig.
  • šāhiya アラビア語 Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa 国家 The title that al-Biruni gives the kings of Kabul, as a modern history reports it.
  • Šāhnāma ペルシア語 Shahnameh 史料 DMG; the Book of Kings.
  • Saka Saka 民族
  • Sakā ペルシア語 Saka 民族 The Old Persian form; Herodotus says the Persians called all Scythians by this name.
  • Salt among the Turkic Peoples Salt among the Turkic Peoples 制度と称号
  • šaman その他 Shamanism 宗教 Evenki, a Tungusic language: the word from which English *shaman* comes. The Manchu form is saman.
  • Samandar Samandar 地名
  • Samandar アラビア語 Samandar 地名 The form of the Arabic geographers and of Masʿūdī.
  • Samanids Samanids 国家
  • Samarkand Samarkand 地名
  • samūr アラビア語 Furs and Musk among the Turkic Peoples 制度と称号 Sable, in Marvazī's account of the Kimak hunters; the translation of the Ḥudūd has samūr for sable-marten as well.
  • Sanguozhi Sanguozhi 史料
  • Sanmi Mountain Sanmi Mountain 地名
  • Saŋun Saŋun 制度と称号
  • saŋun 古テュルク語 Saŋun 制度と称号 The form in the Yenisei epitaphs.
  • şaŋun 古テュルク語 Saŋun 制度と称号 A third form of the same word.
  • Saragurs Saragurs 民族
  • Sarkel Sarkel 地名
  • Sarkil テュルク語 Sarkel 地名 Sarkel or Sarkil is counted among the Khazar words. If Sarkil is the right form, it could be an Oguric form, but the word is open to several interpretations.
  • Sarmatians Sarmatians 民族
  • Sasanian Persia Sasanian Persia 国家
  • sata その他 Yada Stone 宗教 The Yakut name of the stone, which the Yakuts say is found inside animals.
  • Saviri ラテン語 Sabirs 民族 Jordanes, Getica 37: one of the two branches of the Huns.
  • Savirkʿ アルメニア語 Sabirs 民族 The Armenian form, as given in the literature.
  • Sāwa ペルシア語 Šāba 人物 The Persian reading; Sāwa Shāh in the epic tradition.
  • sbr シリア語 Sabirs 民族
  • scala ランゴバルド語 Skull Cup 制度と称号 The Lombard name for such a cup, which Paul the Deacon renders with the Latin patera.
  • Scapulimancy Scapulimancy 宗教
  • scapulimancy 英語 Scapulimancy 宗教 The modern term; omoplatoscopy is the same word made from Greek.
  • Scotta ラテン語 Scottas 人物 The form in the Latin of the edition.
  • Scottas Scottas 人物
  • Scultor ラテン語 Askel 人物 The ruler named by Corippus in his praise of Justin II; one view makes him Askel, another Istemi.
  • Scythians Scythians 民族
  • Scytho-Siberian cultural community 英語 The steppe before the Xiongnu 論争 The name for the shared culture of the mounted nomads across the steppe in the same age.
  • Seasonal Pastures Seasonal Pastures 制度と称号
  • Seating at the Feast Seating at the Feast 風習と娯楽
  • Sebeos Sebeos 史料
  • Sebüktegin Sebüktegin 人物
  • Second Göktürk Khaganate Second Göktürk Khaganate 国家
  • seŋün 古テュルク語 Saŋun 制度と称号 The form in the Orkhon inscriptions, with front vowels: čača seŋün, udar seŋün, enik seŋün, čaŋ seŋün, lisün tay-seŋün.
  • Sha-po-lüe 英語 Ishbara Khan 人物 Wade–Giles form, as Peter B. Golden writes it.
  • Shad Shad 制度と称号
  • Shadow empire 英語 Xiongnu: Making the First Steppe Empire 論争 Thomas Barfield's term for a steppe polity that rises and falls with the Chinese empire it extorts.
  • Shahnameh Shahnameh 史料
  • Shahr-i Sabz ペルシア語 Kesh 地名 The modern town with which Kesh is identified.
  • shaman 英語 Kam (Turkic Shaman) 宗教 A Tungus word carried into European scholarship in the seventeenth century and applied to the whole of northern Eurasia since.
  • Shamanism Shamanism 宗教
  • Shanshan Shanshan 国家
  • Shanyu 英語 Chanyu 制度と称号 The reading the Tang used for their Shanyu protectorate; the same two characters.
  • Shanyu Protectorate Shanyu Protectorate 地名
  • Shatial inscriptions 英語 Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus 史料 After the site with by far the most Sogdian graffiti, about 550 of them.
  • Shatuo Shatuo 民族
  • Sheep Sheep 制度と称号
  • Shegui Khan Shegui Khan 人物
  • Shelun Khan Shelun Khan 人物
  • Shi Xiong Shi Xiong 人物
  • Shibi Khan Shibi Khan 人物
  • Shiboqu Azhan Shiboqu Azhan 人物
  • Shih-po-ch'ü A-chan 英語 Shiboqu Azhan 人物 The Wade-Giles form of the name, as it stands in the Turkish study of the title aco.
  • Shiji Shiji 史料
  • Shine-usu 英語 Šine-Usu inscription 史料 After the find-spot; the literature also writes Šine Usu and Selenge inscription.
  • Shishu Huxi Shishu Huxi 人物
  • Shiveet Ulaan Shiveet Ulaan 地名
  • Shiveet Ulan 英語 Shiveet Ulaan 地名 A spelling with one a, used in some English-language work.
  • Shiwei Shiwei 民族
  • Shuozhou Shuozhou 地名
  • Si Yabgu Khan Si Yabgu Khan 人物
  • Si yu ki フランス語 Record of the Western Regions 史料 The transcription of the French literature.
  • Siege of Baideng Siege of Baideng 戦闘と出来事
  • Siege of Bosporos, 576 Siege of Bosporos, 576 戦闘と出来事
  • Siege of Naissus Siege of Naissus 戦闘と出来事
  • Siege of Tiflis (627–629) Siege of Tiflis (627–629) 戦闘と出来事
  • Sifa Sifa 制度と称号
  • Sijie Sijie 民族
  • Sijie Irkin Sijie Irkin 人物
  • Silifa Silifa 人物
  • Silk in the Steppe Silk in the Steppe 制度と称号
  • Silk Road 英語 Trade Routes of the Steppe 制度と称号 A modern name that later writers applied to the roads of Central Asia.
  • Šine-Usu inscription Šine-Usu inscription 史料
  • Sinǧibū アラビア語 Istemi 人物 Sinjibu, the khagan in Tabari who killed the Hephthalite king and marched on Sul. The equation with Istemi is modern.
  • Şiveet-Ulaan トルコ語 Shiveet Ulaan 地名 The spelling of the Turkish report of the Japanese-Mongolian expedition.
  • Six Garrisons Six Garrisons 制度と称号
  • sıgıt 古テュルク語 Burial and the balbal 宗教 The wailing; sıgıtçı is the wailer, paired with yogçı in the lists of those who came.
  • Sır Tarduš 古テュルク語 Xueyantuo Khaganate (Syr Tardush) 国家 The turkological equation with the runiform Sır and Tarduš, proposed by Friedrich Hirth. Paul Boodberg holds that it rests on a misunderstanding.
  • Sır Yabgu 古テュルク語 Istemi 人物 Some modern scholars interpret the title as an elevated yabgu, above a tribal chief and below a khan.
  • Skottas 英語 Scottas 人物 A transcription of the Greek form of the name.
  • Skull Cup Skull Cup 制度と称号
  • Smbat Bagratuni's war with the khan Smbat Bagratuni's war with the khan 戦闘と出来事
  • Smendr アルメニア語 Samandar 地名 The form in the Armenian Geography, which some scholars identify with the later Khazar city of Samandar.
  • sogdaq 古テュルク語 Sogdians 民族 The form of the Türk inscriptions; the Shine-usu inscription has Bayan Chor order the sogdaq and the Chinese to build Bay Balïq.
  • Sogdian 英語 The Sogdian language 言語 The name of the language after the land, as in the literature.
  • Sogdian Ancient Letters Sogdian Ancient Letters 史料
  • Sogdian inscriptions of the Talas valley Sogdian inscriptions of the Talas valley 史料
  • Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus Sogdian inscriptions of the upper Indus 史料
  • Sogdiana Sogdiana 地名
  • Sogdians Sogdians 民族
  • Song Shu Song Shu 史料
  • Sorosgi Sorosgi 民族
  • Sorosgi ラテン語 Sorosgi 民族 Sorosgoi in the Greek of Priscus.
  • Soul Words Soul Words 宗教
  • South Yenisei inscriptions South Yenisei inscriptions 史料
  • Southern Xiongnu Southern Xiongnu 国家
  • Sparzeugun Sparzeugun 人物
  • Srg ソグド語 Luoyang 地名 The name in Ancient Letter II; the translator gives the identification.
  • Stakes and Wagers Stakes and Wagers 風習と娯楽
  • Stelae of the Golden Lake 英語 Altın Köl Inscriptions 史料 Translation of the Russian name of the pair, stely Zolotogo ozera, the name under which Klyashtorny edited them.
  • Steppe Diet Steppe Diet 飲食
  • Stone Figures Stone Figures 宗教
  • Strava Strava 宗教
  • strava ラテン語 Strava 宗教 Jordanes: stravam super tumulum eius quam appellant ipsi ingenti commessatione concelebrant, 'a strava, as they call it, they celebrate over his tomb with great revelling'.
  • sü 古テュルク語 Army of the Steppe Empires 制度と称号 Army, host; the verb süle- means to march with an army, to campaign.
  • Su Dingfang Su Dingfang 人物
  • su kültü トルコ語 Water Cult 宗教 The Turkish scholarly term for the reverence of waters; it is not a word of any source of the khaganates.
  • Su Wu Su Wu 人物
  • sub 古テュルク語 Water Cult 宗教 Water, in the Orkhon spelling; the Old Uyghur texts write suv.
  • Subjugation of the Alans and Onogurs (before 576) Subjugation of the Alans and Onogurs (before 576) 戦闘と出来事
  • Submission of Ishbara (585) Submission of Ishbara (585) 戦闘と出来事
  • Submission of Yiwu (630) Submission of Yiwu (630) 戦闘と出来事
  • Sudzhi inscription 英語 Suji inscription 史料
  • Sughd アラビア語 Sogdiana 地名 The form of the Arab geographers; Ibn Hawqal describes its hospitality.
  • Sui Sui 国家
  • Sui Shu (Book of Sui) Sui Shu (Book of Sui) 史料
  • Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) 戦闘と出来事
  • Suji inscription Suji inscription 史料
  • Ṣūl アラビア語 Derbent 地名 Sul, the region and gate that Tabari has Khosrow I fortify and the khagan Sinjibu approach. Whether it is the gate at Derbent is disputed: Nöldeke places Sul in Gurgan, at the south-eastern corner of the Caspian, and holds that Tabari has confused the works there with those at the Caucasus.
  • Ṣūl アラビア語 Gate of Sul 地名 Sul, in Tabari the name of a land, of a people and of a gate; Ṣûl in the German translation.
  • süle- 古テュルク語 Warfare of the Steppe Empires 制度と称号 The verb the inscriptions use for a campaign: to march with an army (süledimiz, we campaigned).
  • Suli 中国語 Sogdiana 地名 Xuanzang's name for the whole land from Suyab to Kesh.
  • Suli 中国語 Sogdians 民族 The name Xuanzang gives to the land and the people from Suyab to Kesh, in the Da Tang Xiyu ji as de la Vaissière quotes it.
  • Sulu Khan Sulu Khan 人物
  • süne その他 Soul Words 宗教 The reasoning soul that takes the shape of a whole man when it leaves the body; found in men only.
  • süngüz başkan ıduk baş 古テュルク語 Sacred Mountains 宗教 As read in the Turkish edition: the holy summit west of which the Uyghur khan Bayanchur had his camp set up in 748.
  • Suni Shi Suni Shi 人物
  • Suo Suo 国家
  • Suoge Tudun Suoge Tudun 制度と称号
  • Suopi Shad Suopi Shad 人物
  • sür その他 Soul Words 宗教 Appearance, vigour, the soul that leaves the body; the Altaian ethnographers write sür, syur.
  • Şüräle タタール語 Arçura 宗教 The Tatar and Bashkir name of the same figure; also Yarımtıq among the north-western Bashkirs.
  • Süüji inscription 英語 Suji inscription 史料 A spelling of the place name used in the Turkological literature; the Russian editions write Sudzhi or Sudzhinskaya nadpis'.
  • Suwār アラビア語 Sabirs 民族 The Arabic form; Ibn Khurdadhbih places the Suwar beyond Derbent.
  • Suyab Suyab 地名
  • Sūyāb アラビア語 Suyab 地名 The form of the Arabic geographers, as Chavannes gives it.
  • Śveta Huna サンスクリット Alchon Huns 民族 The White Huns of the Indian texts.
  • Sword of Mars Sword of Mars 宗教
  • Syr Darya Syr Darya 地名
  • Szarvas bone needle case 英語 Szarvas needle case inscription 史料
  • Szarvas needle case inscription Szarvas needle case inscription 史料
  • ʾšynʾs ソグド語 Ashina 氏族 The name as read in the Sogdian text of the Bugut inscription of about 584 by Yoshida and Moriyasu; the earliest non-Chinese attestation.

T

U

  • Uarkhonitai ギリシア語 The origin of the Avars 論争 Varchonites in the literature. The name the Göktürks gave the Avars in 576, in Menander's account of the embassy of Valentinus.
  • Üç Tuğlu Khan Üç Tuğlu Khan 人物
  • Üç Tuğlu Khan トルコ語 Üç Tuğlu Khan 人物 Khan of the Üç Tuğlu, the tribes of the left, in the form used for the Duolu; the lemma follows it.
  • uda bas- 古テュルク語 Warfare of the Steppe Empires 制度と称号 To fall on someone in his sleep; the Kül Tegin inscription uses it of the Kırgız and of the Türgeš.
  • ügür テュルク語 Millet 飲食 Millet in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, glossed with the Arabic duxn; a word of the Turks that the Oguz did not know.
  • Ulaangom inscription Ulaangom inscription 史料
  • ulaq 古テュルク語 Post and Communication 制度と称号 The Turkic word that stands behind 鄔落, the relay horse of the post. Pelliot reads it as the oldest recorded form of the word.
  • Uldin Uldin 人物
  • Uldin ラテン語 Uldin 人物 Orosius, in the nominative; Marcellinus Comes writes Huldin.
  • Ülgen アルタイ語 Ülgen and Kayra Khan 宗教 The form of the name in the Altaian record; Radloff writes Ülgön and Ülgän. Glossed as the Great.
  • Ülgen and Kayra Khan Ülgen and Kayra Khan 宗教
  • Ultzinzures Ultzinzures 民族
  • Ulukayın トルコ語 Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) 宗教 The form of the Altaian material and of the twentieth-century syntheses; it is not an Old Turkic word.
  • Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) 宗教
  • Umay Umay 宗教
  • umay teg ögüm katun 古テュルク語 Umay 宗教 My mother the katun, who is like Umay; the attestation in the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • ut- テュルク語 Stakes and Wagers 風習と娯楽 'To defeat (in the game, or other)' (Dankoff/Kelly I, 179); the passive utsuq- is 'some dirhams were wagered' (I, 216).
  • Utigurs Utigurs 民族
  • Uyghur Farming Uyghur Farming 制度と称号
  • Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade 制度と称号
  • Uyghur Khaganate Uyghur Khaganate 国家
  • Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho 国家
  • Uyghur victory over the Kirghiz (758) Uyghur victory over the Kirghiz (758) 戦闘と出来事
  • Uyghur–Kirghiz War Uyghur–Kirghiz War 戦争
  • Uyghurs Uyghurs 民族
  • uyran チュヴァシ語 Ayran 飲食 Chuvash; 'buttermilk'.
  • üze kök teŋri, asra yagız yer 古テュルク語 The three worlds 宗教 The blue sky above and the brown earth below; the two-part cosmos of the opening formula.
  • üzüt 古テュルク語 Soul Words 宗教 Soul, spirit; in Old Uyghur texts the soul of a person that survives, and in the Altai of the nineteenth century the wandering soul of the dead.

V

  • Vahram Merhewandak アルメニア語 Bahram Chobin 人物 The form in the English translation of Sebeos; Merhewandak, 'servant of Mithra', is a byname.
  • Valamir Valamir 人物
  • Valamir ラテン語 Valamir 人物 Valamir and Valamer, king of the Ostrogoths, in Jordanes.
  • Valentinian III Valentinian III 人物
  • Valentinianus ラテン語 Valentinian III 人物 Valentinianus princeps and Valentinianus imperator in Jordanes; Valentinianus also in the Latin of Priscus.
  • Valentinos Valentinos 人物
  • Valentinus ラテン語 Valentinos 人物 The Latin form of Müller's translation and of the older literature.
  • Vandali ラテン語 Vandals 民族
  • Vandals Vandals 民族
  • Vatagēs アルメニア語 Badghis 地名 Vatage·s in the English translation of Sebeos, among the lands that Smbat Bagratuni's army plundered.
  • Vehrot アルメニア語 Oxus 地名 Sebeos' name for the great river that Bahram Chobin crossed; the translators identify it with the Oxus. It is understood as the Armenian form of the Persian Weh-rōd, 'the good river'.
  • Vesegothae ラテン語 Goths 民族 The western Goths in Jordanes.
  • Vigilas 英語 Bigilas 人物 A form some historians use, with Vigilius and Vigilans.
  • Viminacium Viminacium 地名
  • Viminacium ラテン語 Viminacium 地名 A city of the Moesians in Illyricum on the Ister, in the edition of Priscus.
  • Vltzinzures ラテン語 Ultzinzures 民族 Jordanes: Vltzinzures.
  • Volga Volga 地名
  • Volga Bulgaria Volga Bulgaria 国家
  • Vrkan アルメニア語 Gurgan 地名 The name in the Armenian history attributed to Sebeos, where Smbat Bagratuni is marzpan of Vrkan; the same history once writes Gurkan.

W

X

Y

  • ya 古テュルク語 Composite bow 制度と称号 The Old Turkic word for bow.
  • Yabgu Yabgu 制度と称号
  • Yabgus of Tokharistan Yabgus of Tokharistan 国家
  • Yabogan inscription (A 84) 英語 Jabogan inscription 史料 The spelling and the catalogue number that one Turkish study uses.
  • yada モンゴル語 Yada Stone 宗教 The Mongolian form, written also jada; Rashid al-Din calls the rite yeda mishi.
  • Yada Stone Yada Stone 宗教
  • yada-tash その他 Yada Stone 宗教 The Altaian name in the form Verbitskii and Radloff write it, jada tasch; the man who works it is the yadachi.
  • Yaglakar Yaglakar 氏族
  • Yaglakar 古テュルク語 Yaglakar 氏族 The Turkic form of the name. Old Uyghur runiform monuments name the dynasty by it several times, and the Tariat stele has the word at the end of a line of dignitaries.
  • yalabaç 古テュルク語 Post and Communication 制度と称号 Envoy. The word of the Bilge Khan stone.
  • Yami Khan Yami Khan 人物
  • Yang Su's Northern Campaign (601–602) Yang Su's Northern Campaign (601–602) 戦闘と出来事
  • Yang Zhong Yang Zhong 人物
  • Yangdi's Visit to Yami Khan (607) Yangdi's Visit to Yami Khan (607) 戦闘と出来事
  • Yangsu Tegin Yangsu Tegin 人物
  • Yanhongda Yanhongda 制度と称号
  • Yanmen Yanmen 地名
  • yarın 古テュルク語 Scapulimancy 宗教 Kashgari's word for the shoulder blade, in a saying of the Turks that ties it to the fate of the state; his other word is ösin.
  • yarınčı その他 Scapulimancy 宗教 Altaian diviner who reads the burnt shoulder blade, in the transcription of the Altai missionary Verbitskii.
  • Yarkand Yarkand 地名
  • Yarkand テュルク語 Yarkand 地名 The modern name of the oasis with which Suoju is identified.
  • Yarkhoto テュルク語 Jiaohe 地名 The modern name of the ruins with which Jiaohe is identified, west of Turfan.
  • Yasa モンゴル語 Töre 制度と称号 The Mongol code of the thirteenth century, held to have taken much of its substance from the Töre.
  • yat 古テュルク語 Yada Stone 宗教 Kashgari's word: a kind of divination with special stones with which one brings on rain, wind and the like; the diviner is the yatčï.
  • Yeltegin アラビア語 Parmudha 人物 Dinawari's form, Jertegîn or Jeltegîn in Nöldeke's note (p. 272), Yer-tegin or Yel-tegin in Chavannes (p. 243); the translator of Tabari regards it as an adjustment to the Turkish names in -tegin of Dinawari's own day.
  • Yenisei epitaphs 英語 Yenisei inscriptions 史料 The usual name in the literature for the grave inscriptions among them, which are most of the corpus.
  • Yenisei inscriptions Yenisei inscriptions 史料
  • Yenisei Kirghiz Yenisei Kirghiz 民族
  • Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate 国家
  • Yenisei runiform inscriptions 英語 Yenisei inscriptions 史料
  • yer sub 古テュルク語 Yer-Su Spirits 宗教 Without ıduk, in the political sense: land and water that must not be left without a master.
  • Yer-Su Spirits Yer-Su Spirits 宗教
  • Yi Khan Yi Khan 制度と称号
  • Yimek テュルク語 Kimek 民族 Imek, Yemek; a form with the loss of the initial k in some Kipchak dialects.
  • Yinan Khan Yinan Khan 人物
  • Yinčü ügüz 古テュルク語 Syr Darya 地名 The Pearl River of the inscriptions; the equation with the Syr Darya is the usual reading, not a statement of the text.
  • Yinghefu Yinghefu 制度と称号
  • Yingsuo Yingsuo 地名
  • Yinnai Tegin Yinnai Tegin 人物
  • Yinshan Yinshan 地名
  • Yintou Tegin Yintou Tegin 人物
  • Yir Bayırku 古テュルク語 Bayirku 民族 The 'land Bayirku' of the Kül Tegin inscription, E34 and S3.
  • Yiran Khan Yiran Khan 人物
  • Yiwu Yiwu 地名
  • Yiwu Tudun Shad Yiwu Tudun Shad 人物
  • Yizhi Nishidu Yizhi Nishidu 人物
  • Yizhi-lianji Yizhi-lianji 人物
  • Yizhixie Chanyu Yizhixie Chanyu 人物
  • yılkı 古テュルク語 Livestock Raids 制度と称号 Herd of horses; the word of the Bilge Khan inscription for the horse herds taken from the Tangut and the Tatabı.
  • Ymai トルコ語 Umay 宗教 One of the forms recorded among Turkic-speaking peoples of the Altai and Siberia in the modern period.
  • yog 古テュルク語 Burial and the balbal 宗教 The funeral and the funeral feast; yogçı is the mourner who attends it.
  • Yol Tengri Yol Tengri 宗教
  • yol teŋri 古テュルク語 Yol Tengri 宗教 The form in the omen book; the two words are written separately.
  • Youzhou Youzhou 地名
  • Yucheng Khan Yucheng Khan 人物
  • Yueban Yueban 民族
  • Yuefu Shiji (Collection of Yuefu Songs) Yuefu Shiji (Collection of Yuefu Songs) 史料
  • Yuezhi Yuezhi 民族
  • Yugu Shad 中国語 Yukuk Shad 人物 Pinyin reading of 欲谷設.
  • Yuḥanon of Ephesus シリア語 John of Ephesus 史料 The Syriac form of the name, John.
  • Yujiulü Yujiulü 氏族
  • Yukuk Shad Yukuk Shad 人物
  • Yukuk Shad 古テュルク語 Yukuk Shad 人物 The Turkic form one modern account gives for the eastern prince.
  • Yulduz 英語 Yingsuo 地名 The valley with which one view identifies Yingsuo.
  • Yulin Yulin 地名
  • Yumen Pass 英語 Jade Gate 地名 The pinyin name with the English rendering of the word for pass.
  • Yunzhong Yunzhong 地名
  • Yushe Shad Yushe Shad 人物
  • Yuwen Yuwen 氏族
  • Yuwen Hu Yuwen Hu 人物
  • Yuwen Tai Yuwen Tai 人物
  • Yuwen Yong 中国語 Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou 人物 宇文邕, his personal name; Wu is the posthumous title.

Z

突厥文字 32

オルホン碑文とエニセイ碑文の文字

  • 𐰀𐰯𐰺 古テュルク語 Avars 民族 Apar, among the mourners in the Kül Tegin inscription; whether the word means the Rouran, the European Avars or both is argued, and some doubt that it names the Avars at all and understand it as Persia.
  • 𐰃𐰑𐰸 𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃 𐰽𐰆𐰉𐰃 古テュルク語 Tengrism 宗教 ıduq yiri subı, the sacred Earth-and-Water, in the same line as Türük Teŋrisi.
  • 𐰃𐰑𐰸 𐰘𐰃𐰼𐰃 𐰽𐰆𐰉𐰃 古テュルク語 Yer-Su Spirits 宗教 ıduk yiri subı, in the same sentence as türk teŋrisi.
  • 𐰃𐰠𐱅𐰼𐰃𐰾: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 古テュルク語 Ilterish Khan 人物 Ilteriš Kagan, lines 7, 48, 54 and 59–61 of the Tonyukuk inscription; the Kül Tegin inscription writes the same name.
  • 𐰃𐰤𐰠: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 古テュルク語 Inel Khan 人物 Inel Kagan, lines 31 and 45 of the Tonyukuk inscription, sent with the Tardush Shad at the head of the army; the equation with the Lesser Khan is an inference.
  • 𐰃𐰾𐱅𐰢𐰃 古テュルク語 Istemi 人物 istemi, in the phrase 'Bumın kagan, Istemi kagan' of the east face.
  • 𐰃𐱁𐰉𐰺𐰀 古テュルク語 Ishbara (Title) 制度と称号 ïšbara, in the name of Išbara Yamtar, whose grey horse Kül Tegin rode in the fight against Čača Seŋün; east face, line 33 in the count of Wilhelm Radloff, whose glossary prints the runes. The equation with 始波羅 is a modern proposal.
  • 𐰆𐰢𐰖 古テュルク語 Umay 宗教 The runiform spelling of the name in the phrase umay teg ögüm katun.
  • 𐰆𐰣: 𐰸 古テュルク語 On Oq 民族 on ok in the runes of the Tonyukuk inscription, first stone, east face: o-n¹ and the single sign oq, in on ok kaganı yagımız erti, the khan of the On Ok was our enemy.
  • 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰲𐰆 古テュルク語 Battle of Bolchu 戦闘と出来事 Bolču, line 35 of the Tonyukuk inscription and E37 of the Kül Tegin inscription.
  • 𐰉𐰆𐰢𐰣 古テュルク語 Bumin Khan 人物 Runiform spelling in the Kül Tegin and Bilge Khan inscriptions, 732 and 735: b¹-U-m-n¹, in the back series that the vowels of bumın require.
  • 𐰉𐰍𐰀 古テュルク語 Baga 制度と称号 baga, in Tonyukuk's style Bilge Tonyukuk Boyla Baga Tarkan, first stone, west face, line 6.
  • 𐰋𐰏 古テュルク語 Beg 制度と称号 The runiform spelling of the Orkhon and Yenisei inscriptions.
  • 𐰖𐰉𐰆 古テュルク語 Yabgu 制度と称号 yabgu, in the line where the founders give the office to the Tölis and the Tarduš.
  • 𐰞𐱃𐰆𐰣: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐰾 古テュルク語 Gold and Silver in the Orkhon Inscriptions 制度と称号 Altun kümüş, gold and silver, in Kül Tegin N12 and S4 and in Bilge Khan G 10–G 12.
  • 𐰴𐰃𐱃𐰪 古テュルク語 Khitan 民族 Kıtañ, in the lists of mourners and of enemies.
  • 𐰴𐰍𐰣 古テュルク語 Khan (Khagan) 制度と称号 kagan, the runiform spelling; read qaġan in most editions.
  • 𐰴𐰯𐰍𐰣: 𐰴𐰍𐰣 古テュルク語 Kapgan Khan 人物 Kapgan Kagan, lines 51 and 60–61 of the Tonyukuk inscription; Qapγan in Turkological spelling, Qapaghan in Peter B. Golden.
  • 𐱁𐰑 古テュルク語 Shad 制度と称号 šad, in the line where İlteriš gives the office to the Tölis and the Tarduš.
  • 𐱃𐰆𐰪𐰸𐰸 古テュルク語 Tonyukuk 人物 The name as the stone writes it, normalised Tuñuquq or Toñuquq; the vowels are argued over.
  • 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲 古テュルク語 Tang 国家 Tabgaç, the Göktürk name for China, carried over from the Tuoba and used of the Tang throughout the inscriptions.
  • 𐱃𐰺𐰑𐰆𐱁 古テュルク語 Tölis and Tardush 制度と称号 tarduš, in the same line.
  • 𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤 古テュルク語 Tegin 制度と称号 tigin or tegin, the second part of the name Kül Tegin, which line 30 of the east face cuts as one word, 𐰚𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰠𐰃𐰾 古テュルク語 Tölis and Tardush 制度と称号 tölis, in line 13 of the east face, where İlteriš organises the Tölis and the Tardush.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 古テュルク語 The Old Turkic script 言語 The name of the people in its own letters; the script has no name in its own texts.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰃𐰠 古テュルク語 First Göktürk Khaganate 国家 Türük El in the runes of the Tonyukuk inscription: t²-ü-r²-ük and i-l², as in türük bilge kagan iliŋe.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰃𐰠 古テュルク語 Second Göktürk Khaganate 国家 Türük El in the runes of the Tonyukuk inscription: t²-ü-r²-ük and i-l², as in türük bilge kagan iliŋe.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 古テュルク語 First Göktürk Khaganate 国家 türk bodun in the runes of the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines 1 and 6: t²-ü-r²-ük and b¹-o-d¹-n¹.
  • 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 古テュルク語 Second Göktürk Khaganate 国家 türk bodun in the runes of the Kül Tegin inscription, east face, lines 1 and 6: t²-ü-r²-ük and b¹-o-d¹-n¹.
  • 𐱅𐰢𐰼 古テュルク語 Göktürk Ironworking 制度と称号 Temir, iron, in temir kapıg, the Iron Gate; Tonyukuk inscription, second stone, south face, lines 1 and 2.
  • 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 古テュルク語 Tengri 宗教 The runiform spelling, read t²ŋr²i.
  • 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 古テュルク語 Tengrism 宗教 Runiform spelling t²ŋr²i, read off the inscription text.

漢字 1040

正史における表記

  • 丁令 中国語 Dingling 民族 The form the Han Shu uses for the Dingling of the first century BC.
  • 丁零 中国語 Dingling 民族 Dingling, Ting-ling in the Wade-Giles literature. The form of the Shiji and of the list of Bagatur's conquests in the Han Shu.
  • 丁零 中国語 Tiele 民族 Dingling, the name of a people north of the Xiongnu from the third century BC, from whom the Tiele are held to descend.
  • 丁靈 中国語 Dingling 民族 The form in the biographies of Li Guang and Su Jian, where Wei Lü is made king of the Dingling.
  • 丁靈王 中国語 Wei Lü 人物 King of the Dingling, his title at the chanyu's court; the Xin Tang Shu writes 丁零王.
  • 三國志 中国語 Sanguozhi 史料 Sanguozhi, the Records of the Three Kingdoms; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 三彌山 中国語 Sanmi Mountain 地名 Sanmi shan, the mountain north of Kucha on which Shegui set his court; the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian write it the same way.
  • 三環屍哭 中国語 Riding Round the Dead 宗教 They go three times round the body, weeping; the Kirghiz funeral in the Xin Tang Shu, which does not say whether on horseback.
  • 三道 中国語 Trade Routes of the Steppe 制度と称号 Sandao, the three roads from Dunhuang to the western sea in the preface of Pei Ju, 607.
  • 不卒祿 中国語 Ilterish Khan 人物 Buzulu, 'not finishing his fortune', the name Empress Wu ordered written for him after 687.
  • 且鞮侯單于 中国語 Qiedihou Chanyu 人物 The form of the Han Shu and the Shiji. The Tang commentary on the Shiji gives the first graph the reading ju, which yields Judihou; Ts'ü-ti-hou and Ch'ieh-ti-hou stand for the two readings in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 丘豆伐可汗 中国語 Shelun Khan 人物 Qiudoufa Khan, his title, glossed in the Wei Shu as 'to drive and to open out'.
  • 丘豆伐可汗 中国語 The origin of the title Khan 論争 Qiudoufa Khan, the style Shelun took. The Wei Shu glosses the first part as 'to drive and to open out'.
  • 中行說 中国語 Zhonghang Yue 人物 Zhonghang is the surname and Yue the personal name, as the Zhengyi commentary of Zhang Shoujie explains. The Han Shu writes the name the same way.
  • 乙彌泥孰俟利苾可汗 中国語 Ashina Simo 人物 Yimi Nishu Silibi Khan, the title conferred in 639. The Turkic reading of the elements is not settled.
  • 乙息記可汗 中国語 Issik Khan 人物 Yixiji kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
  • 乙支連幾 中国語 Yizhi-lianji 人物 Yizhi-lianji. The characters are those that the study of the Begre stele gives from the Tang huiyao.
  • 乙毗咄陸可汗 中国語 Üç Tuğlu Khan 人物 Yipi Duolu Khan, the title the western tribes gave him in 638.
  • 乙毗射匱可汗 中国語 Irbis Shegui Khan 人物 Yipi Shegui Khan; Irbis Šegui in the turkological reading. The second word is the name of Shegui Khan, 611 to 618, and this is not the same man.
  • 乙毗沙鉢羅葉護可汗 中国語 Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan 人物 Yipi Shaboluo Yabgu Khan; Irbis Ïšbara Yabgu in the turkological reading. The histories shorten it to the Yabgu Khan or the Shaboluo Yabgu.
  • 乙毗缽羅肆葉護可汗 中国語 Si Yabgu Khan 人物 Yipi Boluo Si yehu kehan, his title in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the Cefu yuangui writes 乙毘沙鉢邏肆葉䕶可汗.
  • 乙註車鼻可汗 中国語 Chebi Khan 人物 Yizhu Chebi Khan, the title he took himself. The Turkic reading of the first element is not settled.
  • 九姓 中国語 Toquz Oghuz 民族 Jiuxing, the Nine Surnames, in the Tang account of Kapgan Khan's northern campaigns.
  • 乞伏 中国語 Qifu 氏族 The form of the Chinese records.
  • 予成 中国語 Yucheng Khan 人物
  • 事火 中国語 Fire Worship 宗教 To serve fire; the words of the Life of Xuanzang for the Göktürks at the Yabgu Khan's court (Beal, p. 43).
  • 二十八等 中国語 The Twenty-Eight Ranks 制度と称号 Ershiba deng, twenty-eight grades, the count of the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 于窴 中国語 Khotan 地名
  • 互市 中国語 Border Markets 制度と称号 Hushi, mutual market; the word of Ilig Khan's request of 624.
  • 互市 中国語 Raw Materials and Trade among the Turkic Peoples 制度と称号 Hushi, mutual market; the Chinese word for the frontier markets at which the Göktürks traded.
  • 五原 中国語 Ordos 地名 Wuyuan, the Han and Tang commandery on the northern edge of the loop, north of which Ilig had his camp as a shad.
  • 五月八日 中国語 Sacrifice and the year 宗教 The eighth day of the fifth month, the day of the Western Göktürk gathering.
  • 五狼頭纛 中国語 Li Chengqian's Göktürk Camp 戦闘と出来事 Five wolf-head standards, which Li Chengqian had made for the camp.
  • 五部 中国語 Five Divisions of the Xiongnu 国家 Wubu, 'the five divisions', the term of the Jin Shu as the literature reports it; the passage has not been read at the text.
  • 五部高車合聚祭天 中国語 The Great Sacrifice of the Gaoche 戦闘と出来事 The five tribes of the Gaoche gathered together to sacrifice to Heaven; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 五隴阪 中国語 The Standoff at Binzhou (624) 戦闘と出来事 Wulong slope, with a different second character, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 五龍阪 中国語 The Standoff at Binzhou (624) 戦闘と出来事 Wulong slope, where the khan's horsemen drew up, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 交河 中国語 Jiaohe 地名 Jiaohe, river junction; the Han Shu says the river divided and flowed round the city, and that this gave it the name.
  • 什鉢苾 中国語 Töles Khan 人物 Shiboubi, his personal name in the Tang history.
  • 仁孝端麗明智上壽可敦 中国語 Princess Taihe 人物 The khatun title in which the Xin Tang Shu has the Tang court invest her before she left.
  • 仍妻後母 中国語 Levirate 制度と称号 And married his stepmother; of the son of Tardu Shad at Kunduz (Beal, p. 48).
  • 他人水 中国語 Taren River 地名 Taren shui, the Taren water, in the Zhou Shu's account of Göktürk custom; T'a-jen in Wade-Giles.
  • 他人水 中国語 Water Cult 宗教 Taren shui, the river at which the Zhou Shu has the Göktürks gather in the middle of the fifth month to sacrifice to the spirit of heaven.
  • 他汗可汗 中国語 Futu Khan 人物 Tahan Khan, his title, glossed 'succession'.
  • 以其頭為飲器 中国語 Skull Cup 制度と称号 Made his head into a drinking vessel; the Shiji on the Yuezhi king killed by the Xiongnu.
  • 以刀劃面 中国語 Göktürk Face-Cutting 宗教 yi dao hua mian, they gash the face with a knife; the wording of the Sui Shu.
  • 以刀𠢐面 中国語 Göktürk Face-Cutting 宗教 yi dao li mian, they cut the face with a knife; the wording of the Zhou Shu.
  • 以季春月大會於饒樂水上 中国語 The Xianbei Spring Assembly 風習と娯楽 In the last month of spring they hold a great assembly on the Raole river; the wording of the Hou Han Shu.
  • 以死殉 中国語 Following in Death 宗教 Followed him in death; of Suni Shi.
  • 以磧為界 中国語 Submission of Ishbara (585) 戦闘と出来事 'With the desert as the frontier', the terms of the treaty in the Sui Shu.
  • 以高車為圍 中国語 The Battue 風習と娯楽 Made the Gaoche the ring; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 仲升 中国語 Ban Chao 人物 Zhongsheng, his courtesy name.
  • 仿製鏡 中国語 Bronze Mirrors of the Steppe 制度と称号 Fangzhi jing, imitation mirror. The Japanese archaeologists call the copies of Han mirrors made outside China *hōseikyō*.
  • 伊利 中国語 Illig 制度と称号 Yili, in Bumin's title 伊利可汗 and at the head of Ishbara's.
  • 伊利可汗 中国語 Bumin Khan 人物 Illig Khan, the title assumed in 552.
  • 伊利可汗 中国語 Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) 戦闘と出来事 Yili kehan, Illig Khan, the title as the Zhou Shu writes it.
  • 伊吾 中国語 Yiwu 地名 Yiwu, in the Sui and Tang histories; the Tang chapter on the Western Regions calls it the city of Yiwu, 伊吾城.
  • 伊吾吐屯設 中国語 Yiwu Tudun Shad 人物 Yiwu tutun she, the tudun shad of Yiwu, in the biography of Pei Ju and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 伊吾設 中国語 Yiwu Tudun Shad 人物 Yiwu she, the shad of Yiwu, in the same biography's account of the meeting at Mount Yanzhi.
  • 伊然可汗 中国語 Yiran Khan 人物 Yiran Kehan; the Turkic name behind it is not known.
  • 伊稚斜 中国語 Yizhixie Chanyu 人物 The name as the Shiji and the Han Shu write it, followed by 單于, chanyu. I-chih-hsieh in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 伊穉斜 中国語 Yizhixie Chanyu 人物 The spelling of the Suoyin commentary of Sima Zhen (eighth century), which adds that 穉斜 is probably a Hu word and that this form comes near the actual one.
  • 伊西州 中国語 Submission of Yiwu (630) 戦闘と出来事 Yixi prefecture, the same prefecture in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 伊質泥師都 中国語 Yizhi Nishidu 人物 Yizhi Nishidu at his first mention in the Zhou Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; the texts then call him 泥師都, Nishidu.
  • 伏古敦可汗 中国語 Tulun Khan 人物 Fugudun Khan, his title, glossed 'constant'.
  • 伏圖 中国語 Futu Khan 人物 Peter B. Golden writes Fu-t'ou; he is also known as Tahan Khan, after his title.
  • 伐材 中国語 Wood and Woodworking 制度と称号 Fa cai, felling timber. The Han Shu says that the Xiongnu felled several thousand timbers.
  • 伯 中国語 Beg 制度と称号 Bo, an older brother and a rank of nobility. Proposed as the source of the Turkic word; the derivation is one of three that compete.
  • 伯度 中国語 Dou Xian 人物 Bodu, his courtesy name.
  • 伽藍 中国語 Buddhism among the Göktürks 宗教 Qielan, saṅghārāma: the monastery Taspar built.
  • 但耨可汗 中国語 Rudan Khan 人物 Danou kehan, the Tongdian's form, with 耨 for 褥 and the two characters in reverse order; a note gives the reading of 耨.
  • 佉沙 中国語 Kashgar 地名 Qusha; the second name the Xin Tang Shu gives for Shule.
  • 佉沙 中国語 Kesh 地名 Qusha; the second name that the Xin Tang Shu gives, and the name of the Tang prefecture made from the country in 658.
  • 佗鉢可汗 中国語 Taspar Khan 人物 Tuobo kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
  • 佛法 中国語 Buddhism among the Göktürks 宗教 Fofa, the Buddha's law, in the words Huilin uses to Taspar.
  • 你能作幾年可汗 中国語 Raising on the Felt 宗教 How many years can you be khan; the question put to the new ruler.
  • 佰 中国語 Beg 制度と称号 Bai or bo, the leader of a hundred men, a centurion. The character under which Giles lists the Chinese word that the standard etymological dictionary compares; it is a different character from 伯.
  • 侖頭 中国語 Luntai 地名 Luntou; the form in the Shiji's account of the Han farms.
  • 侯利伐 中国語 Silifa 人物 Houlifa, in the Bei Shi.
  • 俟利伐 中国語 Silifa 人物 Silifa, in the Sui Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 俟利弗設 中国語 Chula Khan 人物 Silifu Shad, his title before his accession.
  • 俟利發 中国語 Shiboqu Azhan 人物 Silifa, the title he bears in the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian. The Zhou Shu lists the silifa among the great offices of the Göktürks. The reading of the word as ilteber is itself disputed.
  • 俟斤 中国語 Irkin 制度と称号 Siji, last in the Jiu Tang Shu's list of the great offices and standard in the titles of the Nushibi and Tiele chiefs.
  • 俟斤 中国語 Mukan Khan 人物 Sijin, given as his personal name; the same characters render the title irkin elsewhere.
  • 俟發 中国語 Sifa 制度と称号 Sifa, in the Sui Shu and in the Bei Shi, which copies it.
  • 信義公主 中国語 Princess Xinyi 人物 Xinyi gongzhu, the princess Xinyi, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 俱儉特勒 中国語 Jujian Tegin 人物 Jujian Tegin in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 候其伏代庫者可汗 中国語 Nagai Khan 人物 Houqifudaikuzhe Khan, his title, glossed 'joyful'.
  • 候婁匐勒 中国語 Afuzhiluo 人物 Houloufule, his title, glossed 'great son of heaven'.
  • 候婁匐勒 中国語 Gaoche 国家 The title the people gave Afuzhiluo; the Wei Shu renders it "great son of heaven".
  • 候月將滿，輒為寇抄 中国語 Raiding at the Full Moon 宗教 They wait until the moon is about to be full, and then they raid.
  • 候月將滿，轉為寇抄 中国語 Raiding at the Full Moon 宗教 The Bei Shi's wording, with 轉 for 輒; taken from the Sui Shu.
  • 倫特勒 中国語 Jujian Tegin 人物 Lun Tegin, the tegin left behind in the Zizhi tongjian; whether he is the same man is an open question.
  • 僕固 中国語 Bugu 民族 The form of the Tang histories.
  • 僮僕都尉 中国語 Captives and the Unfree 制度と称号 Tongpu duwei; rendered Commandant of Slaves, a translator's choice for a Xiongnu office that taxed the Western Regions.
  • 僮僕都尉 中国語 Tongpu Duwei 制度と称号 Tongpu duwei; the title the Han Shu gives to the Xiongnu officer over the Western Regions.
  • 先祖之法 中国語 Ancestor Cult 宗教 The law of the forefathers, in the words the Sui Shu gives to Bagha in 587.
  • 先窟 中国語 Ancestor Cult 宗教 Xian ku, the cave of the forebears, to which the khan led the nobles each year.
  • 先窟 中国語 Cave of the ancestors 地名 Xian ku, the cave of the forebears, in the Zhou Shu's account of Göktürk custom.
  • 先窟 漢文 Cave of the ancestors 地名 The Bei Shi repeats the Zhou Shu's wording; it is not a second witness.
  • 兒單于 中国語 Er Chanyu 人物 Er Chanyu, 'the Child Chanyu'. The Shiji gives it as the name by which he was called because he was young: 年少，號為兒單于.
  • 兩道 中国語 Trade Routes of the Steppe 制度と称号 Liangdao, the two roads out of the Jade Gate and Yangguan in the Han Shu.
  • 公主 中国語 Kunçuy 制度と称号 Gongzhu, princess. The Old Uyghur texts match kunçuy with this word and, in other places, with 女人 nǚrén, woman.
  • 六畜 中国語 Livestock Losses in the Annals 制度と称号 Liuchu, the six domestic animals; the Tang histories' word for the herds of the Göktürks.
  • 六鎮 中国語 Six Garrisons 制度と称号
  • 六鎮之亂 中国語 Revolt of the Six Garrisons 戦争 The Rising of the Six Garrisons, the modern Chinese name; the histories speak of the garrisons that rose one after another.
  • 兵器 中国語 Göktürk Weapons 制度と称号 Bingqi, weapons; the word with which the Zhou Shu opens its list of bows and arrows, whistling arrows, armour, lances, sabres and swords.
  • 其坐，長左而北鄉 中国語 Seating at the Feast 風習と娯楽 When they sit, the left is the senior side and they face north; the Shiji on the Xiongnu.
  • 其書字類胡 中国語 The origin of the Old Turkic script 論争 Their written characters resemble those of the Hu. The one sixth-century notice that says the Göktürks wrote at all.
  • 冊府元龜 中国語 Cefu yuangui 史料 The title as the text gives it.
  • 冒頓 中国語 Bagatur (Modu Chanyu) 人物 The form of the Shiji and the Han Shu, read Modu; Mao-tun and Mo-tun in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 冠軍侯 中国語 Huo Qubing 人物 Marquis of Guanjun, 'first in the army', the fief given to him in 123 BC.
  • 出鐵 中国語 Iron of the Bayegu 制度と称号 Chu tie, produces iron, the Tongdian's wording for the same country.
  • 刀鋋 中国語 Xiongnu Ironworking 制度と称号 Daochan, knife and short lance, the Shiji's words for the short weapons of the Xiongnu.
  • 刑白馬 中国語 Horse Sacrifice 宗教 To kill a white horse for an oath; the words of the Han Shu for the covenant on the river Nuo, and of the Jiu Tang Shu for the covenant of 626.
  • 利稽察 中国語 Lijicha 人物 Lijicha, in the edict of 583 as the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi quote it.
  • 刺史 中国語 Çigşi 制度と称号 Cishi, the Chinese prefect of a zhou, the head of a prefecture. The Xin Tang Shu names prefects of Lanzhou and Beiping in the account of Ilterish's raid.
  • 刻木為契 中国語 Tally Sticks and the Golden Arrow 制度と称号 Kemu wei qi, they notch wood to make agreements; the Sui Shu's shorter version.
  • 刻木為數 中国語 Tally Sticks and the Golden Arrow 制度と称号 Kemu wei shu, they notch wood to record the number.
  • 刻石為像 中国語 Stone Figures 宗教 "Cut stone into an image": the Old Tang History on the likeness of Kül Tegin set up at his monument.
  • 前燕 中国語 Former Yan 国家 The form of the Chinese records.
  • 副伏羅 中国語 Fufuluo 氏族 Fufuluo, written 副伏羅氏 in the list of the twelve Gaoche clans and 副伏羅部 where the clan acts as a tribe.
  • 劍水 中国語 Jian River 地名 Jian shui, the Jian water, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 勃登凝梨 中国語 Bodeng Ningli 地名 The Bei Shi's spelling, with 梨 for 黎.
  • 勃登凝黎 中国語 Bodeng Ningli 地名 Bodeng ningli, the name in the Zhou Shu's account of Göktürk custom; P'o-teng-ning-li in Wade-Giles.
  • 勃登凝黎 中国語 Sacred Mountains 宗教 Bodeng ningli, the name the Göktürks gave to a bare high mountain, glossed by the Zhou Shu as the spirit of the earth.
  • 勑勒歌 中国語 The Chile Song 風習と娯楽 The title in the Bei Qi Shu, written with the variant character 勑.
  • 勝兵 中国語 Army of the Steppe Empires 制度と称号 Shengbing, men fit for war; the Tang histories give the fighting strength of a people in this term.
  • 匈奴 中国語 Xiongnu 国家
  • 匐你熱汗 中国語 Funi Rehan 制度と称号 Funi rehan, which the transmitted sentence gives as the Göktürk word for wine.
  • 匐俱 中国語 Inel Khan 人物 Fuju, his name in the Tang history at his appointment in 699.
  • 北周 中国語 Northern Zhou 国家 Northern Zhou, the later name that separates the dynasty from the Zhou of antiquity.
  • 北庭 中国語 Beiting 地名 Beiting, the Northern Court.
  • 北庭 中国語 Beshbalik 地名 Beiting, the Northern Court: the protectorate seat north of the Tian Shan in the Tang chapters on the Göktürks.
  • 北庭 中国語 Dzungaria 地名 Beiting, the Northern Court: the Tang protectorate at Jimsar on the northern slope of the Tian Shan, and in the Xin Tang Shu the seat of the Duolu Khan west of the Zuhe mountain.
  • 北庭大都護府 中国語 Beiting 地名 Beiting da duhufu, the Grand Protectorate of Beiting; the office Ashina Xian held in the Chang'an period.
  • 北樓關 中国語 Beilou Pass 地名 Beilou guan, the Beilou pass, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 北海 中国語 Beihai 地名 Beihai, the Northern Sea, in the Zhou Shu's description of Mukan's realm; the Sui Shu uses the name in the chancellor Gao Jiong's toast and in its chapter on the Tiele.
  • 北魏 中国語 Northern Wei 国家 The usual modern name; the dynasty called itself Wei 魏.
  • 北齊 中国語 Northern Qi 国家
  • 北齊書 中国語 Bei Qi Shu (Book of Northern Qi) 史料
  • 十姓可汗 中国語 On Oq 民族 Shi xing kehan, Khan of the Ten Surnames; the Tang title carried by Ashina Duzhi, Huaidao and Xin.
  • 十姓部落 中国語 On Oq 民族 Shi xing buluo, the Ten Surnames tribes; the same sentence gives it as the name of the whole.
  • 十等 中国語 The Twenty-Eight Ranks 制度と称号 Shi deng, ten grades, the Tongdian's count for the beginning of the khaganate.
  • 十箭 中国語 On Oq 民族 Shi jian, the Ten Arrows; the Xin Tang Shu gives it beside the Ten Shads in the sentence that divides the state.
  • 千泉 中国語 Thousand Springs 地名 Qianquan, 'thousand springs'; Xuanzang's Record says the place took the name from its thousand springs and pools. The Tang histories write it the same way.
  • 千金公主 中国語 Death of Princess Dayi 戦闘と出来事 Qianjin gongzhu, her title as a princess of the Northern Zhou.
  • 千金公主 中国語 Princess Qianjin 人物 Qianjin gongzhu, Princess Qianjin, the title the Zhou gave her in 579.
  • 千金公主 中国語 The Marriage of Princess Qianjin (580) 戦闘と出来事 Qianjin gongzhu, Princess Qianjin, the title the Zhou gave her.
  • 南匈奴 中国語 Southern Xiongnu 国家
  • 南史 中国語 Nan Shi 史料 Nan Shi, the History of the Southern Dynasties; one of the Twenty-Four Histories, the southern companion of the Bei Shi.
  • 南單于 中国語 Southern Xiongnu 国家 The Southern Chanyu; the Hou Han Shu names the realm by its ruler more often than by itself.
  • 南庭 中国語 Beiting 地名 Nanting, the Southern Court. Beiting is formed against it, and the two are measured from the same point.
  • 南面可汗 中国語 The Western and Southern Khans 制度と称号 Nanmian kehan, the Southern Khan, in Pei Ju's plan for Shibi's brother.
  • 南齊書 中国語 Nan Qi Shu 史料 Nan Qi Shu, the Book of Southern Qi; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 博望侯 中国語 Zhang Qian 人物 Marquis of Bowang, the title he received in the sixth year of Yuanshuo, 123 BC; later envoys used it to vouch for themselves.
  • 卜之，不吉 中国語 Omens and Divination 宗教 They divined it, and it was inauspicious; of Chula Khan's plan to take Bingzhou.
  • 㕎颯 中国語 Hesa Khan 人物 Hesa, as the Tang Huiyao writes the name; it has 可汗 after it. The Xin Tang Shu and the Jiu Tang Shu write the second character 馺, and the first character is damaged in the text read.
  • 參天可汗道 中国語 Trade Routes of the Steppe 制度と称号 Cantian kehan dao, the Road for Paying Court to the Heavenly Khan, 647; the Xin Tang Shu writes the road as 參天至尊道.
  • 受羅部真可汗 中国語 Yucheng Khan 人物 Shouluobuzhen Khan, his title, glossed 'gracious'.
  • 口頌咒文 中国語 Wuhuan Funeral Songs 風習と娯楽 To chant a spell; the two men who spoke for the spirit of the dead on the night of the burial.
  • 句注 中国語 Gouzhu Pass 地名 Gouzhu, the form of the Shiji, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian; the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu write 句註.
  • 句注陘 中国語 Gouzhu Pass 地名 Gouzhu xing, the Gouzhu defile, in the annals of the Northern Wei.
  • 句錄末賀 中国語 Külüg Bagha 人物 Julu Mohe, with a different third character. The Jiu Tang Shu calls him a general (將軍).
  • 句錄莫賀 中国語 Külüg Bagha 人物 Julu Mohe. The Xin Tang Shu calls him a great chief (渠長) of the Uyghurs and, in its account of the Kirghiz, a general of the Uyghurs (其將).
  • 句黎湖 中国語 Xulihu Chanyu 人物 Goulihu, the Han Shu's form. The first two characters differ from the Shiji's, the third is the same.
  • 可敦 中国語 Katun 制度と称号 Kedun, the standing Chinese transcription of the title.
  • 可汗 中国語 Are Khan 人物 Kehan, khan. The title the Xin Tang Shu says he took himself when the Uyghurs weakened.
  • 可汗 中国語 Khan (Khagan) 制度と称号 kehan, the Chinese transcription used for the Rouran and the Türk rulers alike.
  • 可汗 中国語 The origin of the title Khan 論争 Kehan. The form in which the Wei Shu writes the title of Shelun. It glosses the word as 'emperor' in the speech of Wei.
  • 可薩 中国語 Khazar Khaganate 国家 Kesa; Golden gives Ho-sa and K'o-sa and holds the Chinese forms to have come through an Iranian intermediary.
  • 可賀敦 中国語 Proclamation of Bumin Khan (552) 戦闘と出来事 Kehedun, katun, the title Bumin gave his wife.
  • 可賀敦 中国語 Women among the Turkic Peoples 制度と称号 Kehedun, the Göktürk title of the khan's wife; the Zhou Shu sets it beside the yanzhi of old. The Chinese histories also write 可敦.
  • 可賀敦周千金公主 中国語 Princess Qianjin 人物 'The katun, the Zhou princess Qianjin', in the Sui Shu's account of Ishbara's submission.
  • 叱吉 中国語 Chiji Shad 人物 Chiji, the name without the title, in the sentence on his refusal.
  • 叱吉設 中国語 Chiji Shad 人物 Chiji Shad in the biography of Pei Ju in the Sui Shu and in the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 史君 中国語 Tomb of Shi Jun 史料 Shi Jun, "Lord Shi", the name as the Chinese epitaph gives it; it names his city of origin, Shi (Kesh), and is no personal name.
  • 史國 中国語 Kesh 地名 Shi guo, the kingdom of Shi; the name in the Sui Shu and the Tang histories.
  • 史蜀胡悉 中国語 Murder of Shishu Huxi 戦闘と出来事 Shishu Huxi.
  • 史蜀胡悉 中国語 Shishu Huxi 人物 Shishu Huxi in the biography of Pei Ju in the Sui Shu and in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 史記 中国語 Shiji 史料
  • 右殺 中国語 Right Shad (d. 741) 人物 Right Shad, his office in the Tang history; the eastern counterpart was the Left Shad.
  • 右賢王 中国語 Worthy Kings of the Left and Right 制度と称号 You Xian Wang, Worthy King of the Right.
  • 各殺羊馬，陳於帳前，祭之 中国語 Horse Sacrifice 宗教 Each kills sheep and horses, sets them out before the tent and makes the offering; the Zhou Shu on the Göktürk funeral.
  • 合伊難支 中国語 Alp Inanch 人物 He Yinanzhi, in Drompp's Wade-Giles Ho I-nan-chih. The Zizhi tongjian chapter is not among the texts at hand; the characters are those in Drompp's article.
  • 合市 中国語 Northern Xiongnu Market at Wuwei (AD 84) 戦闘と出来事 Heshi, joint market; the word of the Hou Han Shu for the trade the Northern chanyu asked for at Wuwei.
  • 合骨咄祿毗伽可汗 中国語 Tun Bagha Tarkan 人物 Alp Kutlug Bilge Khan.
  • 同俄設 中国語 Ishbara Tolis Khan 人物 Tong'e Shad, his title before his accession.
  • 同羅 中国語 Tongra 民族 The form of the Tang histories.
  • 吐務 中国語 Tuwu 人物 Tuwu, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürks: grandson of Nadulu 訥都陸, titled Great Yabgu, father of Tumen Ilig Khan and Shidianmi; the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi do not give the name.
  • 吐屯 中国語 Tudun 制度と称号 Tutun, the shorter form used throughout the Tang chapters on the eastern and western Göktürks.
  • 吐屯發 中国語 Tudun 制度と称号 Tutunfa, fifth in the Zhou Shu's list of the great offices, after the ilteber.
  • 吐渾邪 中国語 Tuyuhun Hunye 人物 The spelling of the Cefu yuangui.
  • 吐火羅 中国語 Bactria 地名
  • 吐火羅葉護 中国語 Yabgus of Tokharistan 国家 Tuhuoluo yehu, the yabgu of Tokhara. The Xin Tang Shu says that the king of the country bears the title yehu.
  • 吐烏過拔闕可汗 中国語 Que Dadu Shad 人物 Tuwuguoba Que kehan, the title the Tang gave him in 618; the Cefu yuangui writes 吐焉過拔闕可汗.
  • 吐蕃 中国語 The Tibetan Empire 国家 Tubo, in the Tang chapters; the power that wrote to Bilge Khan in 727.
  • 吐谷渾 中国語 Tuyuhun 民族
  • 吐谷渾邪 中国語 Tuyuhun Hunye 人物 Tuyuhun Hunye at the first mention in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 吐賀真 中国語 Tuhezhen Khan 人物
  • 向夫人 中国語 Lady Xiang 人物 Xiang furen, the Lady Xiang, in Cui Junsu's speech in the Sui Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 向氏 中国語 Lady Xiang 人物 Xiang shi, of the Xiang family, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 君登里邏 中国語 Kün Tengri 宗教 Jun denglilo, the opening of the title conferred on the Uyghur khagan in 821; the Chinese transcription of kün täŋridä.
  • 吞阿婁拔奚利邲咄陸可汗 中国語 Nishu Bagha Shad 人物 Tun Aloubo Xilibi Duolu kehan, the title of the Tang investiture in the Jiu Tang Shu; 吞阿婁拔利邲咄陸可汗 in the Xin Tang Shu, 奚利邲咄陸可汗 in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 吳提 中国語 Wuti Khan 人物
  • 周 中国語 Northern Zhou 国家 Zhou; the Zhou Shu, its own history, speaks of 'the court' and 'us'.
  • 周槃 中国語 Battle of Zhoupan (582) 戦闘と出来事 Zhoupan, the place of the battle.
  • 周槃 中国語 Zhoupan 地名 Zhoupan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 周武帝 中国語 Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou 人物
  • 呴犁湖 中国語 Xulihu Chanyu 人物 The Shiji's form, followed by 單于, chanyu. The commentaries of Pei Yin and Sima Zhen read the first character 呴 in two ways, gou and xu; the pinyin Xulihu follows the second, and Kou-li-hu in the Wade-Giles literature follows the first. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 呼屠吾斯 中国語 Zhizhi Chanyu 人物 Hutuwusi, his personal name, given when his brother raised him to Left Guli King.
  • 呼韓邪單于 中国語 Bi Chanyu 人物 Huhanye Chanyu, the title the chiefs of the eight tribes gave him in AD 48 after his grandfather's.
  • 呼韓邪單于 中国語 Huhanye Chanyu 人物 Hu-han-yeh in the Wade-Giles literature. His personal name is given as 稽侯狦 Jihoushan.
  • 呾度設 中国語 Tardu Shad 人物 Dadu she, Tardu Shad, in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, which explains shad as the title of an official.
  • 咄吉世 中国語 Shibi Khan 人物 Duojishi, his personal name in the Sui Shu; the Jiu Tang Shu writes Duoji 咄吉.
  • 咄悉匐 中国語 Duoxifu 人物 Duoxifu, in the Tang histories' list of the offices Ilterish gave when he set himself up as khan, and in the account of the year 699.
  • 咄苾 中国語 Ilig Khan 人物 Duobi, his personal name in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 咄陸可汗 中国語 Nishu Bagha Shad 人物 Duolu kehan, Duolu Khan, his title as khan from 632; not the later Yipi Duolu Khan of 638.
  • 咄陸可汗 中国語 Üç Tuğlu Khan 人物 Duolu Khan, as the histories shorten it; also the title of Nishu, 632 to 634.
  • 和市 中国語 Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade 制度と称号 Heshi, purchase at an agreed price; the Jiu Tang Shu says that the Uyghurs sent envoys to trade horses for silk in this way (以馬和市繒帛).
  • 咎徵妖作 中国語 Omens and Divination 宗教 Ill omens and prodigies arose; the Sui emperor's edict on the portents in the Göktürk lands.
  • 咥力特勒 中国語 Si Yabgu Khan 人物 Dieli tele, Dieli Tegin, his name as a prince in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the Tongdian writes 咥利特勤.
  • 哥利達官 中国語 Geli Daguan 制度と称号 Geli daguan; geli is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for old.
  • 唐 中国語 Tang 国家 Tang.
  • 唐會要 中国語 Tang Huiyao (Institutional History of the Tang) 史料 Tang huiyao, the Essential Documents of the Tang.
  • 唯以草青為記 中国語 Sacrifice and the year 宗教 They mark the year only by the greening of the grass; the Zhou Shu's statement that they did not know a calendar.
  • 啜 中国語 Chur 制度と称号 Chuo, in the Tang list of the great offices and in the titles of the five chiefs of the Duolu.
  • 喜致震霆 中国語 Gaoche Thunder Rite 宗教 The phrase that opens the passage: they often drew down thunder, or, in a second rendering, they were fond of it.
  • 單于 中国語 Chanyu 制度と称号
  • 單于大都護府 中国語 Shanyu Protectorate 地名 Shanyu da duhufu, the Shanyu Grand Protectorate; the Xin Tang Shu's name for the Yunzhong protectorate after Gaozong renamed it.
  • 單于都護府 中国語 Shanyu Protectorate 地名 Shanyu duhufu, the Shanyu protectorate; set up with the Hanhai protectorate after the fall of Chebi Khan.
  • 嚈噠 中国語 Hephthalites 民族 Chinese Yeda; the form Hua is also given.
  • 四鎮 中国語 Anxi Protectorate 地名 Sizhen, the Four Garrisons that stood under the protectorate.
  • 回紇 中国語 Uyghur Khaganate 国家 The form of the Tang histories; the later spelling 回鶻 is also used.
  • 回紇 中国語 Uyghurs 民族 Huihe, the form of the Tang histories for the empire period.
  • 回紇路 中国語 Trade Routes of the Steppe 制度と称号 Huihe lu, the Uyghur road; the name Li Deyu gives in 843 to the way to Anxi and Beiting through Uyghur land.
  • 回鶻 中国語 Uyghurs 民族 Huihu, the later spelling.
  • 因頭特勒 中国語 Yintou Tegin 人物 With 勒 for 勤, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 因頭特勤 中国語 Yintou Tegin 人物 Yintou Tegin, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 特勤 is the title tegin.
  • 土門 中国語 Bumin Khan 人物
  • 地勤察 中国語 Diqincha 人物 Diqincha, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 地神 中国語 Animism 宗教 Dishen, the spirit of the earth: the Zhou Shu's gloss on the bare mountain called 勃登凝黎.
  • 地神 中国語 Bodeng Ningli 地名 Dishen, the spirit of the earth, the Zhou Shu's Chinese rendering of the name.
  • 地神 中国語 Sacred Mountains 宗教 Dishen, the spirit of the earth, the Chinese gloss on the name of that mountain.
  • 地神 中国語 Yer-Su Spirits 宗教 Dishen, the spirit of the earth, the Zhou Shu's gloss on the mountain called 勃登凝黎. The Chinese never render Yer-Sub.
  • 埋羖羊，燃火，拔刀，女巫祝說 中国語 Gaoche Thunder Rite 宗教 They bury a ram, light a fire and draw their knives, and a female shaman speaks prayers; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 執失思力 中国語 Zhishi Sili 人物 Zhishi Sili in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 堅昆 中国語 The Khakas name debate 論争 Jiankun. The older name of the country, which the Xin Tang Shu says Xiajiasi replaced.
  • 堅昆 中国語 Yenisei Kirghiz 民族 Jiankun, the old name of the country in the Han and Tang texts; the Xin Tang Shu says that the Xiajiasi of the ninth century are its people.
  • 堅昆 中国語 Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate 国家 Jiankun, the old Chinese name of the country, which the Xin Tangshu equates with the Xiajiasi.
  • 堅昆府 中国語 Kirghiz embassy of 648 戦闘と出来事 Jiankun fu, the Jiankun command, the Tang name of the Kirghiz land after the audience.
  • 塔寒 中国語 Tahan 人物 Tahan, in the Bei Shi and the Zizhi Tongjian. Not to be confused with 他汗 Tahan, the title of Futu Khan.
  • 塞 中国語 Saka 民族 Sai, the Chinese transcription, read back through earlier stages as *sək, *sək, *səg.
  • 壺衍鞮單于 中国語 Huyandi Chanyu 人物 Hu-yen-ti in the Wade-Giles literature. No personal name and no Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 夏州 中国語 Xiazhou 地名 Xiazhou, in the Sui Shu, the Tang histories and the Zizhi tongjian; notes in the Tongdian give it as the Shuofang commandery of their own day.
  • 多殺羊馬以祭天 中国語 Horse Sacrifice 宗教 In the fifth month they kill many sheep and horses to sacrifice to heaven; the Sui Shu on the Göktürks.
  • 大人 中国語 Wuhuan 民族 Daren, 'great man': the chief of a camp or a tribe, chosen for courage and not by inheritance.
  • 大利城 中国語 Dali City 地名 Dali cheng, the walled town of Dali; the Tongdian, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian have the same form.
  • 大可汗 中国語 Great Khan 制度と称号 Da kehan, in the Sui Shu, the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 大可汗 中国語 Shegui Khan 人物 Great Khan, the title the Sui court proposed to confer on him in Pei Ju's plan.
  • 大周 中国語 Northern Zhou 国家 Great Zhou, the style of the dynasty's own edicts.
  • 大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳 中国語 Life of Xuanzang 史料 Biography of the Master of the Law of the Three Baskets of the Great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang; the title as the text gives it.
  • 大唐西域記 中国語 Record of the Western Regions 史料 Record of the Western Regions of the Great Tang; the title as the text gives it.
  • 大夏 中国語 Bactria 地名 Daxia, the name of the country in the Han texts; the equation with Bactria is the modern identification.
  • 大宛 中国語 Ferghana 地名 Dayuan, the name of the Shiji and the Han Shu. Most commentators identify it with Ferghana; it has also been identified with Sogdiana.
  • 大將軍 中国語 Wei Qing 人物 Grand General, the rank given to him in the field in 124 BC.
  • 大斤山 中国語 Battle of Mount Dajin (600) 戦闘と出来事 Dajin shan, Mount Dajin.
  • 大斤山 中国語 Mount Dajin 地名 Dajin shan, the form of the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 大月氏 中国語 Yuezhi 民族 The Great Yuezhi, the part that went west; the Shiji and the Han Shu use it for the people on the Oxus.
  • 大校獵 中国語 The Battue 風習と娯楽 Da xiaolie, the great hunt; the Wei Shu's name for the hunt after the campaign against the Gaoche.
  • 大樹 中国語 Ulukayın (Turkic World Tree) 宗教 Dashu, the great tree under which the ten sons gathered to choose a leader in the Suo-state legend.
  • 大檀 中国語 Datan Khan 人物
  • 大清池 中国語 Issyk-Kul 地名 Da qingchi, the Great Clear Lake, in the first book of Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions.
  • 大渡可汗 中国語 Nishu Bagha Shad 人物 Dadu kehan, another name for him in the Jiu Tang Shu; the Tongdian writes 大度可汗.
  • 大羅便 中国語 Daluobian 制度と称号 Daluobian, the title and the name of the wine vessel in the Tongdian.
  • 大義公主 中国語 Death of Princess Dayi 戦闘と出来事 Dayi gongzhu, Princess Dayi, the title the Sui gave her when Ishbara submitted.
  • 大義公主 中国語 Princess Qianjin 人物 Dayi gongzhu, Princess Dayi, the title the Sui gave her.
  • 大義公主 中国語 The Marriage of Princess Qianjin (580) 戦闘と出来事 Dayi gongzhu, Princess Dayi, the title the Sui later gave her.
  • 大葉護 中国語 Tuwu 人物 The Great Yabgu, the title under which the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi say the stock grew strong before Bumin; the identification with Bumin's father is the literature's.
  • 大谷 中国語 The Göktürk Campaign of 625 戦闘と出来事 Dagu, the same place in the Xin Tang Shu; the Zizhi tongjian also writes it so where it posts Li Gaoqian there.
  • 大足羊 中国語 Sheep 制度と称号 Dazuyang, big-footed sheep; the Xin Tang Shu's description of the livestock of the early Uyghurs.
  • 大邏便 中国語 Daluobian 制度と称号 Daluobian with a different second character, the personal name of Mukan Khan's son, later Apa Khan.
  • 大邏便 中国語 Töremen Apa 人物 Daluobian, the personal name in the Chinese histories; Peter B. Golden writes Ta-lo-pien.
  • 大隋 中国語 Sui 国家 The Great Sui, as Qimin Khan's memorials call it.
  • 大食 中国語 The Abbasid Caliphate 国家 Dashi, the Tang name for the Arabs; the chapters do not distinguish the two houses.
  • 大食 中国語 The Umayyad Caliphate 国家 Dashi, the Tang name for the Arabs.
  • 天元上皇太后 中国語 Empress Ashina 人物 Tianyuan Shang empress dowager, the title Xuandi gave her in 580.
  • 天山 中国語 Tian Shan 地名 The Heavenly Mountains.
  • 天神 中国語 Tengri 宗教 Tianshen, the spirit of heaven, in the Zhou Shu's account of the mid-fifth-month sacrifice. No Chinese source writes a name that can be read as Tengri.
  • 太原 中国語 Jinyang 地名
  • 太和公主 中国語 Princess Taihe 人物 Taihe gongzhu, the princess of Taihe; the title under which she was married out in 821.
  • 太和長公主 中国語 Princess Taihe 人物 The form of the Cefu yuangui for the enfeoffment and the marriage of 821.
  • 太祖 中国語 Yuwen Tai 人物 Taizu, his temple name as founder of the Northern Zhou, under which the Zhou Shu records his dealings with Bumin and Mukan.
  • 太谷 中国語 The Göktürk Campaign of 625 戦闘と出来事 Taigu, where Zhang Jin's army was lost, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 夫餘 中国語 Buyeo 国家 The form of the Wei Shu and the Hou Han Shu; also written 扶餘. Fu-yü in the Wade-Giles literature, Puyŏ in Korean.
  • 失缽屈阿棧 中国語 Shiboqu Azhan 人物 Shiboqu Azhan. The Zizhi tongjian writes the same five characters. The text does not show where the name divides, and no Turkic form is attested for it.
  • 失韋 中国語 Shiwei 民族 The writing of the Wei Shu, which gives them their own entry.
  • 夷男 中国語 Yinan Khan 人物 Yinan, the Chinese transcription of the name.
  • 夾畢特勒 中国語 Ashina Simo 人物 Jiabi Tele, the rank he held through two reigns because he was never allowed to command troops as a shad.
  • 奇畜 中国語 Xiongnu Herds 制度と称号 Qichu, the unusual livestock; the camels, donkeys, mules and three kinds of equid that the Shiji sets apart from horses, cattle and sheep.
  • 奔馬環臨之 中国語 Riding Round the Dead 宗教 They galloped their horses round him; the mock funeral of the Tang crown prince Li Chengqian, Xin Tang Shu 80.
  • 契丹 中国語 Khitan 民族 Qidan. The Wei Shu gives them their own entry, east of the Kumo Xi.
  • 契苾 中国語 Qibi 民族 The form of the Tang histories and of the Tang Huiyao.
  • 契骨 中国語 Yenisei Kirghiz 民族 Qigu, the form in the Zhou Shu; that it names the Kirghiz is an identification made by modern scholarship.
  • 奧射設 中国語 Aoshe Shad 人物 Aoshe Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 奴婢 中国語 Captives and the Unfree 制度と称号 Nubi, slaves; the Shiji says that the Xiongnu warrior who took a captive took him as nubi.
  • 好突厥言及所服 中国語 Li Chengqian's Göktürk Camp 戦闘と出来事 He loved the speech and the dress of the Türk; the words with which the Xin Tang Shu introduces the camp.
  • 妻其後母、世叔母及嫂 中国語 Levirate 制度と称号 They take as wives their stepmothers, their uncles' wives and their elder brothers' wives.
  • 妻其羣母及嫂 中国語 Levirate 制度と称号 The Sui Shu's wording: they take as wives their fathers' wives and their elder brothers' wives.
  • 始波羅 中国語 Ishbara (Title) 制度と称号 Shiboluo, the Tongdian's word for the brave and strong, and the form in the titles of Ishbara Khan in the Sui Shu.
  • 始畢可汗 中国語 Shibi Khan 人物 Shibi Khan, the Chinese form of his title. No Turkic form is recorded.
  • 姑臧 中国語 Wuwei 地名 Guzang, the older name of the town.
  • 姑墨 中国語 Aksu 地名 Gumo; the name of the state in the Han Shu. The Wei Shu writes 姑默.
  • 娉 中国語 Bride-Price in Livestock 制度と称号 Pin, betrothal; the Wei Shu's word for the payment of the Gaoche in cattle and horses.
  • 娑毗設 中国語 Suopi Shad 人物 Suopi Shad, in the edict of 583 as the Sui Shu quotes it; 設 is the title shad.
  • 婆匐可敦 中国語 Pofu Katun 人物
  • 婆實特勒 中国語 Poshi Tegin 人物 Poshi tele, in the Zizhi tongjian, with the Tang spelling of the title.
  • 婆實特勤 中国語 Poshi Tegin 人物 Poshi teqin, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian.
  • 婆施 中国語 Lady Poshi 人物 Poshi, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 婆施氏 中国語 Lady Poshi 人物 Poshi shi, the lady of the Poshi family, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 婆羅門 中国語 Poluomen Khan 人物 The Chinese transcription of Brahman, used as a personal name. No Rouran form is recorded.
  • 婚姻用牛馬納聘以為榮 中国語 The Gaoche Wedding 風習と娯楽 In marriage they pay the betrothal gift in cattle and horses and count it an honour; the words of the Wei Shu.
  • 子卿 中国語 Su Wu 人物 Ziqing, his courtesy name. Li Ling addresses him by it at the North Sea.
  • 孝武皇帝 中国語 Emperor Wu of Han 人物 The full style, with which the Han Shu annals open.
  • 孤塗 中国語 Kut 制度と称号 Gutu, in the Xiongnu ruler's title Chengli Gutu Chanyu; glossed 'son' by the Han Shu; on the best view, Kut.
  • 㝅登疑梨 中国語 Bodeng Ningli 地名 The Tongdian's spelling.
  • 宇文 中国語 Yuwen 氏族 The form of the Chinese records.
  • 宇文泰 中国語 Yuwen Tai 人物 The Zhou Shu, the history of his house, calls him Taizu, the founding ancestor, throughout.
  • 宇文護 中国語 Yuwen Hu 人物
  • 安 中国語 Bukhara 地名 An, the Chinese name of the country of Bukhara in the Sui Shu and the Tang histories; the Xin Tang Shu adds that it is also called Buhuo and Buhe 捕喝 and that the Wei called it Niumi 忸蜜.
  • 安伽 中国語 Tomb of An Jia 史料 An Jia; the second character is also read Qie, and the tomb is published as the tomb of An Qie.
  • 安北都護府 中国語 Anbei Protectorate 地名 Anbei duhufu, the Anbei protectorate; the memorial of 845 dates its first appearance under this name to 698.
  • 安定大長公主 中国語 Princess Taihe 人物 Anding Grand Senior Princess, the writing of the Zizhi tongjian and of one edict in the Tang Huiyao for the same title.
  • 安祿山 中国語 An Lushan 人物 Lushan transcribes the Sogdian Rōxšan, the luminous; Peter B. Golden gives the Sogdian as rwxšn and compares Persian rōšan.
  • 安禪具泥 中国語 Anchan Juni 制度と称号 Anchan juni; anchan is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for meat.
  • 安義公主 中国語 Princess Anyi 人物 Anyi gongzhu, Princess Anyi, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 安西都護府 中国語 Anxi Protectorate 地名 Anxi duhufu, the Anxi protectorate; set up in the ninth month of 640 in Xizhou.
  • 安諾槃陀 中国語 An Nuopantuo 人物 So the Zhou Shu; the last character is written with a variant.
  • 宋書 中国語 Song Shu 史料 Song Shu, the Book of Song; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 宗正屬籍 中国語 The Kirghiz descent from Li Ling 論争 Zongzheng shuji, the register of the imperial clan in which the Tang court ordered the Kirghiz khan to be entered.
  • 宗英雄武誠明可汗 中国語 Tang investiture of the Kirghiz (847) 戦闘と出来事 Zongying Xiongwu Chengming Khan, the title planned in 845 and never issued.
  • 定襄 中国語 Dingxiang 地名 Dingxiang; 定襄城, the town of Dingxiang, in the Jiu Tang Shu; 故定襄城, the old town of Dingxiang, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 定遠侯 中国語 Ban Chao 人物 Marquis of Dingyuan, the title his sister gives him in her petition of 100.
  • 宣宗 中国語 Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (846–859) 人物 Xuanzong, the temple name of this emperor. The emperor of the eighth century with the same romanised name, 玄宗, is a different man.
  • 室韋 中国語 Shiwei 民族 Shiwei, Shih-wei in the Wade-Giles literature. The Sui Shu calls them a kind of Khitan, those of the north.
  • 室點密 中国語 Istemi 人物 Shidianmi with the homophone 密, the form of the Jiu Tang Shu, which calls him 室點密可汗; the form usually printed in the modern literature.
  • 室點蜜 中国語 Istemi 人物 Shidianmi, at the head of the western Göktürk chapter: 次子曰室點蜜. The Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu do not name him.
  • 宰殺邦家，變爲勸善之國 中国語 Manichaean Diet of the Uyghurs 宗教 A country of slaughter became a country that exhorts to the good; the Chinese face of the Karabalghasun inscription on the conversion of the Uyghurs.
  • 密的支 中国語 Kemijkat 地名 Midizhi, which the Xin Tang Shu gives as the name of the khan's camp at the Blue Mountain. The editors equate it with K.M.JKATH.
  • 寧胡閼氏 中国語 Wang Zhaojun 人物 Ninghu Yanzhi, her title among the Xiongnu: the consort who brings peace to the Hu.
  • 封氏聞見記 中国語 Fengshi Wenjian Ji 史料 Record of what Mr Feng heard and saw.
  • 射匱可汗 中国語 Shegui Khan 人物 Shegui kehan, in the Sui Shu and the Xin Tang Shu; older romanisations write Che-koei and Shih-kuei; the pinyin form is Shegui. No Turkic form of the name is attested.
  • 射獵 中国語 Hunting among the Göktürks 風習と娯楽 Shelie, shooting and hunting; the Zhou Shu says that the Göktürks made herding and shooting and hunting their business (以畜牧射獵為務).
  • 將軍 中国語 Saŋun 制度と称号 Jiangjun, general. The Turkic word is taken from it.
  • 小可汗 中国語 Inel Khan 人物 The Lesser Khan, his rank; the Xin Tang Shu uses the same term for the man Kül Tegin killed.
  • 小可汗 中国語 Lesser Khan 制度と称号
  • 小月氏 中国語 Yuezhi 民族 The Little Yuezhi, the remnant that stayed among the Qiang of the southern mountains.
  • 小殺 中国語 Bilge Khan 人物 Xiaosha, 'the Little Shad', what his own people called him by the Tang history, from the office he held under his uncle.
  • 少卿 中国語 Li Ling 人物 Shaoqing, his courtesy name. Han envoys, Su Wu and the chanyu's court address him by it.
  • 居次 中国語 Women among the Turkic Peoples 制度と称号 Juci, the title the Han Shu gives to the two daughters of Wang Zhaojun and the chanyu Fuzhulei.
  • 屈利俟毗可汗 中国語 Baghatur Khan 人物 Quli Sibi kehan, the title in the Xin Tang Shu, which also shortens it to 俟毗可汗, Sibi Khan.
  • 屈利啜 中国語 Külüg Chur 制度と称号 Quli chuo, the form in the Jiu Tang Shu's list of the western offices.
  • 屈律啜 中国語 Külüg Chur 制度と称号 Quluchuo, in the Tongdian, the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 屈支 中国語 Kucha 地名 Quzhi, Xuanzang's transcription; the text notes that the name was formerly written 龜茲.
  • 屋可汗 中国語 Yi Khan 制度と称号 Wu kehan, house khan, the Tongdian's own rendering of the title.
  • 屏聿 中国語 Thousand Springs 地名 Pingyu, the form of the Life of Xuanzang, which adds that the name means the Thousand Springs.
  • 屠耆 中国語 Worthy Kings of the Left and Right 制度と称号 Tuqi, the Xiongnu word for 'worthy' in Chinese transcription: 'the Xiongnu call worthy tuqi'.
  • 屠耆堂 中国語 Woyanqudi Chanyu 人物 Tuqitang, his personal name as Right Worthy King. The Shiji glosses tuqi as the Xiongnu word for 'worthy'; whether the word in his name is that one is not said.
  • 屯田 中国語 Han Military Farms in the Western Regions 制度と称号 Tuntian, field colony; the word of the Han Shu for farms worked by soldiers.
  • 工於鐵作 中国語 Göktürk Ironworking 制度と称号 Gong yu tiezuo, skilled at ironwork; the Sui Shu's phrase for the Ashina on the Golden Mountain.
  • 左屠耆王 中国語 Worthy Kings of the Left and Right 制度と称号 Left Tuqi King, the title the Shiji gives the heir apparent.
  • 左殺 中国語 Ozmish Khan 人物 The Left Shad, his office before he took the throne.
  • 左賢王 中国語 Kül Tegin 人物 Prince of the Left, the Han-period title the Tang history gives his office after 716; his own inscription does not use it.
  • 左賢王 中国語 Worthy Kings of the Left and Right 制度と称号 Zuo Xian Wang, Worthy King of the Left.
  • 巫覡 中国語 Kam (Turkic Shaman) 宗教 Wuxi, the female and male spirit-medium of Chinese usage, in the Sui Shu's summary of Göktürk custom.
  • 巫覡 中国語 Shamanism 宗教 Wuxi, the spirit-mediums that the Sui Shu says the Göktürks trusted.
  • 師子 中国語 Kirghiz Entertainments 風習と娯楽 Shizi, the lion; the same word names the lion dance of the Tang court in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 常以季春大會，作樂水上 中国語 The Xianbei Spring Assembly 風習と娯楽 They always hold a great assembly in the last month of spring and make music by the river; the earlier Wei history quoted by Pei Songzhi.
  • 常安 中国語 Heng'an 地名 Chang'an, written with 常 and not to be confused with the capital 長安; the form of the Cefu yuangui in its sentence on the recovery of 630.
  • 幕北 中国語 Mobei campaign, 119 BC 戦闘と出来事 'North of the desert', the term of the Shiji and the Han Shu for the country beyond the Gobi, where the Xiongnu court waited. Mobei is the modern name of the campaign.
  • 幡旗 中国語 Drums and Banners for the Khans 制度と称号 Pennants and flags; granted with the band in 587 and 607.
  • 平涼 中国語 Pingliang 地名 Pingliang, in the Sui Shu's phrase 平涼雜胡, the mixed hu of Pingliang; P'ing-liang in Wade-Giles.
  • 平涼郡 中国語 Pingliang 地名 Pingliang commandery; the Tongdian's note to the origin passage reads 'today Pingliang commandery'.
  • 幽州 中国語 The Raid on Youzhou (578) 戦闘と出来事 Youzhou, the prefecture the Göktürks raided.
  • 幽州 中国語 Youzhou 地名 Youzhou, in the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Tang histories and the Zizhi tongjian; 幽州總管 and 幽州都督, the governor of Youzhou, under the Sui and the Tang.
  • 度斤舊鎮 中国語 Dujin Garrison 地名 Dujin jiu zhen, the old garrison of Dujin; the Tongdian, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian have the same form.
  • 庫合真 中国語 Kuhanzhen 人物 Kuhezhen with a different first character, in the Zizhi tongjian; the editors of the Sui Shu note the same form in its annals.
  • 康 中国語 Samarkand 地名 Kang, the Chinese name of Samarkand and the surname taken by its émigrés in China; Sute in the Wei Shu names the country.
  • 康國樂 中国語 Music of Empress Ashina (568) 戦闘と出来事 The music of Kang, Samarkand, which the Sui Shu, juan 15, traces to the marriage of Emperor Wu of Zhou.
  • 康居 中国語 Kangju 民族 K'ang-chü in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 康業 中国語 Tomb of Kang Ye 史料 Kang Ye, the name as the Chinese epitaph gives it; the surname Kang marks a family from Samarkand.
  • 康稍利 中国語 Kang Shaoli 人物 Kang Shaoli in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 康蘇密 中国語 Kang Sumi 人物 Kang Sumi in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 康蘇蜜 中国語 Kang Sumi 人物 The spelling of the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 康鞘利 中国語 Kang Shaoli 人物 Kang Qiaoli, the form of the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 廕奈特勒 中国語 Yinnai Tegin 人物 Yinnai Tegin in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 廻鶻葛啜王子墓誌 中国語 Epitaph of Qarï Čor Tegin (Xi'an) 史料
  • 弄駝 中国語 Kirghiz Entertainments 風習と娯楽 Nong tuo, play with the camel; the first of the four.
  • 弊剌 中国語 Boma 民族 Bila, given by the Xin Tangshu as a second name of the Boma. The Tongdian gives the same name to the Basmïl.
  • 弘大 中国語 Pei Ju 人物 Hongda, his courtesy name (字).
  • 弩失畢 中国語 Nushibi 民族
  • 張仁亶 中国語 Zhang Renyuan 人物 Zhang Rendan, the original name, under which the Jiu Tang Shu names the governor of Youzhou in 698.
  • 張仁愿 中国語 Zhang Renyuan 人物 Zhang Renyuan. His original name was 張仁亶, Zhang Rendan; he changed it because 亶 sounded like the personal name of the emperor Ruizong.
  • 張騫 中国語 Zhang Qian 人物
  • 彌偶可社句可汗 中国語 Poluomen Khan 人物 Mi'oukesheju Khan, his title, glossed 'tranquil'.
  • 往年回鶻入朝，大驅名馬市茶而歸 中国語 Tea among the Uyghurs 飲食 In former years the Uyghurs came to court, drove fine horses there in great numbers, bought tea and went home.
  • 後唐 中国語 Later Tang 国家 The Chinese name.
  • 後晉 中国語 Later Jin 国家 The Chinese name.
  • 後漢 中国語 Later Han 国家 The Chinese name.
  • 後漢書 中国語 Hou Han Shu 史料
  • 後燕 中国語 Later Yan 国家 The form of the Chinese records.
  • 得其所獲康國、龜茲等樂 中国語 Music of Empress Ashina (568) 戦闘と出来事 He obtained the music of Kang, Kucha and other states which they had acquired; the Sui Shu's monograph on music, juan 14, on Emperor Wu and the bride from the Northern Di.
  • 復株絫若鞮單于 中国語 Fuzhulei Chanyu 人物 Fu-chu-lei Jo-ti in the Wade-Giles literature; the style under which the Han Shu names him as chanyu.
  • 徵召風雨 中国語 Yada Stone 宗教 Could summon wind and rain, said of Nishidu in the Zhou Shu; the Bei Shi has 徵占風雨, could foretell wind and rain.
  • 忸密 中国語 Bukhara 地名 Niumi, the name of Bukhara in the Wei Shu, read as a rendering of the Arabic by-name Numijkat.
  • 怛邏斯 中国語 Talas 地名 Daluosi, the city taken by the Tang commander of Kashgar in the campaign after Sulu Khan's death.
  • 思力俟斤 中国語 Awusili Irkin 人物 Sili sijin, without the first two characters, in the Zizhi tongjian; the biography of Zhangsun Sheng in the Sui Shu has the same shorter form.
  • 思結 中国語 Sijie 民族 The form of the Tang histories.
  • 思結俟斤 中国語 Sijie Irkin 人物 The irkin of the Sijie, in the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the texts give his tribe and his rank, not a personal name.
  • 恒安 中国語 Heng'an 地名 Heng'an, the form of the Sui Shu and the Xin Tang Shu; the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian write the variant character 恆安.
  • 恩屈 中国語 Onogurs 民族 Enqu, a Tiele people east of Fulin in the Sui Shu. The form is attested; its equation with the Onogurs is an interpretation of modern scholarship.
  • 悅般 中国語 Yueban 民族 Yueban, the form of the Wei Shu; Yüeh-pan in the Wade-Giles literature. The Zizhi Tongjian once writes the two characters in the reverse order, 般悅.
  • 悉萬斤 中国語 Samarkand 地名 Xiwanjin, the name of Samarkand in the Wei Shu; the Tang histories equate it with Kang.
  • 惡陽嶺 中国語 Eyang Ridge 地名 Eyangling, the Eyang ridge, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 意利珍豆啟人可汗 中国語 The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) 戦闘と出来事 Yili Zhendou Qimin Khan, the title Yami received; the biography writes 啟人, the chapter on the Göktürks 啟民.
  • 意利珍豆啟民可汗 中国語 Yami Khan 人物 Yilizhendou Qimin Khan, the title the Sui conferred in 599, glossed 'wise and strong'; Qimin Khan is the name the Chinese histories use. Yami is the Turkic reading of the Chinese Yami and Rangan.
  • 愛登里邏 中国語 Ay Ata 宗教 The opening of the title given to the Uyghur khagan in 805.
  • 慕容 中国語 Murong 氏族 Mu-jung in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 應娑 中国語 Yingsuo 地名 Yingsuo, the district north of Kucha in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; one printed text of the Sui Shu reads 應婆, Yingpo.
  • 懷荒 中国語 Huaihuang 地名 Huaihuang, 'cherishing the wastes', the garrison's name; the Zhou Shu locates the battle of 552 'north of Huaihuang'.
  • 懿宗 中国語 Emperor Yizong of Tang 人物 Yizong, the temple name. The Xin Tang Shu uses it for the emperor of the Xiantong years.
  • 戲有弄駝、師子、馬伎、繩伎 中国語 Kirghiz Entertainments 風習と娯楽 Their shows were camel play, the lion, horse skills and rope skills; the sentence of the Xin Tang Shu on the Kirghiz.
  • 戶曹、水曹、田曹 中国語 Farming and Taxes in Gaochang 制度と称号 Hucao, shuicao, tiancao; the household, water and field offices that the Zhou Shu names in every town of Gaochang.
  • 手殺鹿十八頭 中国語 Ishbara's Hunt (587) 戦闘と出来事 With his own hand he killed eighteen deer; the words of the Sui Shu.
  • 承乾身作可汗死 中国語 Li Chengqian's Göktürk Camp 戦闘と出来事 Chengqian himself played the death of a khan.
  • 折支體者輸馬 中国語 Horses in Göktürk Law 制度と称号 Zhe zhiti zhe shu ma, he who breaks a limb pays a horse; the Sui Shu's rule for injury.
  • 拓西可汗 中国語 Inel Khan 人物 Tuoxi Kehan, 'Khan Who Expands the West', his title over the Ten Surnames.
  • 拓跋 中国語 Northern Wei 国家 Tuoba, the ruling clan; Golden writes Tabgač, the form the Orkhon inscriptions use for China.
  • 拓跋 中国語 Tuoba 民族
  • 拔悉密 中国語 Basmïl 民族 Baximi, the Tang form; the Uyghur chapter writes 拔悉蜜.
  • 拔曳固 中国語 Bayirku 民族 Bayegu; the Xin Tang Shu writes 拔野古.
  • 拜祭天神 中国語 Sacrifice and the year 宗教 The sacrifice to the spirit of heaven, in the middle of the fifth month, at a river.
  • 挏馬酒 中国語 Kumys 飲食 The mare's-milk wine of the Han court, named after the office that churned it.
  • 挐鬥二十年不解 中国語 Uyghur–Kirghiz War 戦争 They fought for twenty years without a settlement. The phrase of the Xin Tang Shu for the war; no name for it is given.
  • 挹怛 中国語 Hephthalites 民族 Yida, the form of the Sui Shu.
  • 捧兔舞蹈 中国語 Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) 戦闘と出来事 Held up the hare and danced in homage; the Göktürk minister before Xuanzong on the road to Mount Tai, in the Tongdian.
  • 掘羅勿 中国語 Kürabir 人物 Jueluowu. The Xin Tang Shu, the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tang Huiyao all write the name so.
  • 掘羅勿薦公 中国語 Kürabir 人物 The Tang Huiyao adds the two characters 薦公 after the name; the other texts do not.
  • 掠羊馬 中国語 Livestock Raids 制度と称号 Lue yang ma, to plunder sheep and horses; the Xin Tang Shu's phrase for the raid on Yan and Xia.
  • 控弦 中国語 Army of the Steppe Empires 制度と称号 Kongxian, those who draw the bow; the Chinese histories count the strength of the Xiongnu and of the Göktürks in these archers.
  • 握衍朐鞮單于 中国語 Woyanqudi Chanyu 人物 Wo-yen-ch'ü-ti in the Wade-Giles literature; the style under which the Han Shu names him as chanyu.
  • 摩咄達官 中国語 Moduo Daguan 人物 Moduo daguan, in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, which afterwards calls him Moduo alone.
  • 撑犁 中国語 Tengri 宗教 Chengli, in the Xiongnu ruler's full title as the Han Shu transcribes it; the equation with Tengri is the standard reading.
  • 撑犁 中国語 Tengrism 宗教 Chengli, in the Xiongnu ruler's title as the Han Shu transcribes it; equated with Tengri in the literature.
  • 撑犁孤塗單于 中国語 Chanyu 制度と称号 Chengli Gutu Chanyu, the full style.
  • 攝圖 中国語 Ishbara Khan 人物 Shetu, the personal name in the Chinese histories.
  • 攣鞮氏 中国語 Luandi 氏族 The Han Shu's form: 單于姓攣鞮氏, 'the chanyu's surname was the Luandi clan'.
  • 故漢未央宮 中国語 Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) 戦闘と出来事 The old Han palace of Weiyang, where the feast was held.
  • 敕勒川，陰山下 中国語 The Chile Song 風習と娯楽 The first line, 'the plain of the Chile, below the Yin mountains'; the text of the Yuefu shiji, juan 86.
  • 敕勒歌 中国語 The Chile Song 風習と娯楽 Chile ge, the Chile Song; the title in the Zizhi tongjian and in the Yuefu shiji.
  • 敕連可汗 中国語 Wuti Khan 人物 Chilian Khan, his title, glossed 'divine'.
  • 敕連頭兵豆伐可汗 中国語 Anagui 人物 Chilian Toubing Doufa Khan, the title he took in 525; the Wei Shu glosses it 'grasping' (把攬).
  • 教作兵器鎧楯 中国語 Chinese Weaponsmiths among the Xianbei 制度と称号 Jiao zuo bingqi kai dun, taught them to make weapons, armour and shields, the Sanguozhi's words for what the Chinese refugees did for Kebineng.
  • 散樂 中国語 Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) 戦闘と出来事 Sanyue, the entertainers and their music; the Sui Shu says that the emperor gathered those of all four quarters at the Eastern Capital.
  • 敦煌 中国語 Dunhuang 地名
  • 文帝悼皇后郁久閭氏 中国語 Empress Yujiulü 人物 Empress Dao of Emperor Wen, of the Yujiulü clan: the heading of her biography. Dao, the mourned, is her posthumous name; her personal name is not recorded.
  • 斛律 中国語 Hulü Khan 人物 Also the name of a Gaoche tribe in the same chapter.
  • 斛律光 中国語 Hulü Guang 人物
  • 新唐書 中国語 Xin Tangshu (New Book of Tang) 史料 Xin Tangshu; Mackerras writes Hsin T'ang-shu.
  • 新城 中国語 The Göktürk Campaign of 622 戦闘と出来事 Xincheng, 'new town', where Li Da'en waited for the column that did not come.
  • 日晏食，飲水茹葷，屏湩酪 中国語 Manichaean Diet of the Uyghurs 宗教 They eat late in the day, drink water, eat strong vegetables and refuse milk; the law of the Manichaeans who came with the Uyghur envoys at the beginning of the Yuanhe era.
  • 昆彌 中国語 Wusun 民族 Kunmi, the later spelling of the same title.
  • 昆莫 中国語 Wusun 民族 Kunmo, the royal title; the Han Shu explains that it is a title and not a name, and that the man who bore it was called Liejiaomi.
  • 昆邪王 中国語 Hunye King 人物 Kunye wang, the form of Han Shu 6, 54, 68 and 94A.
  • 明君 中国語 Wang Zhaojun 人物 Mingjun, the name of the song made about her. The Jiu Tang Shu says that the Jin people wrote it so because the name of their emperor Wen was Zhao.
  • 昭君 中国語 Wang Zhaojun 人物 Zhaojun, the form by which she is known. 'Zhaojun' is her courtesy name in the Han Shu and her name in the Hou Han Shu.
  • 昭武 中国語 Šāba 人物 Zhaowu, the family name of the princes of the small Oxus states in the Chinese records. The equation with the Perso-Arabic name is Abel-Rémusat's, adopted in the translation of Tabari; it would make the name dynastic rather than personal.
  • 是豆渾地萬 中国語 Diwan 人物 Shidouhun Diwan; the Wei Shu gives her as the wife of Fushengmou of the Wuyin clan. Kürşat Yıldırım writes Shidouhundiwan as one name.
  • 晉公護 中国語 Yuwen Hu 人物 Duke Hu of Jin, the form the Göktürk chapter uses.
  • 晉陽 中国語 Jinyang 地名
  • 景桓侯 中国語 Huo Qubing 人物 His posthumous name, made, the Shiji says, from the words for martial and for widening the land.
  • 暾欲谷 中国語 Tonyukuk 人物 Tunyugu, the Tang form of the name.
  • 暾欲谷 中国語 Tonyukuk inscription 史料 The name of the man in the Tang history, not of the monument, which the Chinese sources do not mention.
  • 曷剌 中国語 Boma 民族 Hela, which the Tongdian says is the Göktürks' name for the Boma, also written as Hela state.
  • 曷薩那可汗 中国語 Heshana Khan 人物 Heshana kehan, the title the Sui conferred in 611; an older romanisation writes Ho-sa-na.
  • 月氏 中国語 Yuezhi 民族 Yüeh-chih in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 月氏都督府 中国語 Yabgus of Tokharistan 国家 Yuezhi dudufu, the Yuezhi Area Command, the name the Tang gave to the seat of the yabgus after the 650s.
  • 朔州 中国語 Shuozhou 地名 Shuozhou; notes in the Tongdian give it as the Mayi commandery of their own day.
  • 木末城 中国語 Mumocheng 地名 'They first built a walled town and named it Mumo city' (Liang Shu 54). Not in the Wei Shu 103, Zhou Shu 50, Sui Shu 84 or Bei Shi 99.
  • 木杆可汗 中国語 Mukan Khan 人物 Mugan kehan, the title as the Chinese histories give it
  • 木腳 中国語 Wooden Horses 風習と娯楽 Mujiao, wooden feet; the Tongdian and the Tang Huiyao on the Bayegu hunting deer on the ice.
  • 木賴山 中国語 Mount Mulai 地名 Mulai Shan, the form of the Zhou Shu; the Zizhi tongjian writes it the same way.
  • 木馬 中国語 Wooden Horses 風習と娯楽 Muma, wooden horse; the Tongdian's word for the hunters' skis of the Jiegu and the Basmil.
  • 木馬突厥 中国語 Wooden Horses 風習と娯楽 Muma Tujue, the Wooden-Horse Tujue; the Xin Tang Shu's name for the Dubo, Mielie and Geezhi east of the Kirghiz.
  • 木骨閭 中国語 Mugulü 人物 Glossed in the Wei Shu as 'bald head'; the clan name Yujiulü is said to be a near-homophone of it.
  • 李廣利 中国語 Li Guangli 人物 Li Guangli, brother of Lady Li, the favoured consort of the emperor Wu.
  • 李德裕 中国語 Li Deyu 人物 Li Deyu, with the title of chief minister (宰相) in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 李思摩 中国語 Ashina Simo 人物 Li Simo; the imperial surname was granted with the khanship in 639.
  • 李拭 中国語 Li Shi (Tang envoy) 人物 Li Shi. The Xin Tang Shu gives him the office 右散騎常侍, attendant-in-ordinary of the right, when it names him envoy, and 兵部郎中, official of the Bureau of Military Affairs, when it sends him to inspect the frontier.
  • 李業 中国語 Li Ye (Tang envoy) 人物 Li Ye. The Xin Tang Shu gives him the title 鴻臚卿, minister of the Court of State Ceremonial.
  • 李蒹 中国語 Li Jian 人物 Li Jian, in Wade-Giles Li Chien. The edict that names him is not among the texts at hand; the characters are those given in the literature cited here.
  • 李陵 中国語 Li Ling 人物 Li Ling, as the Han Shu, the Shiji and the Xin Tang Shu write the name.
  • 東胡 中国語 Donghu 民族 Literally 'eastern Hu'; Tung-hu in the Wade-Giles literature. It is a Chinese designation, not a name the people are recorded as using.
  • 東胡 中国語 Xianbei 民族 Donghu, the Eastern Hu, of which the Hou Han Shu makes the Xianbei a branch.
  • 東魏 中国語 Eastern Wei 国家 Eastern Wei. The Bei Shi speaks of the Eastern and Western Wei competing for the Rouran khan; the court itself called its state Wei.
  • 板瓦 中国語 Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate 制度と称号 Banwa, pan tile. It lies with the concave face up and carries the rain.
  • 染干 中国語 Yami Khan 人物 Rangan, his personal name in the Sui Shu.
  • 柔然 中国語 Rouran 民族 The name Cheluhui, son of Mugulü, gave his following; the neutral Chinese form.
  • 柔然 中国語 Rouran Khaganate 国家 The usual Chinese form; the Wei Shu also writes 蠕蠕, a graph chosen to demean.
  • 柘羯 中国語 Chakar 制度と称号 Zhijie, the Chinese transcription in the New Tang History for the chakar of An Lushan's army.
  • 梁書 中国語 Liang Shu 史料 Liang Shu, the Book of Liang; one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
  • 梅錄 中国語 Buyruk 制度と称号 Meilu, in the name of Bilge Khan's minister Meilu Chuo. The equation of the transcription with buyruk is a modern interpretation, not a statement of the Tang chapters.
  • 楊忠 中国語 Yang Zhong 人物
  • 榆林 中国語 Yulin 地名 Yulin; 榆林郡, the Yulin commandery, in the Zizhi tongjian. Notes in the Tongdian give Shengzhou, 勝州, as the Yulin commandery of their own day.
  • 樂府詩集 中国語 Yuefu Shiji (Collection of Yuefu Songs) 史料
  • 樓蘭 中国語 Loulan 地名
  • 樓蘭 中国語 Shanshan 国家 Loulan, which the Han Shu gives as the kingdom's original name.
  • 樗蒲 中国語 Göktürk Games 風習と娯楽 Chupu, the men's game; written 摴蒲 in the account of 599.
  • 橐駝 中国語 Camels 制度と称号 Tuotuo, camel; the word of the Shiji for the first of the Xiongnu's unusual livestock.
  • 檀石槐 中国語 Tanshihuai 人物 T'an-shih-huai in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xianbei form of the name is recorded.
  • 欲谷設 中国語 Üç Tuğlu Khan 人物 Yukuk Shad, his name and title before 638. Not the Yukuk Shad of the eastern Göktürks, Ilig's son or brother by different accounts, whom the Nine Surnames drove off in 627; the characters are the same.
  • 欲谷設 中国語 Yukuk Shad 人物 Yugu Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 欽羽設 中国語 Qinyu Shad 人物 Qinyu Shad, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 設 is the title shad. The edition of the Sui Shu used by one translator has 沙 for 設.
  • 步利設 中国語 Buli Shad 人物 Buli Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 步迦可汗 中国語 Tardush 人物 Bujia kehan, the title he took in 599, by the Sui Shu.
  • 步離可汗 中国語 Börü Khan 人物 Buli kehan, the title in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian; none of them gives a personal name.
  • 步離可汗 中国語 Taspar's Appointment of the Lesser Khans (572) 戦闘と出来事 Buli kehan, the title of the lesser khan in the west.
  • 步鹿真 中国語 Buluzhen Khan 人物 The Wei Shu gives him no khan's title of his own.
  • 武宗 中国語 Emperor Wuzong of Tang 人物 Wuzong, the temple name; the Xin Tang Shu and the Tang Huiyao use it for the emperor of these years.
  • 武帝 中国語 Emperor Wu of Han 人物 Wudi, the short form of the posthumous style. Wu-ti in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 武帝阿史那皇后 中国語 Empress Ashina 人物 Empress Ashina of the emperor Wu, the heading of her biography; her personal name is not recorded.
  • 武義成功可汗 中国語 Tun Bagha Tarkan 人物 Wuyi Chenggong Khan, a title conferred by the Tang; a second, Kutlug Changshou Tianqin Bilge Khan, was conferred later.
  • 歲有三歲祠 中国語 Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices 風習と娯楽 In the year there are three yearly sacrifices; the line as the text of the chapter gives it.
  • 歲有三龍祠 中国語 Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices 風習と娯楽 In the year there are three dragon sacrifices; the same line as Sima Zhen quotes it from the Hou Han Shu in his commentary on the Shiji.
  • 歲正月，諸長小會單于庭，祠 中国語 The New Year on the Steppe 風習と娯楽 In the first month of the year the chiefs hold a small assembly at the chanyu's court and sacrifice; the Shiji on the Xiongnu.
  • 段 中国語 Duan 氏族 The form of the Chinese records.
  • 比 中国語 Bi Chanyu 人物 Bi, the only name the Hou Han Shu gives him; Pi in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 毗伽可汗 中国語 Bilge Khan 人物 Pijia Kehan, the Chinese rendering of Bilge Kagan.
  • 毗伽頓頡斤 中国語 Are Khan 人物 Bilga Ton Irkin. The title the Uyghurs conferred on the Kirghiz ruler after 758, without the word khan.
  • 氈車 中国語 Wagons of the Steppe Peoples 制度と称号 Zhanche, felt cart. The Sui Shu compares the carts of the Shiwei with the felt carts of the Göktürks.
  • 水草 中国語 Seasonal Pastures 制度と称号 Shuicao, water and grass; the Chinese formula for the pasture that a steppe people followed.
  • 沃野 中国語 Woye 地名
  • 沙毗設 中国語 Suopi Shad 人物 Shapi Shad, in the Bei Shi's text of the same edict.
  • 沙缽羅 中国語 Ishbara (Title) 制度と称号 Shaboluo, the form in the titles of the western khans Ishbara Tolis and Irbis Ishbara Yabgu.
  • 沙缽羅設 中国語 Suni Shi 人物 Shaboluo Shad, the title Shibi Khan gave him; the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian name him by it alone.
  • 沙鉢略 中国語 Ishbara (Title) 制度と称号 Shabolüe, the second form of the same title in the Sui Shu, and the name under which it tells Ishbara Khan's reign.
  • 沙鉢略可汗 中国語 Ishbara Khan 人物 Shabolüe kehan, the title as the Sui Shu gives it
  • 沙鉢羅可汗 中国語 Ashina Helu 人物 Shaboluo Khan, the title he took for himself at the Thousand Springs; the same title the Sui histories give to Ishbara in the east.
  • 沙鉢羅咥利失可汗 中国語 Ishbara Tolis Khan 人物 Shaboluo Dielishi Khan, his title; Ïšbara Tölis in the turkological reading, Ishbara Tolis in plain spelling.
  • 沙陀 中国語 Shatuo 民族 The Chinese name.
  • 河北 中国語 Hebei 地名 Hebei, 'north of the river', in the Sui Shu and the Tang histories; 河北道, the Hebei army, in the Jiu Tang Shu's account of 698.
  • 河南 中国語 Ordos 地名 Henan, 'south of the river', the Chinese name for the land inside the bend in the Shiji and the Tang histories; not the modern province.
  • 河套 中国語 Ordos 地名 Hetao, 'the river loop', the later name.
  • 波斯 中国語 Sasanian Persia 国家 Bosi, Persia, in the Xin Tang Shu: the power Tong Yabgu brought low in the west, and the western limit of the Tang prefectures after Helu.
  • 泥利可汗 中国語 Niri Khan 人物 Nili kehan, Niri Khan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 泥孰匐 中国語 Nishufu Khan 人物 Nishufu; known only in Chinese transcription. The first element 泥孰 appears elsewhere as a Turkic name, the whole does not resolve to an attested form.
  • 泥孰莫賀設 中国語 Nishu Bagha Shad 人物 Nishu Mohe she, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the Tongdian writes 泥熟莫賀設.
  • 泥步設 中国語 Töles Khan 人物 Nibu Shad, the title under which he commanded the eastern camp as a boy under his father.
  • 洛陽 中国語 Luoyang 地名
  • 活國 中国語 Huo 地名 Huo guo, the country of Huo, in the Life of Xuanzang and in the first book of Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions.
  • 海西侯 中国語 Li Guangli 人物 Marquis of Haixi, the fief given to him after the fall of Dayuan.
  • 涇陽 中国語 Jingyang 地名 Jingyang, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 涼州 中国語 Wuwei 地名 Liangzhou, the province of which it was the seat.
  • 淮南公主 中国語 Princess Huainan 人物 Princess Huainan, 隋淮南公主, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 淳于覃 中国語 Chunyu Tan 人物 Chunyu Tan, a man of Qi; the Zizhi Tongjian writes 淳於覃.
  • 清池 中国語 Issyk-Kul 地名 Qingchi, the Clear Lake, in the Life of Xuanzang.
  • 渠犁 中国語 Quli 地名 Quli, the form of the Han Shu's account of the Han farms. The chapter on the Western Regions writes the state's name 渠梨.
  • 渠莎 中国語 Yarkand 地名 Qusha; the Wei Shu's name for the state, which it places in the old city of Suoju.
  • 渾 中国語 Hun (Tiele tribe) 民族 The form of the Tang histories.
  • 渾邪 中国語 Tuyuhun Hunye 人物 Hunye, the short form in the same passages.
  • 渾邪王 中国語 Hunye King 人物 Hunye wang, the form of the Shiji and of Han Shu 55. Hun-yeh in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 滑 中国語 Hephthalites 民族 Hua, the name of the people in the Liang Shu, which uses the name 厭帶夷栗陁 for their king alone.
  • 漆 中国語 Lacquerware 制度と称号 Qi, lacquer. The Wei Shu lists red-lacquered and black-lacquered lances, bows, shields, drums and fans among imperial gifts.
  • 漆其頭為飲器 中国語 Skull Cup 制度と称号 Lacquered his head into a drinking vessel; the Wei Shu on the Gaoche king Mi'etu.
  • 漢 中国語 Han dynasty 国家
  • 漢書 中国語 Han Shu 史料
  • 漢趙 中国語 Xiongnu Han 国家 Han-Zhao, the usual modern name; the state called itself Han and was renamed Zhao in 319.
  • 漯陰侯 中国語 Hunye King 人物 Marquis of Tayin, the title the Han gave him at Chang'an.
  • 潘垤 中国語 Pan Die 人物 Pan Die, with the title 吐屯 tudun, in the notices on the Khitan in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 潛泉浮酒 中国語 Banquet of the Wine Fountain (647) 戦闘と出来事 Wine welling up from a hidden spring; the words of the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 瀚海都護府 中国語 Anbei Protectorate 地名 Hanhai duhufu, the Hanhai protectorate; the name of the Yanran protectorate after it moved to the Uyghur camp in 663.
  • 烏丸 中国語 Wuhuan 民族 The form of the Sanguozhi, whose chapter 30 is headed 烏丸鮮卑東夷傳.
  • 烏介 中国語 Ögä Khan 人物 Wujie. The Xin Tang Shu calls him 烏介特勒, Wujie Tegin, until he is khan, and 烏介可汗 after.
  • 烏壘 中国語 Wulei 地名 Wulei; the city that the Han Shu names as the seat of the Protector-General.
  • 烏孫 中国語 Wusun 民族 Wusun, the only form in which the name is recorded.
  • 烏師廬 中国語 Er Chanyu 人物 Wushilu, his name in the Shiji. Wu-shih-lu in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 烏桓 中国語 Wuhuan 民族 Wu-huan in the Wade-Giles literature. The form of the Han Shu and the Hou Han Shu.
  • 烏沒啜 中国語 Ashide Wumo Chur 人物 Wumochuo without the clan name, in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 烏滸 中国語 Oxus 地名 Wuhu, the river south of which the Sui Shu puts the Hephthalite capital (Wuxu in the Wei Shu); the equation with the Oxus is an interpretation.
  • 烏維 中国語 Wuwei Chanyu 人物 The name as the Shiji and the Han Shu write it, followed by 單于, chanyu. Wu-wei in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 烏蘇米施可汗 中国語 Ozmish Khan 人物 Wusumishi Kehan; read as Turkic Ozmïš, 'he who has escaped'.
  • 焉耆 中国語 Karashahr 地名 Yanqi; the name of the state in the Han Shu, in the Wei, Zhou and Sui histories and in the Tang histories.
  • 無文字，刻木為契 中国語 The origin of the Old Turkic script 論争 They have no writing and notch wood to make agreements. The notice that says the opposite.
  • 熱汗 中国語 Funi Rehan 制度と称号 Rehan, the officer the Tongdian explains on his own.
  • 熱海 中国語 Issyk-Kul 地名 Rehai, the Hot Sea, a second name in the Record. The Life of Xuanzang explains that the lake was so called because it does not freeze, though it faces the Ling mountain, and not because its water is warm.
  • 燕支山 中国語 Assembly at Mount Yanzhi (609) 戦闘と出来事 Yanzhi shan, Mount Yanzhi.
  • 燕然都護府 中国語 Anbei Protectorate 地名 Yanran duhufu, the Yanran protectorate, set up in 647; the Xin Tang Shu places it at the old chanyu terrace.
  • 爭長 中国語 Seating at the Feast 風習と娯楽 To dispute who is senior; the word of the Tang histories for the quarrels of envoys over precedence in 730 and 758.
  • 爾，我之鍛奴也 中国語 The Rouran Marriage Refusal (546) 戦闘と出来事 The same words in the Zizhi tongjian, entered under 551.
  • 爾伏可汗 中国語 Taspar's Appointment of the Lesser Khans (572) 戦闘と出来事 Erfu kehan, the title Taspar gave Ishbara for the east.
  • 爾是我鍛奴 中国語 The Rouran Marriage Refusal (546) 戦闘と出来事 'You are my blacksmith slave', Anagui's words in the Zhou Shu.
  • 牟汗紇升蓋可汗 中国語 Datan Khan 人物 Mouhan Heshenggai Khan, his title, glossed 'victorious'.
  • 牟羽可汗 中国語 Bögü Khan 人物 Mouyu Khan; the reading Bögü is the turkological form.
  • 特勒 中国語 Tegin 制度と称号 Tele, the spelling of the Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu, and of the received text of the Zhou Shu.
  • 特勒熱寒 中国語 Rehan Tegin 人物 The tegin Rehan, title before name, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 特勤 中国語 Tegin 制度と称号 Teqin, the spelling of the Sui Shu and the Tongdian, and of the Zhou Shu as it is now printed.
  • 狐鹿姑單于 中国語 Hulugu Chanyu 人物 Hu-lu-ku in the Wade-Giles literature. No personal name and no Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 狼 中国語 Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) 宗教 Lang, the wolf of the origin legend and of the standard.
  • 獸面瓦 中国語 Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate 制度と称号 Shoumian wa, beast-mask tile. It stands at the end of a roof ridge.
  • 玉門關 中国語 Jade Gate 地名 Yumen guan, the pass of the Jade Gate; the Shiji writes 玉門 without the word for pass.
  • 王會圖 中国語 Kirghiz Embassies to the Tang (842–848) 戦闘と出来事 Wang hui tu, the picture of the foreign envoys that the Tang court ordered after the audience of the second Kirghiz envoy. Neither the picture nor the report written with it has survived.
  • 王牆 中国語 Wang Zhaojun 人物 Wang Qiang, the name the Han Shu gives her, with the courtesy name Zhaojun (字昭君). The Hou Han Shu reverses them: it gives Zhaojun as the name and writes the courtesy name 嫱 (Qiang).
  • 玷厥 中国語 Tardush 人物 Dianjue, his personal name in the Sui Shu.
  • 珂羅便 中国語 Keluo Chuo 制度と称号 Keluobian, the Tongdian's Göktürk word for black.
  • 珂羅啜 中国語 Keluo Chuo 制度と称号 Keluo chuo, the title.
  • 班超 中国語 Ban Chao 人物 Ban Chao, as the Hou Han Shu writes the name; Pan Ch'ao in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 瑟帝米 中国語 Istemi 人物 Sedimi, the variant the same sentence gives: 亦曰瑟帝米.
  • 環坐帳中設宴 中国語 Bilge Khan's Tent Banquet (725) 戦闘と出来事 Sat in a ring in the tent and set out a feast; the words of the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian.
  • 瓦當 中国語 Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate 制度と称号 Wadang, the disk that closes the eave end of a barrel tile. Most of the decoration of the tiles sits on it.
  • 甘 中国語 Shamanism 宗教 Gan, the Kirghiz word for their shamans as the Xin Tang Shu writes it; read as kam.
  • 田卒 中国語 Han Military Farms in the Western Regions 制度と称号 Tianzu, field soldiers; the men who worked the farms at Luntai and Quli.
  • 畋獵 中国語 Hunting among the Göktürks 風習と娯楽 Tianlie, hunting; the word of the Jiu Tang Shu for the hunting that Ilig might enjoy in Guozhou.
  • 畜牧 中国語 Xiongnu Herds 制度と称号 Xumu, herding; the word with which the Shiji opens its account of the Xiongnu way of life.
  • 畜產 中国語 Livestock Losses in the Annals 制度と称号 Chuchan, livestock and what it yields; the Han Shu's word for the herds of the Xiongnu.
  • 畢 中国語 Paikent 地名 Bi, the small country west of An in the Sui Shu; some identify it with Paikent, from an older form *Pat-kand, 'the princes' town'.
  • 畢賀咄葉護 中国語 Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan 人物 Biheduo Yabgu, his name in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 疊羅支 中国語 Dieluozhi 人物 Dieluozhi in the Xin Tang Shu, shortened to Luozhi, 羅支, in the same passage.
  • 疊羅施 中国語 Dieluozhi 人物 Dieluoshi, the son taken in 630 in the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui; whether he is the same man, no text says.
  • 疏勒 中国語 Kashgar 地名 Shule; the name of the state in the Han Shu, the Wei Shu, the Sui Shu and the Tang histories.
  • 登利可汗 中国語 Tengri Khan 人物 Dengli Kehan; the Tang history glosses the name as 'recompense', which is a folk-etymology of Turkic tengri, Heaven.
  • 登里可汗 中国語 Bögü Khan 人物 Dengli Khan, from Turkic tengri, Heaven.
  • 發皆入鹿 中国語 The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) 戦闘と出来事 Every shot went into the deer; the Cefu Yuangui has the same four characters.
  • 白疊 中国語 Baidie Cotton 制度と称号 Baidie, the name of the plant and the cloth in the Tang histories of Gaochang.
  • 白疊子 中国語 Baidie Cotton 制度と称号 Baidie zi, the seed or fruit of the plant; the Liang Shu's name for the thing that looks like a cocoon.
  • 白道 中国語 Baidao Plain 地名 Baidao, the short form in Qimin's memorial, in the Jiu Tang Shu and in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 白道 中国語 Battle of Baidao (583) 戦闘と出来事 Baidao, the place of the battle in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 白道山 中国語 Baidao Plain 地名 The Baidao mountain, in whose shape Ashina Simo's grave mound was raised.
  • 白道川 中国語 Baidao Plain 地名 Baidao chuan, in the Sui Shu's account of Ishbara's refuge; the Tongdian has the same form for the land given to Ashina Simo.
  • 百戲 中国語 Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) 戦闘と出来事 Baixi, the hundred shows; the name the Sui Shu gives to the whole body of acts.
  • 皆世為之 中国語 The Twenty-Eight Ranks 制度と称号 All of them held from generation to generation.
  • 盜馬絆 中国語 Horses in Göktürk Law 制度と称号 Dao ma ban, to steal a horse's tether or hobble; the offence that the Zhou Shu puts among the capital crimes of the Göktürks.
  • 盟 中国語 The Göktürk Oath 制度と称号 Covenant; the word for the oath sworn with Ilig on the Bian bridge in 626 (刑白馬與頡利同盟於便橋之上).
  • 真珠毗伽可汗 中国語 Yinan Khan 人物 Zhenzhu Bilge Khan, the title Taizong conferred in 628.
  • 真珠統俟斤 中国語 Zhenzhu Tong Irkin 人物 Zhenzhu tong sijin, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 石 中国語 Chach 地名 Shi, the Chinese name; the Shi of Guyuan, however, took their surname from Kesh.
  • 石雄 中国語 Shi Xiong 人物 Shi Xiong. The Jiu Tang Shu and the Xin Tang Shu write the name so.
  • 破六韓拔陵 中国語 Poliuhan Baling 人物 The form of the Wei Shu's Rouran chapter, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi Tongjian.
  • 破堅昆五萬人 中国語 Uyghur victory over the Kirghiz (758) 戦闘と出来事 The words of the Jiu Tang Shu for the Uyghur report: they had broken 50,000 men of Jiankun, the old Chinese name of the Kirghiz.
  • 破洛那 中国語 Ferghana 地名 Poluona, the name in the Wei Shu and the Bei Shi, which equate it with the old Dayuan; pronounced Phah lak nah by Pulleyblank's reconstruction.
  • 破落汗拔陵 中国語 Poliuhan Baling 人物 The form of the annals of the Wei Shu; the collation note there records 韓, 六 and 洛 as renderings of one sound.
  • 碎葉 中国語 Suyab 地名 Suiye, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürks: the line between the Duolu and the Nushibi, the river of Helu's last defeat, and the Tang garrison.
  • 磧口 中国語 Qikou 地名 Qikou, the mouth of the desert, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 磧石 中国語 Qikou 地名 Qishi, the form of the Cefu yuangui in its sentence on Ilig's flight of 630.
  • 磨延啜 中国語 Bayanchur Khan 人物 Moyanchuo, the personal name in Chinese transcription; the reading Bayan Čor is the turkological form.
  • 社崘 中国語 Shelun Khan 人物 The Wei Shu's form; also written 社崙, and Shelün in part of the literature. No Rouran form of the name is recorded.
  • 神武 中国語 Gao Huan 人物 Shenwu, the posthumous title under which the Bei Qi Shu and the Bei Shi name him.
  • 祭其先 中国語 Ancestor Cult 宗教 To sacrifice to their ancestors, the first of the powers named at the fifth-month assembly of the Xiongnu at Longcheng.
  • 祭其先窟 中国語 Sacrifice and the year 宗教 The sacrifice at the cave of the forebears, led by the khan once a year.
  • 萬騎 中国語 Army of the Steppe Empires 制度と称号 Wanqi, Ten Thousand Horsemen, the title that the Shiji gives to each of the twenty-four great chiefs of the Xiongnu.
  • 禿髮 中国語 Tufa 氏族 The form of the Chinese records.
  • 科羅 中国語 Issik Khan 人物 Keluo, the personal name; also written Kulo.
  • 秺侯 中国語 Jin Midi 人物 Marquis of Du, his title of enfeoffment; the posthumous name 敬侯, Marquis Jing, was added at his burial.
  • 移地健 中国語 Bögü Khan 人物 Yidijian, the personal name in Chinese transcription.
  • 移涅可汗 中国語 Inel Khan 人物 Yinie Kehan, the name under which Kapgan's son leads the attack on Beiting in 714; taken as the same man and as the Chinese form of Inel.
  • 稷米 中国語 Millet 飲食 Millet grain; demanded from the Han by the Xiongnu chanyu Hulugu.
  • 稼穡 中国語 Uyghur Farming 制度と称号 Jiase, sowing and reaping; the word of the Tang edict of 842 on the ox.
  • 稽粥 中国語 Laoshang Chanyu 人物 Jiyu, his personal name in the Shiji: 'Modu died, his son Jiyu was set up, styled Laoshang Chanyu'.
  • 穀稼不孰 中国語 Xiongnu Agriculture 制度と称号 The grain crops did not ripen; the Han Shu's remark on the year after the killing of Li Guangli.
  • 穀麥再熟 中国語 Farming and Taxes in Gaochang 制度と称号 Gu mai zai shu, grain and wheat ripen twice; the formula of the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu and the Jiu Tang Shu for the harvest of Gaochang.
  • 穄 中国語 Millet 飲食 Millet; the crop of the Wuhuan in the Hou Han Shu and of the Kirghiz in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 突利 中国語 Tölis and Tardush 制度と称号 Tuli, the title of khans whom the Chinese histories place in the east; its equation with Tölis is a modern proposal.
  • 突利可汗 中国語 Töles Khan 人物 Tuli Khan, the title Ilig gave him in 620. The same characters render the title his grandfather Yami held under Tulan.
  • 突利可汗 中国語 Yami Khan 人物 Tuli Khan, his title as a lesser khan in the north under Tulan; not to be confused with his grandson Töles, Shibi's son.
  • 突厥 中国語 First Göktürk Khaganate 国家 Tujue, the Chinese name of the people and, by extension, of the state.
  • 突厥 中国語 Göktürks 民族
  • 突厥 中国語 Nadulu Shad 人物 Tujue, Türk, the name under which the people of the mountain raised him as lord (號為突厥).
  • 突厥 中国語 Second Göktürk Khaganate 国家 Tujue; the Tang histories do not distinguish the restored state from the old one by name.
  • 突厥伎 中国語 Turkic Songs at the Tang Court 風習と娯楽 The Göktürk troupe among the further performers of the Sui court at the beginning of the Kaihuang era (Sui Shu 15).
  • 突厥歌 中国語 Turkic Songs at the Tang Court 風習と娯楽 Göktürk songs, which Wu Yanxiu sang in the house of the princess Anle (Jiu Tang Shu 183).
  • 突騎施 中国語 Türgesh 民族 Tuqishi; Golden writes Tu-ch'i-shih.
  • 突騎施 中国語 Türgesh Khaganate 国家 The Chinese transcription of the tribal name, as the Tang histories give it.
  • 窟合真 中国語 Kuhanzhen 人物 Kuhezhen, in the Bei Shi.
  • 窟含真 中国語 Kuhanzhen 人物 Kuhanzhen, in the Sui Shu's chapter on the Göktürks.
  • 窟結谷 中国語 Kujie Valley 地名 Kujie gu, the Kujie valley, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 窟舍真 中国語 Kuhanzhen 人物 Kushezhen, in the Tongdian.
  • 竇憲 中国語 Dou Xian 人物 Dou Hsien in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 立石建標 中国語 Burial and the balbal 宗教 A stone set up and a marker raised at the grave, in the Zhou Shu's account.
  • 筒瓦 中国語 Roof Tiles of the Uyghur Khaganate 制度と称号 Tongwa, barrel tile. It covers the joint between the pan tiles.
  • 答摩支 中国語 Damozhi 人物 Damozhi, in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, with the title 達官 daguan.
  • 答靡支 中国語 Damozhi 人物 Damizhi, the spelling given in one modern study of the passage.
  • 粟 中国語 Millet 飲食 Millet; the grain the Northern Wei gave the Rouran khan Anagui in 521 and 522.
  • 粟特 中国語 Sogdiana 地名 Sute; the Wei Shu places it west of the Pamirs and identifies it with the old Yancai.
  • 粟特 中国語 Sogdians 民族 Sute, the Chinese name of the country and its people; the Wei Shu equates it with the old Yancai.
  • 精金良鐵 中国語 Chinese Bans on the Export of Iron 制度と称号 Jingjin liangtie, fine metal and good iron, Cai Yong's words for what the Xianbei held in 177.
  • 精鐵 中国語 Iron of the Bayegu 制度と称号 Jingtie, fine iron, the Xin Tang Shu's word for the iron of the Bayegu.
  • 糱酒 中国語 Millet Beer 飲食 Malt liquor; demanded from the Han by the Xiongnu chanyu Hulugu.
  • 紇支可汗 中国語 Hezhi Khan 人物 Hezhi kehan, in the edict of 583 as the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi quote it.
  • 納聘 中国語 Bride-Price in Livestock 制度と称号 Napin, to deliver the betrothal gift; the Jiu Tang Shu's word for the Uyghur horses of 788.
  • 納都六設 中国語 Nadulu Shad 人物 Nadulu Shad in the Bei Shi, written with 納; the Bei Shi then shortens it to 都六, Dulu.
  • 素葉城 中国語 Xuanzang's visit to Tong Yabgu 戦闘と出来事 Suye cheng, the town by which the pilgrim met the khan; Suyab.
  • 素葉水城 中国語 Suyab 地名 The city of the Suye river, in the Tang description of the western regions that draws on Xuanzang, as Chavannes translates it; the chapter on the western Göktürks writes 碎葉.
  • 索國 中国語 Suo 国家 Suo guo, the state of Suo, in the second of the Zhou Shu's origin stories.
  • 索葛吐屯 中国語 Suoge Tudun 制度と称号 Suoge tutun; suoge is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for hair.
  • 索虜 中国語 Suo 国家 Suo lu, 'the Suo barbarians', the name by which the Tuoba were called; the commentary that identifies Suo with the old Xianbei homeland rests on it.
  • 索辮 中国語 Göktürk Dress and Hair 制度と称号 Suobian, plaited hair; the word of the emperor Yangdi's poem on his visit to Qimin Khan's camp in 607.
  • 紫河 中国語 Zihe Garrison 地名 Zihe, the eastern end of the long wall of 607 in the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 紫河鎮 中国語 Zihe Garrison 地名 Zihe zhen, the Zihe garrison, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 結骨 中国語 The Khakas name debate 論争 Jiegu. Another form the same chapter gives for the country.
  • 統葉護可汗 中国語 Tong Yabgu 人物 Tong yehu kehan, the title in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi Tongjian; Peter B. Golden writes Tung shê-hu and reconstructs the pronunciation.
  • 緣邊置市 中国語 Border Markets 制度と称号 Yuanbian zhi shi, to set up markets along the frontier; the Göktürk request to the Sui of 588.
  • 縛喝 中国語 Balkh 地名
  • 繒絮 中国語 Silk in the Steppe 制度と称号 Zengxu, silk and floss; what Bumin's people came to buy at the frontier before 545, in the words of the Zhou Shu.
  • 繞帳走馬七匝 中国語 Riding Round the Dead 宗教 They ride their horses seven times round the tent; the Göktürk funeral in the Zhou Shu.
  • 繩伎 中国語 Kirghiz Entertainments 風習と娯楽 Sheng ji, the skill on the rope.
  • 罽賓 中国語 Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa 国家 Jibin, the name of the country in the Tang histories.
  • 羈縻州 中国語 Loose-rein prefectures 制度と称号 Jimi zhou, the standard modern designation. The character pair means the halter and the tether of a draught animal.
  • 羊 中国語 Sheep 制度と称号 Yang, sheep; one of the three main animals of the Xiongnu in the Shiji, with horses and cattle.
  • 義成公主 中国語 Princess Yicheng 人物
  • 羯 中国語 Jie 民族 Jie, the form of the Chinese records; Chieh in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 羯霜那 中国語 Kesh 地名 Jieshuangna; Xuanzang's form of the name.
  • 翁叔 中国語 Jin Midi 人物 Weng Shu, his courtesy name (字).
  • 老上單于 中国語 Laoshang Chanyu 人物 His title; Lao-shang in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 耕田之業 中国語 Xiongnu Agriculture 制度と称号 Gengtian zhi ye, the work of tilling fields; the Shiji says that the Xiongnu had no walled towns, no fixed dwelling and none of this.
  • 耶律阿保機 中国語 Abaoji 人物 Yelü Abaoji, as the Cefu Yuangui writes the name under the Later Tang. Yelü is the clan, Abaoji the personal name.
  • 聖女 中国語 Diwan 人物 The Holy Woman, the title Chounu gave her.
  • 聘禮 中国語 Bride-Price in Livestock 制度と称号 Pinli, betrothal gift; the Bei Shi's word for the thousand horses the Rouran khan sent for a princess.
  • 聞喜公 中国語 Pei Ju 人物 Duke of Wenxi, the title the Sui Shu's chapter on the Western Regions gives him; his biography has 聞喜縣公, duke of Wenxi county.
  • 肆葉護可汗 中国語 Si Yabgu Khan 人物 Si yehu kehan, the short title, in all the histories and in Xuanzang's Record of the Western Regions.
  • 胡 中国語 Hu 民族
  • 胡 中国語 Sogdians 民族 Hu, the Chinese word for western Iranian-speakers, which in the Türk and Tang period mostly means Sogdians; the Zhou Shu calls An Nuopantuo a hu of Jiuquan.
  • 胡 中国語 The Sogdian language 言語 Hu, the Chinese word for the western foreigner. The Zhou Shu's comparison — the Göktürk writing resembles that of the Hu — is understood as a comparison with Sogdian.
  • 胡、越一家 中国語 Ilig Khan's Dance at the Weiyang Palace (633) 戦闘と出来事 Hu and Yue are one family; the words of the retired emperor Gaozu at the feast.
  • 胡巫 中国語 Shamanism 宗教 Hu wu, the ritual specialist of the Xiongnu court in the Han Shu.
  • 自刎以殉 中国語 Following in Death 宗教 Cut his own throat to follow him in death; of Hunye in 634.
  • 舁之以氈 中国語 Raising on the Felt 宗教 The Tongdian's wording, with 舁 for 輿.
  • 舊唐書 中国語 Jiu Tangshu (Old Book of Tang) 史料 Jiu Tangshu; Golden writes Chiu T'ang-shu.
  • 舞蹈 中国語 The Uyghur Demand for the Prince's Dance (762) 戦闘と出来事 The dance of homage the khan demanded; the Xin Tang Shu writes 蹈舞, the Zizhi tongjian 拜舞, bowing and dancing.
  • 英武威遠毗伽可汗 中国語 Bayanchur Khan 人物 Yingwu Weiyuan Bilge Khan, the title conferred by the Tang in 758, when Princess Ningguo was sent to him.
  • 英武誠明可汗 中国語 Tang investiture of the Kirghiz (847) 戦闘と出来事 Yingwu Chengming Khan, the title of 847.
  • 英賀弗 中国語 Yinghefu 制度と称号 Yinghefu, the second name the Tongdian gives for the brave and strong.
  • 茂師哀 中国語 The New Year on the Steppe 風習と娯楽 Maoshi'ai, the Kirghiz name for the beginning of the year in the Xin Tang Shu; three ai make one season.
  • 茶 中国語 Tea among the Uyghurs 飲食 Tea. Feng Yan adds that the leaf picked early is called 茶 and the leaf picked late 茗.
  • 茹茹 中国語 Rouran 民族 The form of the Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu.
  • 茹茹公主墓 中国語 Tomb of Princess Linhe 史料 Tomb of the Ruru princess, the name under which the excavation report was published.
  • 莎車 中国語 Yarkand 地名 Suoju; the name of the state in the Han Shu.
  • 莫何 中国語 Baga 制度と称号 Mohe, in the title of Ishbara and in that of the Tiele khan Qibi Geleng.
  • 莫何可汗 中国語 Bagha Khan 人物 Mohe kehan, Baga Khan, the title under which the Zizhi Tongjian has him reign from 587; the Sui Shu calls him 葉護可汗, Yehu Khan.
  • 莫賀 中国語 Baga 制度と称号 Mohe with a different second character, the spelling of the Tang histories, as in Nishu Mohe Shad.
  • 莫賀咄 中国語 Baghatur 制度と称号 Moheduo, in the title Moheduo Shad that Ilig held before his accession, and in the name of the western khan Moheduo Hou Quli Sibi.
  • 莫賀咄 中国語 Baghatur Khan 人物 Moheduo, the name under which the Xin Tang Shu tells the murder; 莫賀咄可汗, Moheduo Khan, in the Jiu Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 莫賀咄侯屈利俟毗可汗 中国語 Baghatur Khan 人物 Moheduo Hou Quli Sibi kehan, his title as khan in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian; the Cefu yuangui writes 莫賀咄侯突屈利俟毘可汗.
  • 莫賀咄設 中国語 Ilig Khan 人物 Moheduo Shad, his title before his accession, with a camp north of Wuyuan.
  • 莫賀設 中国語 Bagha Shad 人物 Mohe she, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; the title his son Nishu also bore.
  • 菴羅辰 中国語 Anluochen 人物 The Zhou Shu's form; the Bei Shi and the Bei Qi Shu write 庵羅辰. The lemma follows the Zhou Shu's reading Anluochen; the file name keeps the earlier spelling.
  • 菴邏 中国語 Amrak 人物 Anluo, the personal name in the Chinese histories; Peter B. Golden writes An-lo.
  • 葉護 中国語 Yabgu 制度と称号 Yehu, the first of the great offices in the Zhou Shu's list.
  • 葉護可汗 中国語 Tong Yabgu 人物 Yehu kehan, Yabgu Khan: the name in Huili's biography of Xuanzang and in the lists of embassies of the Cefu yuangui.
  • 葛勒可汗 中国語 Bayanchur Khan 人物 Gele Khan.
  • 葛邏祿 中国語 Karluk 民族 Geluolu
  • 葬則歌舞相送 中国語 Wuhuan Funeral Songs 風習と娯楽 At the burial they see the dead off with song and dance; the earlier Wei history quoted by Pei Songzhi. The Hou Han Shu has 至葬則歌舞相送.
  • 蒙恬 中国語 Meng Tian 人物 Meng T'ien in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 蒲桃酒 中国語 Grape Wine in Central Asia 飲食 The spelling of the Zhou Shu for the wine of Yanqi; the Cefu yuangui writes the vine 蒲桃.
  • 蒲萄酒 中国語 Grape Wine in Central Asia 飲食 The spelling of the Jiu Tang Shu for the wine of Gaochang and Kucha; the Shiji uses 蒲萄 for the vine in the same chapter as 蒲陶.
  • 蒲陶酒 中国語 Grape Wine in Central Asia 飲食 Wine of the vine; the form of the Shiji for the wine of Dayuan and Anxi, and of the Sui Shu for that of Gaochang and Kang.
  • 蔡國公 中国語 Pei Ju 人物 Duke of Cai, the title that Yuwen Huaji gave him in 618.
  • 蔭奈特勒 中国語 Yinnai Tegin 人物 The spelling of the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 蔭柰特勤 中国語 Yinnai Tegin 人物 The spelling of the Tongdian.
  • 薄布特勒 中国語 Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Khan 人物 Bobu Tegin, his name in the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 薛延陀 中国語 Xueyantuo Khaganate (Syr Tardush) 国家 Xueyantuo, the Chinese form; the usual analysis takes it to be two names, Xue and Yantuo, joined.
  • 薩保 中国語 Sabao 制度と称号 Sabao, the Chinese transcription of the title. The literature writes sabo for the Turfan documents of 549 to 550 and safu for the Northern Qi lists.
  • 藥羅葛 中国語 Yaglakar 氏族 Yaoluoge, the form of the Tang histories.
  • 藹苦蓋可汗 中国語 Hulü Khan 人物 Aikugai Khan, his title, glossed 'of fine appearance and disposition'; part of the literature uses Aikugai as his name.
  • 蘇定方 中国語 Su Dingfang 人物
  • 蘇尼失 中国語 Suni Shi 人物 Suni Shi in the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian, the Tang Huiyao and the Cefu yuangui; Ashina Suni Shi, 阿史那蘇尼失, in the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 蘇武 中国語 Su Wu 人物 Su Wu, as the Han Shu writes the name.
  • 蘇祗婆 中国語 Music of Empress Ashina (568) 戦闘と出来事 Suzhipo, the lute player from Kucha who came with the Göktürk empress (從突厥皇后入國); usually given as Sujiva.
  • 蘇祿 中国語 Sulu Khan 人物
  • 蘢城 中国語 The Three Xiongnu Assemblies 風習と娯楽 Longcheng, the place of the great assembly of the fifth month, in the spelling of the Shiji.
  • 處可汗 中国語 Tuhezhen Khan 人物 Chu Khan, his title, glossed 'only' or 'sole'. The gloss may instead mean 'yes', with the first element a Mongolic or Tungusic word of assent.
  • 處折水 中国語 Chuzhe River 地名 Chuzhe shui, the Chuzhe water, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 處木昆 中国語 Chumukun 民族
  • 處羅侯 中国語 Bagha Khan 人物 Chuluohou, the personal name in the Chinese histories; the name Bagha comes from his title.
  • 處羅可汗 中国語 Chula Khan 人物 Chuluo Khan, the Chinese form; the lemma follows the Turkic reading Çula.
  • 處羅可汗 中国語 Heshana Khan 人物 Chuluo kehan; Ho-sa-na and Ch'u-lo are given as one ruler. Not to be confused with the eastern Chula Khan of 619 to 620.
  • 虛連題 中国語 Luandi 氏族 The Hou Han Shu's form, Xuliandi: 單于姓虛連題. Two centuries later, and not the same characters.
  • 虛閭權渠單于 中国語 Xulüquanqu Chanyu 人物 Hsü-lü-ch'üan-ch'ü in the Wade-Giles literature. No personal name and no Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 虞弘 中国語 Tomb of Yu Hong 史料 Yu Hong, the name as the Chinese epitaph gives it.
  • 虞慶則 中国語 Embassy of Yu Qingze (584) 戦闘と出来事 Yu Qingze, the envoy.
  • 蠕蠕 中国語 Rouran 民族 'Wriggling', the graph the emperor Taiwu substituted to demean them; the Wei Shu writes its whole chapter under it.
  • 衛律 中国語 Wei Lü 人物 Wei Lü, as Han Shu 94A writes the name.
  • 衛青 中国語 Wei Qing 人物 Wei Qing; his style was 仲卿, Zhongqing. He took the surname Wei from his mother's family.
  • 衞律 中国語 Wei Lü 人物 The variant form of the surname in Han Shu 54. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 袒乘出闌 中国語 The Gaoche Wedding 風習と娯楽 They ride out of the pen bareback; the taking of the horses.
  • 被髮左衽 中国語 Göktürk Dress and Hair 制度と称号 Beifa zuoren: the hair hanging down, the robe fastened on the left; the Zhou Shu's first words on Göktürk custom.
  • 裴矩 中国語 Pei Ju 人物 Pei Ju, as the Sui Shu writes the name; P'ei Kü in the older Western literature.
  • 裴行儉 中国語 Pei Xingjian 人物
  • 褥但可汗 中国語 Rudan Khan 人物 Rudan kehan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 褥但特勤 中国語 Rudan Tegin 人物 Rudan Tegin, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 特勤 is the title tegin.
  • 西伊州 中国語 Submission of Yiwu (630) 戦闘と出来事 West Yi prefecture, the name of the new Tang prefecture in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 西受降城互市 中国語 Horse Market at the Western Shouxiang City (727) 戦闘と出来事 Xi shouxiang cheng hushi, mutual market at the Western City of Receiving Surrender; the words of the Tang Huiyao, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 西域 中国語 Tarim Basin 地名 Xiyu, the Western Regions: the Chinese term for the basin and the lands beyond it, under which the Tang histories describe it.
  • 西州 中国語 Gaochang 地名 Xizhou, the Tang prefecture from 640; the Xin Tang Shu measures Helu's seat from it.
  • 西殺 中国語 Right Shad (d. 741) 人物 Western Shad, the same office as the history names it at his death and in the list of his family.
  • 西海 中国語 Xihai 地名 Xihai, the Western Sea, in the Zhou Shu's description of Mukan's realm; the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian use the same name in the origin legend.
  • 西突厥 中国語 Western Göktürk Khaganate 国家 Xi Tujue, the Western Türk of the Chinese histories.
  • 西面可汗 中国語 The Western and Southern Khans 制度と称号 Ximian kehan, the Western Khan, of Tardush in the Sui Shu.
  • 西面突厥泥利可汗 中国語 Niri Khan 人物 Niri Khan of the western Göktürks, in the Sui Shu's account of the princess Dayi; the Bei Shi writes 西突厥泥利可汗.
  • 西魏 中国語 Western Wei 国家 Western Wei. The Bei Qi Shu uses the name for the court at Chang'an in its annals of 554 and 556, and the Bei Shi speaks of the Eastern and Western Wei competing for the Rouran khan.
  • 角弓 中国語 Bone and Horn Working 制度と称号 Jiaogong, horn bow. The Sui Shu lists it first among the arms of the Göktürks.
  • 角弓 中国語 Göktürk Weapons 制度と称号 Jiaogong, horn bow; the Sui Shu's word for the Göktürk bow.
  • 角端弓 中国語 Bone and Horn Working 制度と称号 Jiaoduan gong, horn-tip bow. The Hou Han Shu names it among the goods of the Xianbei country.
  • 訥都六設 中国語 Nadulu Shad 人物 Nadulu Shad in the Zhou Shu and the Tongdian; the Zhou Shu then calls him 訥都六, Nadulu, and the Tongdian 都六, Dulu.
  • 訥都陸 中国語 Nadulu Shad 人物 Nadulu, written with 陸, in the Xin Tang Shu's chapter on the western Göktürks, as the grandfather of Tuwu.
  • 設 中国語 Shad 制度と称号 She, second in the Zhou Shu's list of the great offices, after the yabgu.
  • 註吾合素 中国語 Zhu-wu Alp Sol 人物 Zhuwu Hesu in Pinyin, the form the characters have in the Xin Tang Shu. The text glosses the name: Zhuwu is a barbarian family name, he means fierce and su means left.
  • 詔從其俗 中国語 Levirate 制度と称号 The Sui emperor's decree that their custom be followed, when Shibi Khan asked to marry Princess Yicheng.
  • 詹師廬 中国語 Er Chanyu 人物 Zhanshilu, his name in the Han Shu. The commentary of Xu Guang (fourth to fifth century) on the Shiji notes that 烏 is written 詹 in one text. Chan-shih-lu in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 請獵於恒、代之間 中国語 Ishbara's Hunt (587) 戦闘と出来事 He asked leave to hunt between Heng and Dai; the request of the Sui Shu.
  • 諸長小會單于庭 中国語 The Three Xiongnu Assemblies 風習と娯楽 The chiefs hold a small assembly at the chanyu's court; the gathering of the first month.
  • 護于 中国語 Worthy Kings of the Left and Right 制度と称号 Huyu, the name Wuzhuliu Chanyu gave to the office of the Left Worthy King.
  • 豆代可汗 中国語 Shelun Khan 人物 The Bei Shi writes the title Doudai Khan; the gloss is the same as for Qiudoufa.
  • 豆崘 中国語 Tulun Khan 人物 Doulun, the Chinese transcription; Golden writes Tou-lun. Tulun is the Turkic form adopted by convention.
  • 豆羅伏跋豆伐可汗 中国語 Chounu Khan 人物 Douluofubadoufa Khan, his title, glossed 'manifesting control'.
  • 豳州 中国語 The Standoff at Binzhou (624) 戦闘と出来事 Binzhou, the prefecture where Li Shimin's army halted.
  • 貂 中国語 Furs and Musk among the Turkic Peoples 制度と称号 Diao, sable or marten; the skins that the Tiele tribes were to pay as a yearly tax in 647.
  • 貪汗可汗 中国語 Tanhan Khan 人物 Tanhan kehan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 貪汗山 中国語 Tanhan Mountain 地名 Tanhan shan, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian. In the Gaochang notice of the Sui Shu the received text wrote 污 for 汗, which its editors corrected.
  • 貳師將軍 中国語 Li Guangli 人物 Ershi General. The title names Ershi, the city in Dayuan where the fine horses were said to be kept.
  • 貴霜 中国語 Kushan Empire 国家 Guishuang, the name of one of the five xihou of the Yuezhi in the Han Shu, and the name of the realm in the Hou Han Shu; the form that modern writing renders Kushan.
  • 賀正表 中国語 The New Year on the Steppe 風習と娯楽 Memorial of Congratulation on the New Year, the title under which the Quan Tang wen, juan 999, keeps the letter of 741.
  • 賀蘭蘇尼闕 中国語 Helan Suni Que 制度と称号 Helan suni que; helan is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for horse, suni the officer who commanded troops.
  • 賜射于武安殿 中国語 The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) 戦闘と出来事 The emperor bestowed a shooting contest in the Wu'an Hall; the words of the Sui Shu biography of Zhangsun Sheng.
  • 賤老貴壯 中国語 Honour of Death in Battle 制度と称号 Jian lao gui zhuang: they think little of the old and value men in their prime.
  • 賴山 中国語 Mount Mulai 地名 Lai Shan, the form of the Bei Shi, without the first character.
  • 赤山 中国語 Wuhuan Funeral Songs 風習と娯楽 Chishan, the Red Mountain, several thousand li north-west of Liaodong, to which the spirit of the dead returned.
  • 赤漆 中国語 Lacquerware 制度と称号 Chi qi, red lacquer, and 黑漆 hei qi, black lacquer, the two colours of the gift lists.
  • 走馬及駱駝為樂 中国語 Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices 風習と娯楽 They ran horses and camels for pleasure; the sentence of the Hou Han Shu on the sacrifices.
  • 走馬殺牲 中国語 Horse Sacrifice 宗教 They raced horses and killed victims; the Wei Shu on the great sacrifice of the Gaoche.
  • 趙信城 中国語 Zhao Xin City 地名 Zhao Xin cheng; the town at Mount Tianyan in the Shiji, the Han Shu and the notices of 119 BC.
  • 趙蕃 中国語 Zhao Fan 人物 Zhao Fan. The Xin Tang Shu gives him the title 太仆卿, minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud.
  • 跋斯處折施山 中国語 Mount Jiansi Chuzheshi 地名 Basi Chuzheshi shan in the Bei Shi; the editors of the Zhou Shu note the same reading in the Cefu Yuangui, which takes the passage from the Bei Shi.
  • 跋祿迦 中国語 Aksu 地名 Baluka; Xuanzang's name for the state, with the remark that the old name was Gumo. The Xin Tang Shu adds the form 亟墨.
  • 踏鞠 中国語 Göktürk Games 風習と娯楽 Taju, kicking the ball; the women's game.
  • 踐斯處折施山 中国語 Mount Jiansi Chuzheshi 地名 Jiansi Chuzheshi shan in the Zhou Shu.
  • 蹛林 中国語 The Three Xiongnu Assemblies 風習と娯楽 Dailin, the place of the autumn assembly. The commentators on the Shiji read it as a place name or as a rite of going round the trees of a wood.
  • 身衣裘褐 中国語 Göktürk Dress and Hair 制度と称号 Shen yi qiu he: they dress in furs and coarse wool.
  • 車騎將軍 中国語 Wei Qing 人物 General of Chariots and Cavalry, the command he held from 129 BC.
  • 車鼻 中国語 Chebi Khan 人物 Chebi; the personal name is known only in Chinese transcription. No Turkic form is attested.
  • 軍臣 中国語 Junchen Chanyu 人物 Chün-ch'en in the Wade-Giles literature. No Xiongnu form of the name is recorded.
  • 軻比能 中国語 Kebineng 人物 Kebineng, the form of the Chinese records; K'o-pi-neng in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 輪臺 中国語 Luntai 地名 Luntai; the form in the Zhou Shu and in the Xin Tang Shu. The Han Shu writes 輪台.
  • 輿之以氈 中国語 Raising on the Felt 宗教 They carried him on a felt; the Zhou Shu's words for the first act of the rite.
  • 農器、種子 中国語 Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) 戦闘と出来事 Nongqi, zhongzi: farm tools and seed, the words of the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian for what Kapgan asked.
  • 迦沙 中国語 Kirghiz Iron and Gold 制度と称号 Qiasha, the name that both Tang texts give for the iron of the Kirghiz. Neither text says in which language the name was spoken.
  • 迦畢試 中国語 Turk Shahi of Kabul and Kapisa 国家 Jiapishi, Xuanzang's transcription of Kapisa.
  • 通典 中国語 Tongdian 史料 The title as the text gives it.
  • 遏羅支 中国語 Boma 民族 Eluozhi, a third name in the Xin Tangshu.
  • 達奚武 中国語 Daxi Wu 人物
  • 達官 中国語 Daguan 制度と称号 Daguan, literally 'high official', in Huili's biography of Xuanzang, the Tongdian and the Jiu Tang Shu.
  • 達干 中国語 Tarkhan 制度と称号 Dagan, in the compound Apa Tarkan that the Tang history gives to Tonyukuk.
  • 達度闕 中国語 Que Dadu Shad 人物 Dadu Que, in the chapter on the Göktürks in the Sui Shu; the Bei Shi has 達度闕設.
  • 達頭 中国語 Tölis and Tardush 制度と称号 Datou, the title of Tardush, formerly the Western Khan; it may be a spelling of Tarduš.
  • 達頭可汗 中国語 Tardush 人物 Datou kehan, the title in the Chinese histories; Ta-t'ou in Wade-Giles.
  • 遷善可汗, 立功報國可汗 中国語 Kapgan Khan 人物 Titles conferred by Empress Wu in 694 and 696; Chinese honorifics, not Göktürk names.
  • 選善射者十二人，分為兩朋 中国語 The Archery Match at the Wu'an Hall (599) 戦闘と出来事 Twelve good archers were chosen and divided into two sides.
  • 遺可汗 中国語 Yi Khan 制度と称号 Yi kehan; yi is the Tongdian's Göktürk word for house.
  • 遼海 中国語 Liaohai 地名 Liaohai, the Liao sea, in the Zhou Shu's description of Mukan's realm; the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian have the same form.
  • 那蓋 中国語 Nagai Khan 人物 Golden writes Na-kai.
  • 郁久閭 中国語 Yujiulü 氏族 Glossed in the Wei Shu as a near-homophone of Mugulü, 'bald head', the name of the eponymous ancestor.
  • 郁射設 中国語 Yushe Shad 人物 Yushe Shad in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian; 設 is the title shad. The second character can also be read ye or yi.
  • 郅支骨都侯單于 中国語 Zhizhi Chanyu 人物 Zhizhi Gudu Marquis Chanyu, the full form at his proclamation; Chih-chih in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 都六 中国語 Duliu 人物 Duliu, in Pei Ju's words in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 都播 中国語 Dubo 民族 Dubo, the form of the Xin Tangshu and the Tang annals.
  • 都斤山 中国語 Ötüken 地名 Dujin shan, the mountain at which the Zhou Shu places the khan's habitual seat. Identified with Ötüken in the standard literature; the passage has been checked at the text.
  • 都波 中国語 Dubo 民族 The form of the Sui Shu and the Tongdian; the Xin Tangshu gives it as a second writing.
  • 都督 中国語 Tutuk 制度と称号 Dudu, the Tang title of the commander of a command (dudufu). The Göktürk word is taken from it.
  • 都督府 中国語 Loose-rein prefectures 制度と称号 Dudufu, the commandery-level unit; its holder is a 都督, commander.
  • 都藍可汗 中国語 Tulan Khan 人物 Dulan kehan, the title in the Chinese histories; one romanisation writes Tu-lan, and the reign is given as 587 to 603 by implication.
  • 都護府 中国語 Loose-rein prefectures 制度と称号 Duhufu, protectorate; the higher tier set up over the Göktürks in 650.
  • 都速六 中国語 Dusuliu 人物 Dusuliu, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 鄔落 中国語 Post and Communication 制度と称号 Wuluo. The biography of Xuanzang writes the post horses of the Göktürk lords with these characters.
  • 鄧叔子 中国語 Dengzhu 人物 Dengshuzi, the form of the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi; the lemma keeps the shorter form.
  • 鄯善 中国語 Shanshan 国家 Shanshan, the name the Han Shu gives the kingdom after the renaming.
  • 鄰和公主 中国語 Princess Linhe 人物 Princess Linhe, the title under which Anagui offered her.
  • 酒泉 中国語 Jiuquan 地名 Jiuquan, in the Zhou Shu and the Sui Shu; as a Han commandery, 酒泉郡, in the Shiji and the Han Shu.
  • 酒泉 中国語 The Siege of Jiuquan (578) 戦闘と出来事 Jiuquan, the besieged town.
  • 醜奴 中国語 Chounu Khan 人物 Golden writes Ch'ou-nu.
  • 醢落尸逐鞮單于 中国語 Bi Chanyu 人物 Hailuo Shizhudi Chanyu, the style under which the chapter on the Southern Xiongnu introduces him.
  • 重兵死而耻病終 中国語 Honour of Death in Battle 制度と称号 Zhong bing si er chi bing zhong: they value death by arms and are ashamed to end by illness.
  • 金、鐵、錫 中国語 Kirghiz Iron and Gold 制度と称号 Jin, tie, xi: gold, iron and tin, the three metals the Xin Tang Shu lists for the country of the Kirghiz.
  • 金山 中国語 Altai 地名 Jinshan, the Golden Mountain. The name the Chinese histories use throughout for the Altai.
  • 金日磾 中国語 Jin Midi 人物 Jin Midi. Jin 金, 'gold', is the surname the Han gave him, the Han Shu says because the Xiutu king made a golden image for the sacrifice to Heaven.
  • 金河 中国語 Jin River 地名 Jinhe, the Jin river; also the name of a town built for Qimin in 600 and of a Tang army road in 629.
  • 金狼頭 中国語 Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) 宗教 Jin lang tou, the golden wolf's head set on the standards.
  • 金銀器皿 中国語 Gold and Silver Vessels as Tang Gifts to the Uyghurs 制度と称号 Jinyin qimin, gold and silver vessels, the Jiu Tang Shu's words for the gifts of 757 and 758.
  • 金鏃箭 中国語 Tally Sticks and the Golden Arrow 制度と称号 Jin zu jian, an arrow with a head of jin; the character is the one the same passage uses for the golden wolf's head on the banners.
  • 銀器 中国語 Gold and Silver Vessels as Tang Gifts to the Uyghurs 制度と称号 Yinqi, silver vessels, the gift of 813.
  • 鍛奴 中国語 Göktürk Ironworking 制度と称号 Duannu, smith slave; Anagui's word for Bumin in 546.
  • 鐵勒 中国語 Tiele 民族 Tiele, the usual form in the Sui and Tang histories.
  • 鐵山 中国語 Iron Mountain 地名 Tieshan, the Iron Mountain, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 鐵工 中国語 Göktürk Ironworking 制度と称号 Tiegong, ironworkers; what the Ashina were for the Rouran on the southern slope of the Golden Mountain.
  • 鐵數萬斤 中国語 Kapgan's Request for Farm Tools and Iron (698) 戦闘と出来事 Tie shu wan jin, iron to the number of ten thousand jin, the Xin Tang Shu's addition to the list of the request.
  • 長安 中国語 Chang'an 地名
  • 長平侯 中国語 Wei Qing 人物 Marquis of Changping, the fief given to him after the campaign of 127 BC.
  • 長樂公主 中国語 Princess Changle 人物
  • 閭叱地連 中国語 Princess Linhe 人物 Lü Chidilian, her name in the epitaph of her tomb, as the excavation report is cited.
  • 閻洪達 中国語 Yanhongda 制度と称号 Yanhongda, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi, the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 閼氏 中国語 Women among the Turkic Peoples 制度と称号 Yanzhi, the Xiongnu title of the chanyu's consort.
  • 闐顏山 中国語 Zhao Xin City 地名 Mount Tianyan, the form in the Shiji chapter on the Xiongnu. The chapter on Wei Qing and the Han Shu write the first character 窴.
  • 闕可汗 中国語 Que Dadu Shad 人物 Que kehan, the Que Khan, the title he took at the end of the Sui; 闕達可汗 in the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian.
  • 闕特勒 中国語 Kül Tegin 人物 Que Tele, the Tang form; the second element renders tegin. The Chinese face of his monument is said to write 闕特勤.
  • 闕特勤 中国語 Kül Tegin inscription 史料 Chinese form on the monument's own Chinese face.
  • 闕達度設 中国語 Que Dadu Shad 人物 Que Dadu she, in the biography of Pei Ju in the Sui Shu, the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 闕達設 中国語 Que Dadu Shad 人物 Que Da she, in the Jiu Tang Shu and the Tongdian; the Zizhi tongjian once writes 闕度設.
  • 阿伏至羅 中国語 Afuzhiluo 人物 Golden writes A-fu-chih-lo.
  • 阿勿思力俟斤 中国語 Awusili Irkin 人物 Awusili sijin, in the Sui Shu and the Bei Shi; 俟斤 is the title irkin.
  • 阿史德 中国語 Ashide 氏族 The Chinese form of the clan name; the first two characters are those of Ashina.
  • 阿史德元珍 中国語 Ashide Yuanzhen 人物 Ashide Yuanzhen: the clan name Ashide and a Chinese personal name. No Turkic name is recorded.
  • 阿史德元珍 中国語 Tonyukuk 人物 Ashide Yuanzhen, the Chinese-trained Göktürk who joined Ilterish in 682; the identification with Tonyukuk is that of Friedrich Hirth and is not secure.
  • 阿史德烏沒啜 中国語 Ashide Wumo Chur 人物 Ashide Wumochuo, with the rank 俟斤 irkin, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 阿史那 中国語 Ashina 氏族 The Chinese form of the name.
  • 阿史那以五百家奔茹茹 中国語 The Flight of the Ashina (439) 戦闘と出来事 The Sui Shu's sentence: the Ashina fled with five hundred families to the Rouran.
  • 阿史那伏念 中国語 Ashina Funian 人物 Ashina Funian; known only in Chinese transcription. No Turkic form is attested.
  • 阿史那思摩 中国語 Ashina Simo 人物 Ashina Simo; the personal name is known only in Chinese transcription. No Turkic form is attested.
  • 阿史那摸末 中国語 Yushe Shad 人物 Ashina Momo, the name of a Yushe Shad in the biography of Liu Lan in the Jiu Tang Shu; whether he is Chula's son, the biography does not say.
  • 阿史那賀魯 中国語 Ashina Helu 人物 Ashina Helu; Chavannes writes Ho-lou, Golden A-shih-na Ho-lu. No Turkic form of the name is attested.
  • 阿布思 中国語 Abusi 民族 The form of the Tang Huiyao and of the Jiu Tangshu.
  • 阿播 中国語 Apa (Kirghiz Chancellor) 人物 Abo, in the Xin Tang Shu; the Jiu Tang Shu writes the same two characters.
  • 阿播 中国語 Kirghiz campaign against the Shiwei (848) 戦闘と出来事 Abo, the Tang writing of the name of the Kirghiz minister, read Apa.
  • 阿波可汗 中国語 Töremen Apa 人物 Apo kehan, Apa Khan, the title he was given in 581.
  • 阿波達干 中国語 Apa Tarkan 制度と称号
  • 阿波達干 中国語 Ashide Yuanzhen 人物 Apa Tarkan, the title Ilterish gave him.
  • 阿濫謐 中国語 Bukhara 地名 Alanmi, the city where the king of An sat in the Xin Tang Shu. It may be Arjāmēthan or Rāmēthan, a place of the oasis.
  • 阿熱 中国語 Aco 制度と称号 Are. The Xin Tang Shu gives it as the word the Kirghiz use for their lord, and as the clan name taken from it. No Turkic form is attested for it.
  • 阿熱 中国語 Are Khan 人物 Are. The Xin Tang Shu gives it as the word the Kirghiz use for their lord, and as the clan name taken from it. No personal name is given, and no Turkic form is attested.
  • 阿熱氏 中国語 Are 氏族 Are, the surname the Xin Tang Shu says the house took from the word for its lord.
  • 阿耆尼 中国語 Karashahr 地名 Aqini, the form Xuanzang uses, with the remark that the old name was Yanqi.
  • 阿謗卻 中国語 Abangbu 人物 Abangque, the form of the Bei Shi in the sentence on the brothers' folly, where the Zhou Shu has 謗步.
  • 阿謗步 中国語 Abangbu 人物 Abangbu, chief of the tribe (部落大人), in the Zhou Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; the next sentence of the Zhou Shu shortens the name to 謗步, Bangbu.
  • 阿賢設 中国語 Axian Shad 人物 Axian Shad in the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian; 設 is the title shad.
  • 阿輔水 中国語 Afu River 地名 Afu shui, the Afu water, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi.
  • 阿那瓌 中国語 Anagui 人物 The Chinese form of the name
  • 附鄰可汗 中国語 Fulin Khan 制度と称号 Fulin kehan; fulin is the Tongdian's Göktürk name of the wolf.
  • 附離 中国語 Asena the She-Wolf (Gök Börü) 宗教 Fuli, the name of the khan's guard, which the Zhou Shu says also means wolf in Chinese.
  • 附離 中国語 Böri (Guard) 制度と称号 Fuli, the name of the guard in the Zhou Shu, the Bei Shi, the Tongdian and the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 陘嶺 中国語 Xing Ridge 地名 Xingling, the Xing ridge, in the Zhou Shu and the Bei Shi; the biography of Yang Zhong speaks of the narrows of the Xing ridge, 陘嶺之隘.
  • 陜州事 中国語 The Uyghur Demand for the Prince's Dance (762) 戦闘と出来事 The affair of Shanzhou, as the minister Li Pi called it before the emperor Dezong in 787.
  • 陰山 中国語 Yinshan 地名 Yinshan, in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 隋 中国語 Sui 国家
  • 隨日轉九回 中国語 Raising on the Felt 宗教 They turned him nine times, following the sun.
  • 雁門 中国語 Yanmen 地名 Yanmen, the Wild Goose Gate: the commandery, its seat and the pass through the Gouzhu range.
  • 雕陶莫皋 中国語 Fuzhulei Chanyu 人物 Diaotaomogao, the name under which the Han Shu introduces him as the eldest son of the Great Yanzhi.
  • 雲中 中国語 Yunzhong 地名 Yunzhong, the commandery of Zhao and of the Han in the Shiji and the Han Shu; in the Tang histories also the name of a command and a protectorate.
  • 雲中都督府 中国語 Yunzhong 地名 The Yunzhong area command, set up in 630 as the right of the two commands over Ilig Khan's former land.
  • 雲中都護府 中国語 Shanyu Protectorate 地名 Yunzhong duhufu, the Yunzhong protectorate; the name of the protectorate in the old town of Yunzhong before the renaming.
  • 雲中都護府 中国語 Yunzhong 地名 The Yunzhong protectorate of 664 in the old town of Yunzhong, renamed 單于大都護府, the Shanyu Grand Protectorate.
  • 雲內 中国語 Yunzhong 地名 Yunnei, in the Sui Shu's account of the emperor Yangdi's journey of 607, where the Bei Shi and the Tongdian write 雲中.
  • 霍去病 中国語 Huo Qubing 人物 Huo Qubing, nephew of Wei Qing.
  • 靈州 中国語 Lingzhou 地名 Lingzhou, in the Sui Shu, both Tang histories and the Zizhi tongjian; the Lingzhou road, 靈州道, was one of the Sui routes against the Göktürks.
  • 靈武 中国語 Lingzhou 地名 Lingwu; the Zizhi tongjian sends the prince of Jin out by the Lingwu road in 600, where the Sui Shu has him march out from Lingzhou, and the Jiu Tang Shu names the Lingwu army of the Tang.
  • 青門 中国語 The Qingmen Executions (555) 戦闘と出来事 Qingmen, the gate outside which the Rouran were killed.
  • 鞅素特勒 中国語 Yangsu Tegin 人物 Yangsu tele, in the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui, with the Tang spelling of the title.
  • 鞅素特勤 中国語 Yangsu Tegin 人物 Yangsu teqin, in the Sui Shu, the Bei Shi and the Tongdian.
  • 韋節 中国語 Wei Jie 人物 Wei Jie, as the Sui Shu, the Tongdian and the Zizhi tongjian write the name.
  • 音写 日本語 Chinese transcriptions of Turkic 言語 Onsha, the Japanese term for writing a foreign word with characters chosen for sound.
  • 順天樓 中国語 Capture of Ilig Khan (630) 戦闘と出来事 Shuntian tower, where Taizong received the captive khan, in the Xin Tang Shu and the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 頓莫賀達干 中国語 Tun Bagha Tarkan 人物 Dun Mohe Dagan; the reading Tun Bagha Tarkan is the turkological form, and tarkan is a title, not part of the name.
  • 頡利可汗 中国語 Ilig Khan 人物 Xieli Khan, the Chinese form of the title; Ilig, 'the one who has a realm', is the Turkic form, the same title the Chinese give Bumin as Yili Khan.
  • 頡利發 中国語 Ilteber 制度と称号 Xielifa, the title Tong Yabgu gave to all the kings of the western states; Chavannes writes hie-li-fa. The equation with the Turkic word is itself disputed.
  • 頡跌 中国語 Ediz 民族 The form of the Tang histories.
  • 頭曼 中国語 Duman (Touman) 人物 The form of the Shiji and the Han Shu; T'ou-man in the Wade-Giles literature.
  • 食畜肉，飲其汁 中国語 Steppe Diet 飲食 'They eat the meat of their herds and drink their juice'; the custom of the Xiongnu as Zhonghang Yue states it in the Shiji.
  • 食肉飲酪 中国語 Steppe Diet 飲食 'They eat meat and drink soured milk'; the phrase of the Chinese histories for the Wuhuan, the Xianbei and the Göktürks.
  • 飲馬酪取醉，歌呼相對 中国語 The Göktürk Feast 風習と娯楽 They drink fermented mare's milk until they are drunk, and sing and shout to one another; the Sui Shu on Göktürk custom.
  • 餅餌 中国語 Bread 飲食 Cakes; among the Kirghiz served by the ruler alone, according to the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 饒樂水 中国語 The Xianbei Spring Assembly 風習と娯楽 The Raole river. The Tongdian gives Ruluohuan 如洛環 as another name and takes it for a corruption of Raole.
  • 香火之情 中国語 The Göktürk Oath 制度と称号 The bond of incense and fire, which Li Shimin recalled to Töles in 624.
  • 馬乳蒲桃 中国語 Grape Wine in Central Asia 飲食 The mare-nipple grape of Gaochang, from which the Tang court learned to make wine.
  • 馬伎 中国語 Kirghiz Entertainments 風習と娯楽 Ma ji, the skill on horseback.
  • 馬價絹 中国語 Uyghur Horse-Silk Trade 制度と称号 Majia juan, silk for the price of horses; the term of the Jiu Tang Shu for the payments of 790 and of the 820s.
  • 馬射 中国語 Mounted Archery 風習と娯楽 Mashe, horse shooting; the Wei Shu names the terrace of 426 and the review of 439 with this word.
  • 馬邑 中国語 Mayi 地名 Mayi, the town and the commandery around it, in the Zhou Shu, the Sui Shu, the Tang histories and, much earlier, the Shiji.
  • 馬邑川 中国語 Mayi 地名 Mayi chuan, the Mayi river, on which the Northern Qi settled the Rouran ruler Anluochen in 553.
  • 馬酪 中国語 Kumys 飲食 Fermented mare's milk; the word of the Sui Shu for the drink of the Göktürks, of the Wei Shu for that of the Gaoche and of the Xin Tang Shu for that of the Kirghiz.
  • 馬鬣山 中国語 Revolt of the Tiele (627) 戦闘と出来事 Mount Malie, where the Uyghur chief Pusa broke the Yukuk Shad, in the Zizhi tongjian.
  • 馳射 中国語 Mounted Archery 風習と娯楽 Chishe, shooting at the gallop; the Jiu Tang Shu says that Xuanzong had Göktürks do it in his guard.
  • 馺特勒 中国語 Hesa Khan 人物 Sa Tegin, the form of the title with tegin that the two Tang histories use before he is called khan.
  • 駁馬 中国語 Boma 民族 Boma, 'piebald horses'. The Tongdian and the Cefu Yuangui write 駮馬.
  • 駝褐 中国語 Camels 制度と称号 Tuohe, camel-hair cloth; a gift of the Uyghur court in 821.
  • 騎射 中国語 Mounted Archery 風習と娯楽 Qishe, riding and shooting; the Sui Shu says of the Göktürks that they were good at it.
  • 騎木 中国語 Wooden Horses 風習と娯楽 Qimu, to ride wood; the Sui Shu on the northern Shiwei in the deep snow.
  • 驃騎將軍 中国語 Huo Qubing 人物 General of Swift Cavalry, his command from 121 BC. The Han Shu writes the title 票騎將軍.
  • 骨利幹 中国語 Kurykan 民族 Gulikan. The Zizhi Tongjian writes 骨利干.
  • 骨力裴羅 中国語 Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan 人物 Guli Peiluo, the personal name in Chinese transcription.
  • 骨咄祿 中国語 Ilterish Khan 人物 Gudulu, the Tang form of his personal name, read as Turkic Kutluk, 'possessed of Kut'.
  • 骨咄祿毗伽闕懷仁可汗 中国語 Kutlug Bilge Kül Khan 人物 Kutlug Bilge Kül Huairen Khan, the title conferred by the Tang in 744; Huairen, cherishing benevolence, is the Chinese element.
  • 骨咄祿特勒 中国語 Kutluk Tegin 人物 Guduolu tegin in the Jiu Tang Shu, the Xin Tang Shu, the Zizhi tongjian and the Cefu yuangui.
  • 骨咄祿特勤 中国語 Kutluk Tegin 人物 The Tongdian's spelling of the title.
  • 骨崙屋骨 中国語 Gulun Wugu 民族 The transcript writes 骨崙屋骨恐; whether the last character belongs to the name is not clear from the text.
  • 高侃 中国語 Gao Kan 人物
  • 高句麗 中国語 Goguryeo 国家 Gaogouli, in the Sui Shu; the shorter 高麗, Gaoli, is used in the same chapters.
  • 高帝 中国語 Emperor Gaozu of Han 人物 Gaodi: the form the Shiji uses in the account of Baideng.
  • 高手工 中国語 Chinese Craftsmen at the Orkhon Monuments 制度と称号 Gaoshou gong, craftsmen of high skill. The Xin Tang Shu says that six of them were sent to paint.
  • 高昌 中国語 Gaochang 地名 Gaochang, in the Sui Shu's origin legend and its account of Heshana's flight, and in the Xin Tang Shu.
  • 高昌 中国語 Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho 国家 The Chinese name of the Turfan region and its city.
  • 高歡 中国語 Gao Huan 人物 His personal name; the Bei Qi Shu names him Shenwu throughout.
  • 高皇帝 中国語 Emperor Gaozu of Han 人物 Gao Huangdi: the form of the Han Shu, and of Wudi's edict of 101 BC.
  • 高祖 中国語 Emperor Gaozu of Han 人物 Gaozu, 'High Ancestor': the temple name by which the Shiji calls him when it speaks of his reign.
  • 高車 中国語 Gaoche 国家 "High carts", the name in the Wei Shu.
  • 高車 中国語 Tiele 民族 Gaoche, 'high carts', the form of the Wei Shu; named from their wagons.
  • 高車 中国語 Uyghurs 民族 Gaoche, the high carts; the name under which the ancestors of the Uyghurs appear as subjects of the Rouran. The equation is the standard one and is not a statement of the sources.
  • 高車 中国語 Wagons of the Steppe Peoples 制度と称号 Gaoche, high carts. The Chinese name of the Gaoche, who are the Tiele of the later histories.
  • 鬼神 中国語 Animism 宗教 Guishen, ghosts and spirits: the Chinese pair of categories under which the Sui Shu and the Shiji report the reverence of the Göktürks and the Xiongnu.
  • 鬼神 中国語 Soul Words 宗教 Guishen, spirits and demons; the Chinese original of the Old Uyghur phrase üzüt yäklär in the Sūtra of the Eight Brilliances.
  • 魏 中国語 Western Wei 国家 Wei, as the Zhou Shu calls the state whose princess Bumin married and whose emperor died in 551.
  • 魏書 中国語 Wei Shu 史料
  • 鮮卑 中国語 Xianbei 民族 Xianbei. The Hou Han Shu derives the name from the Xianbei mountain, by which they settled.
  • 鳴鏑 中国語 Göktürk Weapons 制度と称号 Mingdi, the whistling arrow.
  • 鳴鏑 中国語 Warfare of the Steppe Empires 制度と称号 Mingdi, the whistling arrow; the Shiji names it in Modu's training of his riders and in the list of Göktürk weapons.
  • 鷹娑 中国語 Yingsuo 地名 Yingsuo, written with 鷹 'hawk', the name of a valley and of a Tang area command in the Xin Tang Shu's account of the war against Ashina Helu. The equation with 應娑 is an interpretation.
  • 鹹海 中国語 Issyk-Kul 地名 Xianhai, the Salt Sea, a third name in the Record.
  • 鹽泊 中国語 Salt among the Turkic Peoples 制度と称号 Yanbo, salt lake; the name of a Tang prefecture set up for a western Göktürk tribe.
  • 黃金胥紕 中国語 Gold of the Xiongnu Court 制度と称号 Huangjin xupi, the gold belt ornament of the Han emperor's gift in the Shiji. The Han Shu writes 犀毗, xibi.
  • 黃金飾具帶 中国語 Gold of the Xiongnu Court 制度と称号 Huangjin shi ju dai, a belt adorned with gold, in the same list.
  • 黃龍變 中国語 Sui Variety Shows for Yami Khan (606–610) 戦闘と出来事 Huanglong bian, the Transformation of the Yellow Dragon; the act in which a whale turned into a dragon.
  • 黑車子 中国語 Heichezi 民族 Heichezi, literally 'black carts'. The Chinese text does not say why the people were so called.
  • 默啜 中国語 Kapgan Khan 人物 Mochuo, the Tang form; taken to render a Turkic title Bögü Čor.
  • 默棘連 中国語 Bilge Khan 人物 Mojilian, his personal name in the Tang history; the Turkic behind it is unknown.
  • 黠戛斯 中国語 The Khakas name debate 論争 Xiajiasi. The form of the Tang histories for the people of the upper Yenisei; the Xin Tang Shu says it arose from an earlier name and from the speech of the northern peoples.
  • 黠戛斯 中国語 Yenisei Kirghiz 民族 Xiajiasi, the name in the Tang histories. The Xin Tang Shu also lists Jüwu, Jiegu, Hegu and Hegesi as other forms.
  • 黠戛斯 中国語 Yenisei Kirghiz Khaganate 国家 Xiajiasi, the name of the Kirghiz in the Tang histories; the Xin Tangshu gives it as the Uyghur name of the people.
  • 鼓吹 中国語 Drums and Banners for the Khans 制度と称号 Drums and pipes, the band of drums and wind instruments; the word of the Sui Shu for the grants of 585, 587 and 607.
  • 鼓纛 中国語 Drums and Banners for the Khans 制度と称号 Drum and standard; the Tang histories for the investiture of khans.
  • 鼓角 中国語 Drums and Banners for the Khans 制度と称号 Drums and horns; the Wei Shu for the gift to Anagui in 521 and for the request of the Gaoche king Yifu.
  • 齊武成帝 中国語 Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi 人物
  • 齎尾舌以獻 中国語 Ishbara's Hunt (587) 戦闘と出来事 He brought the tails and tongues and presented them.
  • 龍城 中国語 The Three Xiongnu Assemblies 風習と娯楽 Longcheng, Dragon City, in the spelling of the Han Shu.
  • 龍祠 中国語 Horse and Camel Races at the Xiongnu Sacrifices 風習と娯楽 Longci, the dragon sacrifice; the chapter uses it for the sacrifices of the fifth month of AD 47 and of the ninth month of AD 88.
  • 龍祠 中国語 The Three Xiongnu Assemblies 風習と娯楽 The dragon sacrifice; the Hou Han Shu names the dragon sacrifice of the fifth month in its account of AD 47.
  • 龜茲 中国語 Kucha 地名 Qiuci, the standard Chinese name of the kingdom.

ギリシア文字 119

ビザンツの史家と使節

  • čaγri テュルク語 Falconry 風習と娯楽 The sacer falcon; the dictionary gives it also as a man's name, čaγri beg.
  • oγlāq ay テュルク語 The New Year on the Steppe 風習と娯楽 'Month of the kid', the beginning of spring after Nayrūz, in Mahmud al-Kashgari's dictionary, 1073–1077.
  • Oγuz and Qifčāq 英語 Oghuz and Kipchak speech in Kashgari 言語 The spelling of the English translation of the Compendium.
  • saγïr テュルク語 The Battue 風習と娯楽 Battue-shooting, a hunt of kings with their subjects; printed sayir in the transliteration of the English translation.
  • soγdič テュルク語 Feasts in Kashgari's Dictionary 風習と娯楽 A feast that circulates among the people in winter, in succession (Dankoff/Kelly I, 341).
  • tariγ テュルク語 Millet 飲食 In Kashgari the generic word for cereal crops; wheat for most of the Turks, millet for the Oguz.
  • Ἄβαροι ギリシア語 Avars 民族 The Greek form in the Byzantine historians.
  • Ἀέτιος ギリシア語 Aetius 人物 Aetios in Priscus.
  • Ἀκάτιροι ギリシア語 Akatziri 民族 Akatiroi, held to be the form Priscus wrote; Akatziroi in some manuscripts.
  • Ἀλανοί ギリシア語 Alans 民族
  • αλχονο バクトリア語 Alchon Huns 民族 The legend on the coins, read alxono. Other proposed forms are alxonno, alxanno and alchanno.
  • Ἀμίλζουροι ギリシア語 Amilzuri 民族 Amilzouroi in Priscus; some scholars emend the form.
  • Ἀναγαῖος ギリシア語 Anagai 人物 Menander fr. 43 (Dindorf pp. 85, 89).
  • Ἀναγκάστης ギリシア語 Anankhast 人物 Menander fr. 19.1 in Blockley's numbering, fr. 43 in Dindorf's (p. 84).
  • Ἄορσοι ギリシア語 Sarmatians 民族 Aorsi, explained as Iranian auruša, 'white'.
  • Ἀρσίλας ギリシア語 Arsilas 人物 Menander fr. 19.1 in Blockley's numbering, fr. 43 in Dindorf's (p. 85): Ἀρσίλας δὲ ὄνομα τῷ παλαιτέρῳ μονάρχῳ Τούρκων.
  • Ἀσκήλ ギリシア語 Askel 人物
  • Ἄτελ ギリシア語 Volga 地名
  • Ἀττήλας ギリシア語 Attila 人物 Attelas, the form of Priscus.
  • Ἀττίλας ギリシア語 Volga 地名 Menander fr. 10.4, ἐς τὸν Ἀττίλαν (Dindorf p. 54); 'the Attila' in Blockley's translation (p. 125). The identification with the Volga is modern.
  • Βαράμ ギリシア語 Bahram Chobin 人物 Baram in Theophylact; Baram son of Bargusnas in a letter of Khosrow II that Theophylact quotes.
  • Βασίχ ギリシア語 Basich 人物 Basich in the Greek of Priscus; Basichum, in the accusative, in the Latin of the edition.
  • Βιττόρες ギリシア語 Bittugures 民族 Bittores, a Hunnic people in the history of Agathias.
  • Βλήδας ギリシア語 Bleda 人物 Bledas, the form of Priscus.
  • Βοΐσκοι ギリシア語 Boisci 民族 Boiskoi in Priscus.
  • Βόσπορος ギリシア語 Bosporos 地名 ἡ πόλις ὁ Βόσπορος, 'the city of Bosporos', in fr. 19.2; τὸν Βόσπορον in fr. 19.1 (Dindorf pp. 89–90; Blockley p. 179).
  • Βόσπορος ギリシア語 Siege of Bosporos, 576 戦闘と出来事 Menander fr. 43 and 45 (Dindorf pp. 89–90).
  • Βούλγαροι ギリシア語 Bulgars 民族
  • Βώχανος ギリシア語 Bochan 人物 Menander fr. 43 (Dindorf p. 89).
  • Δεγγιζίχ ギリシア語 Dengizich 人物 Dengizich, the form Priscus heard at Attila's court; held to be the authentic form.
  • δόχια ギリシア語 Dochia 宗教 Menander: δόχια δὲ τῇ οἰκείᾳ γλώττῃ προσαγορεύουσι τὰ ἐπὶ τοῖς τεθνεῶσι νόμιμα, dochia they call in their own tongue the customs for the dead.
  • Ἐδέκων ギリシア語 Edeco 人物 Edekon in the Greek of Priscus; Edecon in the Latin of the edition.
  • Εἰρήνη ギリシア語 Tzitzak 人物 Irene, the name she took in baptism according to Theophanes; the commentary on Nikephoros calls her the Chazar Eirene.
  • Ἐκτάγ ギリシア語 Ektag 地名 Menander's form: a mountain called Ektag, 'as a Greek would say, the golden mountain' (ὡς ἂν εἴποι χρυσοῦν ὄρος Ἕλλην ἀνήρ).
  • Ἐκτέλ ギリシア語 Ektag 地名 Ektel, the mountain where Tardush held court in 576; Menander adds that Ektel means golden.
  • Ζαβενδέρ ギリシア語 Zabender 民族 The form of Theophylact Simocatta.
  • Ζήμαρχος ギリシア語 Zemarchos 人物 Menander's form, fr. 10.2–10.5 in Blockley's numbering.
  • Ζιέβηλ ギリシア語 Meeting of Heraclius and Ziebel (627) 戦闘と出来事 The Greek form in Theophanes as Dowsett cites it; Ziebel in the translation. It renders the title yabgu.
  • Ἡράκλειος ギリシア語 Heraclius 人物 The Greek form of the name.
  • Ἠρέκαν ギリシア語 Kreka 人物 Erekan, the form of a later passage, which some scholars hold to be the original.
  • Ἠρνάχ ギリシア語 Ernak 人物 Ernach; Müller's Latin renders the name Ernas at the banquet and Irnach in the embassy fragment.
  • Θεοδόσιος ギリシア語 Theodosius II 人物 The Greek form of the name.
  • Θεοδώρα ギリシア語 Theodora of Khazaria 人物 The form in the Short History of Nikephoros, chapter 42.
  • Θεοφάνης Βυζάντιος ギリシア語 Theophanes of Byzantium 史料 The name as Photios gives it.
  • Θεοφύλακτος Σιμοκάττης ギリシア語 Theophylact Simocatta 史料 Also written Theophylaktos Simokattes. Simocatta is a byname that appears to mean 'snub-nosed cat'.
  • Ἰκάρ ギリシア語 Ikar 地名 Ikar, in vii.8.10–11; the khagans' array assembled εἰς τὸ Ἰκάρ, 'at the Ikar', which the text calls a place enfolded in great plains.
  • Ἰουστῖνος ギリシア語 Justin II 人物 Menander, who dates the Göktürk embassies by the years of his reign.
  • Ἱστορία σύντομος ギリシア語 Nikephoros 史料 Short History, the title of the work in the manuscripts.
  • Ἰτίμαροι ギリシア語 Itimari 民族 Itimaroi in Priscus.
  • κάμος ギリシア語 Kamos 飲食 The Greek form; Priscus has the accusative κάμον.
  • καταχαράττειν τὰ πρόσωπα ταῖς μαχαίραις ギリシア語 Göktürk Face-Cutting 宗教 to score the faces with knives; Turxanthos' demand to the Roman envoys in 576.
  • Κάτουλφος ギリシア語 Katulph 人物 Menander's form, with the Greek ending -os; fr. 4.3 and 10.1 in Blockley's numbering.
  • Κιμμέριοι ギリシア語 Cimmerians 民族 Kimmerioi, the Greek form.
  • Κοτζαγηροί ギリシア語 Kotzager 民族 The form of Theophylact Simocatta.
  • Κοτζαγηροί ギリシア語 Kutrigurs 民族 The Kotzageroi of the khagan's letter of 598, who fled from the Göktürks to the Avars; their equation with the Kutrigurs is an inference.
  • Κοτρίγουροι ギリシア語 Kutrigurs 民族 Menander fr. 3 and 6 (Dindorf pp. 3, 6).
  • Κουναξολά ギリシア語 Kunaxolan 人物 The form of Bekker's edition (p. 285), recorded in de Boor's apparatus; Kounaxola in Chavannes.
  • Κουναξολάν ギリシア語 Kunaxolan 人物 Theophylact vii.8.9, de Boor's text (p. 259), where the apparatus gives it as the reading of V. Kunaxolan in Whitby's translation.
  • Κουρσίχ ギリシア語 Kursich 人物 Kursich in the Greek of Priscus; Cursichum, in the accusative, in the Latin of the edition.
  • Κουτρίγουροι ギリシア語 Kutrigurs 民族 Menander fr. 27 and 28 (Dindorf pp. 62–64).
  • Κρέκα ギリシア語 Kreka 人物 Kreka in the excerpts; Müller's Latin writes Cerca and Creca.
  • λογάδες ギリシア語 Logades 制度と称号 Logades, the picked or prominent men; the Latin of the edition renders it primores, the leading men.
  • Μανιάχ ギリシア語 Maniakh 人物 Menander's form, fr. 10.1–10.3 in Blockley's numbering. The name has been interpreted as Buddhist and as Turkic.
  • Μαρκιανός ギリシア語 Marcian 人物 The Greek form of the name.
  • Μένανδρος Προτήκτωρ ギリシア語 Menander Protector 史料 Menander the Guardsman; the byname is the court rank protector.
  • Μουνδίουχος ギリシア語 Mundzuc 人物 Mundiouchos, as Priscus heard the name at Attila's court.
  • Ὀγώρ ギリシア語 Ogurs 民族 The Ogor whom the Göktürk khagan claims to have subdued in his letter of 598; whether the Ogurs or the Uyghurs are meant is disputed.
  • Ὀνηγήσιος ギリシア語 Onegesius 人物 Onegesios in the Greek of Priscus; Onegesius in the Latin of the edition.
  • Ὀνόγουροι ギリシア語 Onogurs 民族 Priscus' form; Müller's Latin translation has Onoguri.
  • Ὁνωρία ギリシア語 Honoria 人物 The Greek form of the name.
  • Ὀρέστης ギリシア語 Orestes 人物 The Greek form of the name.
  • Οὐαλεντῖνος ギリシア語 Valentinos 人物 Menander fr. 5.2 (to the Avars) and fr. 19.1–19.2 (to the Göktürks, 576), in Blockley's numbering.
  • Οὐγοῦροι ギリシア語 Ogurs 民族 Menander's form in the account of Zemarchos' return journey (Dindorf p. 55); Niebuhr emended it to Οὐτιγούρους, Utigurs.
  • Οὔλδης ギリシア語 Uldin 人物 Zosimus and Sozomen write Ouldes or Ouldis.
  • Οὐλτίζουροι ギリシア語 Ultzinzures 民族 Ultizuri in the history of Agathias.
  • Οὖννοι ギリシア語 Huns 民族 The Greek form used by Priscus and the Byzantine historians, who also call the Huns Scythians.
  • Οὐννουγοῦροι ギリシア語 Onogurs 民族 Theophylact's form, beside the Barsilt and the Sabirs.
  • Οὔπταρος ギリシア語 Octar 人物 Uptaros, king of the Huns in Socrates; the form follows from Octar through Balkan Latin.
  • Οὔρωγοι ギリシア語 Ogurs 民族 The form of the Priscus fragment, read as *Ὄγουροι; Müller's Latin translation has Urogi.
  • Οὐτίγουροι ギリシア語 Utigurs 民族 Menander's form in fr. 3, 28 and 43 (Dindorf pp. 3, 63–64, 85, 87).
  • Οὐτρίγουροι ギリシア語 Utigurs 民族 Variant forms in Procopius and Agathias, among them Οὐτούργουροι, as given in the literature.
  • Παλαιὰ Μεγάλη Βουλγαρία ギリシア語 Old Great Bulgaria 国家 The name of the polity in Greek sources.
  • Πέρσαι ギリシア語 Sasanian Persia 国家 The Persians, in Menander.
  • Πρίσκος Πανίτης ギリシア語 Priscus 史料 Priscus of Panium, the town on the Propontis from which he came.
  • Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς ギリシア語 Procopius 史料 Prokopios of Caesarea; the English form is Procopius.
  • Ῥούγας ギリシア語 Rua 人物 Rougas in Socrates; Rhoilas in Theodoret.
  • Ῥωμαῖοι ギリシア語 Byzantium 国家 Romaioi, the Romans, the empire's own name for its people; Menander writes of the Romans and the Göktürks, never of Byzantines.
  • Ῥωξολανοί ギリシア語 Sarmatians 民族 Roxolani, one of the eastern groups that joined them; understood as Iranian rauxšna, 'light', with Alan.
  • Σαβεῖροι ギリシア語 Sabirs 民族 Menander fr. 5, 41, 42 and 50 (Dindorf pp. 5, 80, 83–84, 102).
  • Σάβιροι ギリシア語 Sabirs 民族 The usual form in Priscus, Procopius, Agathias and Theophylact, as given in the literature.
  • Σαράγουροι ギリシア語 Saragurs 民族 Saraguri in the Latin of the edition.
  • Σαυρομάται ギリシア語 Sarmatians 民族 Sauromatai, the people Herodotus knew beyond the Don; the connection with the later Sarmatians is held to be in all likelihood right.
  • Σιζάβουλος ギリシア語 Istemi 人物
  • Σιλζίβουλος ギリシア語 Istemi 人物 Silziboulos, the leader of the Göktürks in the sentence fragments and in the account of the mourning of 576; the embassy fragments write Σιζάβουλος, Sizaboulos, in the critical text. The equation with Istemi and the reading as Sir Yabgu are modern.
  • Σκόλοτοι ギリシア語 Scythians 民族 Skolotoi, the name of one Scythian grouping, possibly from the same root with l for δ.
  • Σκύθαι ギリシア語 Scythians 民族 Skythai, the form of Herodotus and of the Greek tradition after him.
  • Σπαρζευγοῦν ギリシア語 Sparzeugun 人物 Theophylact vii.8.9, de Boor's text (p. 259) and Bekker's (p. 285). Sparzeugun in Whitby's translation; Sparzeugoun in Chavannes.
  • Στεμβισχάδαν ギリシア語 Istemi 人物 Stembischadas, in the accusative, the ally of the khagan in the Göktürk letter to Maurice (Theophylact VII.7.9) as the older printed text gives it; the Vatican manuscript reads Stembischagan. The equation with Istemi is modern.
  • Ταγμά ギリシア語 Tagma Tarkhan 人物 Menander fr. 10.3 in Blockley's numbering (Dindorf p. 53): ἦν δὲ ἐπίκλησις τῷ μετ᾽ ἐκεῖνον πρεσβευτῇ Ταγμὰ αὐτῷ, ἀξίωμα δὲ Ταρχάν, 'his name was Tagma, his rank Tarkhan'.
  • Ταϊσάν ギリシア語 Taisan 制度と称号 Taisan, in Theophylact's History vii.9.2, explained as 'son of god' in Greek.
  • Τάρδου ギリシア語 Tardush 人物 Tardu, Menander's form, fr. 19.1 in Blockley's numbering.
  • Ταρνιάχ ギリシア語 Tarniach 民族 The form of Theophylact Simocatta.
  • Τίλ ギリシア語 Volga 地名 Theophylact vii.7.13, ὁ Τὶλ ... ποταμός (Bekker p. 283), which the Turks call the Black; one of three identifications is the Volga.
  • τιμῶσι … οἱ Τοῦρκοι λίαν ἐκτόπως τὸ πῦρ ギリシア語 Fire Worship 宗教 The Turks honour fire to a quite extraordinary degree; Theophylact, vii.8.14.
  • τὸ γράμμα τὸ Σκυθικόν ギリシア語 The Sogdian language 言語 The Scythian letter that Maniakh brought to Constantinople in 568; which language it was written in is argued.
  • Τουλδίχ ギリシア語 Tuldich 人物 Theophylact vii.8.9, de Boor's text (p. 259) and Bekker's (p. 285). Tuldich in Whitby's translation; Touldikh in Chavannes.
  • Τούνσουρες ギリシア語 Tounsoures 民族 Tounsoures in Priscus.
  • Τουρξάθου ギリシア語 Türk-shad 人物
  • Τούρξανθος ギリシア語 Türk-shad 人物 Turxanthos, Menander's form; read in the literature as Türk-šad, 'the shad of the Türk'.
  • Τουροῦμ ギリシア語 Revolt of Turum 戦闘と出来事 Theophylact vii.8.8, the Greek form as Chavannes and Golden cite it; Turum in Whitby's translation.
  • Τουρούμ ギリシア語 Turum 人物 Theophylact vii.8.8, de Boor's text (p. 259); Τουροὺμ in Bekker's edition (p. 285). Turum in Whitby's translation.
  • Ὑπὲρ τῶν πολέμων ギリシア語 Procopius 史料 The Wars, in eight books: the Persian, Vandal and Gothic wars.
  • Χαγάνος ギリシア語 Busir Glavan 人物 Theophanes and Nikephoros give only the title, Chagan, and no personal name.
  • Χαράτων ギリシア語 Charaton 人物 Olympiodorus, in the summary of Photius: ὁ τῶν ῥηγῶν πρῶτος, the first of the kings.
  • Χερσών ギリシア語 Cherson 地名 The nominative of Menander's forms: Χερσῶνος in fr. 19.1 and Χερσῶνα in fr. 25.2 (Dindorf pp. 85 and 125).
  • Χοσρόης ギリシア語 Khosrow I 人物 Chosroes, in Menander and the other Greek historians.
  • Χρονογραφία ギリシア語 Theophanes the Confessor 史料 Chronographia, the name under which the chronicle is edited.
  • Χρυσάφιος ギリシア語 Chrysaphius 人物 The Greek form of the name.
  • Ὦξος ギリシア語 Oxus 地名

アラビア文字とペルシア文字 19

ムスリムの地理学者と史家

  • أحمد بن فضلان アラビア語 Ibn Fadlan 史料 Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān, secretary of the embassy.
  • ابروی ペルシア語 Abrui and Shir-i Kishvar 戦闘と出来事 Abrui, as the Tehran edition prints it; the manuscripts also read Abarva and Abravi or Abravay.
  • الإصطخري アラビア語 al-Iṣṭakhrī 史料 al-Iṣṭakhrī.
  • التنبيه والإشراف アラビア語 al-Masʿūdī 史料 al-Tanbīh wa-l-Ishrāf, of 956.
  • المسالك والممالك アラビア語 al-Iṣṭakhrī 史料 Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik, the title of his geography.
  • المسعودي アラビア語 al-Masʿūdī 史料 Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Masʿūdī.
  • باب صول アラビア語 Gate of Sul 地名 Bāb Ṣūl, the gate of Sul, which al-Thaʿalibi says Khosrow I built of marble, five parasangs long.
  • تاریخ بخارا ペルシア語 Narshakhī, History of Bukhara 史料
  • جاورس アラビア語 Farming among the Volga Bulgars 制度と称号 Jāwars, the word Ibn Fadlan uses for the grain of the Bulgars and for the millet he took on his journey; the French edition renders it millet and notes that it may be sorghum.
  • حدود العالم ペルシア語 Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam 史料 Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam min al-Mashriq ilā l-Maghrib, the Regions of the World from East to West.
  • ديوان لغات الترك アラビア語 Dīvān Lughāt al-Turk 史料
  • رسالة アラビア語 Ibn Fadlan 史料 Risāla, the report.
  • زين الأخبار ペルシア語 Gardīzī (Zayn al-akhbār) 史料 Zayn al-akhbār, the title of the history. Its geographical chapters on the Turks are cited in the literature as Gardīzī's Zayn al-akhbār.
  • طبائع الحيوان アラビア語 Marvazī (Ṭabāʾiʿ al-ḥayawān) 史料 Ṭabāʾiʿ al-ḥayawān, the title of the compendium, a work on the nature of animals.
  • فتوح البلدان アラビア語 al-Balādhurī 史料 Futūḥ al-buldān, the title of his history of the conquests.
  • قتيبة بن مسلم アラビア語 Qutayba ibn Muslim 人物
  • كتاب الأعلاق النفيسة アラビア語 Ibn Rusta 史料 Kitāb al-Aʿlāq an-nafīsa, the title of the work in de Goeje's edition.
  • کشت و برز ペルシア語 Towns and Villages of the Turks in the Hudud al-ʿĀlam 制度と称号 Kisht-u-barz, tillage; the words the Persian geographer uses of the farmed land of the Karluk at Kulan and of the village of Tüzün-Bulagh.
  • مروج الذهب アラビア語 al-Masʿūdī 史料 Murūj al-Dhahab, the Meadows of Gold.

その他の文字 13

  • ажо ロシア語 Aco 制度と称号 Ajo, the Russian rendering of the same Chinese word.
  • Әләрә タタール語 Alara 宗教 The Cyrillic form that popular reference pages give for the name.
  • Берел ロシア語 Berel 地名 The Cyrillic name used in Russian and Kazakh publications; French and English articles write Berel' with the Russian soft sign.
  • Гол-Мод ロシア語 Gol Mod 地名 The Cyrillic form used in Russian publications.
  • Ирникъ 古代教会スラヴ語 Ernak 人物 Irnik, the first name in the Bulgarian princes' list, which survives in Old Church Slavonic copies; it has been equated with Ernak.
  • Ноин-Ула ロシア語 Noin Ula 地名 The Cyrillic name used in the Russian publications of the excavation.
  • Плиска ブルガリア語 Pliska 地名 The Bulgarian spelling of the name.
  • Повесть временных лет 古ロシア語 Russian Primary Chronicle 史料 Povest' vremennykh let, the Russian title of the chronicle.
  • Таштыкская культура ロシア語 Tashtyk Culture 民族 The Russian name of the culture, after which the others are formed.
  • Хягас, хагас ロシア語 The Khakas name debate 論争 Hjagas, Hagas. Bichurin's rendering of Xiajiasi, from which the word Khakas was taken.
  • Шивет Улан ロシア語 Shiveet Ulaan 地名 The Russian spelling of a caption in a book on the runic monuments of Central Asia. Other Russian works write Шивээт-Улан.
  • ათაბაგი ジョージア語 Atabeg 制度と称号 Atabagi, the Georgian form, carried into the kingdom's own order of rank in the thirteenth century.
  • शक サンスクリット Saka 民族 Śaka, the Indian form.

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